External fixator
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“External Fixator is a device uses for stabilization and immobilization of long bone open fractures.”
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History
Earliest recognizable External fixations by Malgaigne 1840 pin for tibial fractures, griffe for patella
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Keetley 1893, Ollier,
Roux
History
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Parkhill 1894 Threaded pins and clamp
History
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Lambotte 1902, self tapping threaded pins, rod, adjustable clamps
History
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In 1917. Humphry is the 1st man who uses threaded pins, but he uses only one pin above fracture and one below the fracture site.
In 1948, Charnley popularized his compression device to facilitate arthrodesis of joints.
History
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In 1966 and 1974,Anderson et al. uses transfixing pins incorporated into a plaster cast for management of large series of tibial shaft fractures .
From 1968 to 1970 Vidal and Vidal et al. modified original Hoffmann device from a single half –pin unit to a quadrilateral bicortical frame , greatly increasing rigidity.
History
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Type -1 Unilateral Uniplanar Type -2 Uniplanar Bilateral. Type -3
◦ Classical Bilateral Biplanar.◦ Delta Unilateral Biplanar
According to Planes:◦ Planner: Hoffman’s, orthofix etc.◦ Circular: Ilizarov
Types
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For periarticuler fracture Thin wire and ring near joint Schanz pin in shaft
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Intrinsic stability of frame (S)
EX I
S = ----------- L
E=modulus of elasticity =constantI= moment of intertia= constantL= distance of frame from axis.
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Thus Stability is inversely proportional to the distance of the assembly from the bone
(closer the frame to bone -more stable assembly)
Biomechanics
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To increase stability of bone –pin interface
1. Adequate no. of pins in each fragments ( 2 for most bone & 3 for femur)
2. Increase pin pitch (3.5mm)
3. Increase size of pin
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A. Schanz Pin 4. 5mm short threaded for diaphysis 5/6 mm long threaded for metaphysisB. Clamps 1) Universal Clamps 11) Open ended clamps 111) Transverse pin adjusting clamps 1v) Tube to tube clamps.
C. Tubes 11mm
Basic Components
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Basic Components
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Drill : Hand Drill
Drill bits – Long drill bits( 200mm) 3.5 and 4.5 mm diameter.
Triple guide assembly , consist of trocar(3.5mm), inner Sleeve and outer sleeve
T Handle for insertion of the Schanz pin.
Required instruments
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Required instruments
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severe open fractures (Gustilo 3b,3c)closed fractures with severe soft-tissue injury or severely comminuted fractures or floating knee #open fractures involving bone losscompartment syndrome after fasciotomyadjunct to internal fixationlimb lengthening or bone transportfracture associated with severe burnArthrodesisInfected fractures or nonunionsCorrection of malunionsFixation after radical tumor excision with autograft or allograft
Indications
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Soft tissue healed If the soft-tissue injuries
have healed satisfactorily within 2 weeks without pin track infection, the external fixation can be removed.
It is then replaced by internal fixation with either a plate or a nail.
External fixator as temporary device
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Soft-tissue problems persist Remove the external fixator Temporarily stabilize in cast Let pin track infection heal
If there is pin track infection, using a nail (especially with reaming technique) can lead to intramedullary infection.
In this case plate osteosynthesis is clearly preferable.
External fixator as temporary device
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In the event that soft-tissue healing is not satisfactory after 4-6 weeks, and there is no pin track infection, the external fixator can be left on until the fracture has healed.
In children fracture healing is often completed within a period of approximately 6-8 weeks.
External fixation as final fixation
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External fixation as final fixation
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Less damage to blood supply of bone
Minimal interference with soft-tissue cover
Useful for stabilizing open fractures
Rigidity of fixation adjustable without surgery
Good option in situations with risk of infection Requires less experience and surgical skill than
standard ORIF Quite safe to use in cases of bone infection
Advantages
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Pin Track Infection. Neurovascular Impalement. Muscle or Tendon Impalement Delayed Union. Compartment Syndrome Re-fracture Limitation of further Alternatives. Cosmetic Problem
Complications
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IM nails vs External fixatorHenley (Clin. Orth., 1989) randomised study of
104 case II-IIIB tibial fractures by unreamed IM nail;
70 treated by external fixation.
Infection rates 7% IM nail, 11% external fixation.
There was no difference in time to union.
Follow up in 1998 (Journal Orth. Trauma.): “The severity
of soft tissue injury rather than the choice of implant
appears to be the predominant factor influencing
rapidity of bone healing and rate of infection”.
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Open fracture Tibia and Fibula Open fracture Femur Floating Knee Open Fracture Humerus Communited fracture distal Radius Pelvic fracture.
Site of insertion
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Tibial Safe Zone
Proximal part of the proximal tibia
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Tibial Safe Zone
Proximal 3rd distal to tibial tuberosity
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Tibial Safe Zone
Mid Shaft
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Tibial Safe Zone
Distal 3rd distal of tibial Shaft
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Schanz pin insertion
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Schanz Pin insertion for Metaphysis
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After adequate skin incision Insert assembled triple sleeve and push onto bone.
Hold the sleeve steady and lightly tap the trocer on to the bone surface in order to create the initial impression. This prevents slipping of the drill bit during drilling.
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Remove the trocar, insert the long 3.5 drill bit through inner sleeve and drill through both cortices.
Withdraw the drill bit along with inner sleeve. Insert 4.5 mm drill bit through the outer sleeve and over drill the near cortex.
Technique of Applications
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Place a 4.5 mm Schanz Pin onto the T-handle. Introduce through the outer sleeve and insert into the bone till the thread are securely engaged into the far cortex.
Technique of Applications
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Insert the triple sleeve through an adequate skin incision and push onto bone.
Drill the both cortex bone with 3.5 mm drill bit.
Insert 5mm long threaded Schanz Pin with T-handle.
Technique of Applications for metaphysis
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Place the most distal Schanz Pin using the standard technique.
Place a universal clamp onto the schanz pin
Fix a 11mm tube in this clamp, so that it is posterior to the schanz pin.
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Application of external fixatorApplication of external fixator
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Slide 3 Universal clamps onto this tube.
Insert most proximal schanz pin.
Reduction of bone.
Fix the proximal schanz pin.
Application of external fixator…Application of external fixator…
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Insert the 3rd 4th schanz pin accordingly.
Connect frame with another Tube.
Second tube is clamped in “mirror image” fashion after prestressing.
Application of external fixator…Application of external fixator…
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In the OT
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In the OT
Open fracture Gustilo IIIB with Fixator
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In the OT
Flap Coverage
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Built as uni- and multi- plane constructs Areas prone to soft tissue problems
◦ Knee◦ Ankle◦ Open Fractures
When multiple injuries prevent definitive fixation
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Spanning ex- fix if axially unstable
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External fixation can be combined
with internal fixation
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Temporary stabilization of long bone injuries in Temporary stabilization of long bone injuries in unstable patientunstable patient◦ Minimally invasiveMinimally invasive◦ Decreases bleedingDecreases bleeding◦ Pain controlPain control◦ Nursing careNursing care◦ ““Damage control”Damage control”
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Certain intraarticular fracture can be treated by ex-fix using traction by fixator on the capsule and ligamentous structure around the joint.
This work well for comminuted intraarticular fracture of the distal radius.
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Temporary stabilization for closed fracturesTemporary stabilization for closed fractures Controls hemorrhageControls hemorrhage Decreases clot shearDecreases clot shear Open pelvic fracturesOpen pelvic fractures
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Ilizarov External Fixator.
Universal Mini external Fixator.
Modular external Fixator
Other External Fixators
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Ilizarov External Fixator.
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Ilizarov External Fixator.
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Ilizarov External Fixator.
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Micro-motion at fracture Site. It is bi-lateral More lighter than traditional External Fixator. More ligamentotasis Less chance of pin tract infections.
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The modular external fixator allows the surgeon to reduce the fracture by manipulation and to hold the reduction.
Free pin placement allows the surgeon:
◦ to spread both pins, thereby increasing frame stiffness,
◦ to position pins according to the fracture pattern or soft-tissue injury,
◦ to avoid injury to nerves or vessels.
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Synthes Tibial exfix Adjustable
Hoffman II external fixation system
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External Fixator is a good device for the management of open and complicated fractures.
Surgeon must have knowledge about neurovascular plane of the involved Organ.
Skill for applying the fixator.
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Campbell’s operative orthopedics
Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho
Synthes: leading global medical device company. http://us.synthes.com/AO Foundation. <www.aofoundation.com>
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Thank YouThank You