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Biology SPM

4551/2

Biology

(Revisio

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Tissue

Orga

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Differentiation

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Contraction and relaxationfor peristalsis.

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Digestive

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To break down complex

food substances intosimpler / soluble

molecules small enough

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P1:(Islet) cells in pancreascannot secrete insulin

P2:Glucose cannot be convertedto glycogenP3:Increase in blood glucose

Diabetes

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Frequent urination

Blurred visionDizzinessAlways feel thirsty

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Tertiary

Secondary

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Hydrolysi

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X

X

Z

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The temperature in refrigerator

is low.Enzyme(in bacteria) is inactive.

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Control the temperature at 40 0C.

40 0C is an optimum temperature forenzyme activities.Enzymes catalyse the reaction at

maximum rate.

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G1: Growth

phase

S: Synthesis

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R : Cell grows by synthesisingproteins and new cytoplasmic

organelles/chromosomes becomechromatin.

S : Synthesis of DNA.

U : Cell division takes place //

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P1: The chromosomes arepulled towards the oppositepoles.(shortening of the spindlefibres)P2: Each pole receives only one

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24

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P1: Caused by severe disruption to the

mechanism that control cell cycle.P2: Cancerous cells divideuncontrollably

P3: Cancer cells compete with

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* via the cytoplasmvia the vacuolevia the cell wall

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P1 : Cytoplasm of root hair cells arehypertonic compared to surrounding soil

water.P2 : Water enters the root hair cells viaosmosis.P3 : The root hair cells become hypotoniccompared to adjacent hypertonic cells.P4 : Water diffuse into adjacent cells viaosmosis (cortex to endodermis to xylem

vessel)

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P1 : The narrow diameter of xylemvessels increase the forces generated bycapillary action.

P2 : Water molecules adhere to oneanother by cohesive force (hydrogenbond)

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P1 : Light stimulates photosynthesis inthe guard cellsP2 : The guard cells start producing

glucose.P3 : Potassium ions are accumulatedfrom adjacent cells through active

transport.P4 : Guard cells become hypertonicand water moves in by osmosis.

P5 G d ll ll / b