extension and reinforcement 6º richmond

7/27/2019 extension and reinforcement 6 richmond

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Reinforcementand extension

Science, Geography and History 6 P r i m a r y

Reinforcement Worksheets

Extension Worksheets

Contents

Worksheet 1 EcosystemsWorksheet 2 Relationships between living things

Worksheet 3 Environmental problemsand protection

Worksheet 4 The musculoskeletal systemWorksheet 5 The nervous system and internal

coordinationWorksheet 6 Sexual characteristicsWorksheet 7 Fertilisation, pregnancy, labour

and the newbornWorksheet 8 EnergyWorksheet 9 Light and soundWorksheet 10 Electricity and electrical circuits

Worksheet 11 Magnets and magnetismWorksheet 12 ElectricityWorksheet 13 ForcesWorksheet 14 Inside a machineWorksheet 15 Movements of the Earth and MoonWorksheet 16 The Solar System

Worksheet 1 .................. 36Worksheet 2 .................. 38Worksheet 3 .................. 40Worksheet 4 .................. 42Worksheet 5 .................. 44

Worksheet 6 ............... 46Worksheet 7 ............... 48Worksheet 8 ............... 50Worksheet 9 ............... 52Worksheet 10 ............... 54

Worksheet 11 ............... 56Worksheet 12 ............... 58Worksheet 13 ............... 60Worksheet 14 ............... 62

Worksheet 17 Landscape and coastsWorksheet 18 Rivers and climates

Worksheet 19 Population and economyWorksheet 20 Political organisationWorksheet 21 Landscape and rivers: EuropeWorksheet 22 Climate and vegetation: EuropeWorksheet 23 The European UnionWorksheet 24 PrehistoryWorksheet 25 AntiquityWorksheet 26 The VisigothsWorksheet 27 Al AndalusWorksheet 28 The Christian KingdomsWorksheet 29 The Spanish EmpireWorksheet 30 The fragmentation

of the Spanish EmpireWorksheet 31 The nineteenth centuryWorksheet 32 The twentieth centuryWorksheet 33 Recent decades

Santillana


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The Reinforcement and extensionWorksheets for Science, Geography and History,New Science , for Year 6 of Primary Education is a collective work, created, writtenand developed in the Primary Education department at Santillana Educacin, S.L.under the supervision of JOS LUIS ALZUGOI.

Ilustrations: Domingo Benito, Nacho Gmez and Jos Santos.

Content Editor: Ana Snchez-Ramal

English Language Specialist: Jeannette West

English Language Editors: Mady Musiol.

Editorial Coordination: Michele C. Guerrini

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrie-val system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing ofthe publisher.

2006 by Richmond Publishing4 Kings Street CloistersAlbion PlaceLondon W6 0QT

2006 by Santillana Educacin, S.L.Torrelaguna, 60, 28043 Madrid

Richmond Publishing is an imprintof Santillana Educacin, S.L.

CP: 887014Depsito legal:


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ReinforcementName Date

Worksheet

1

Ecosystems

Remember

Ecosystems have two components: living things and their phisical environment.The environment affects living things, and living things can change theirenvironment.

There are different ecosystems on Earth. Ecosystems can be terrestrialor aquatic.

1. Complete the chart.

Ecosystem

Environment Living things

2. Match the two columns.

The environment affectsliving things.

Living things in the desert need very littlewater.

Living things can affect theirenvironment.

Beavers can build dams and changethe course of a river.

Animals at the South Pole live in very coldtemperatures.

Only plants with small roots can growin rocky soil.

Plant roots can break down rocks.

animals bacteria climate fungi light plants soil water


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Remember

4 Relationships between living things

Name Date

Worksheet

2

1. Complete the sentences.


2. Label the food chain.

Reinforcement

Mutualism

Parasitism

Competition

One species benefits; the other is harmed.

Two species benefit.

All species are harmed.

make their own food.

feed on producers.

feed on primary consumers.

feed on the remains of other living things.

secondary consumer producer primary consumer

grass gazelle lion

Based on how they obtain food, living things are divided into producers,primary consumers, secondar y consumers and decomposers.

Living things feed on other living things. Relationships among living things canbe represented by food chains.

Other relationships among living things are parasitism, mutualismand competition.


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Remember



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Environmental problems and environmental protection

The amount of in the atmospherehas increased in recent decades. Scientists believe that the Earths

is increasing because the atmosphere contains too many of these gases.

The disappearance of a species of living things is called . Endangered species can be kept in special places so they can

.

Examples of non-polluting sources of energy include theand .

The is an international treaty in which countriespromise to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide they release into the atmosphere.

carbon dioxide extinction Kyoto Protocol

reproduce in captivity Sun temperature wind

Air pollution Insecticides used in agriculture.

Soil pollution

Water pollution

Smoke from factories and vehicles.

Urban and industrial waste.

The environment is all the circunstances, living things and habitatswith a living thing interacts.

The environment is threatened by problems such as pollution, global warmingand species extinction.

Human beings can protect the environment by declaring speciesendangered, creating wildlife preserves and fighting pollution.


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6 The musculoskeletal system


Worksheet

4

Remember

The musculoskeletal system is made up of the skeleton and themuscular system. Both systems work together to make the body move.

The skeleton is made up of all the bones and cartilage in the body. Bonesare joined at the joints.

The muscular system is made up of muscles, which contract and relax.

1. Use fixed , movable or gliding to complete the sentences. Then explain.

The skull is a joint because.

The knee is a joint because.

The joints between the vertebrae are , joint because.

2. Circle the correct option. Then complete the sentences.

A B

biceps

triceps

The arm bends / straightens .The biceps contract / relax and the triceps contract / relax .

Two m are involved in each movement.

These muscles are called a because they work in opposite directions.

When one muscle r , the other contracts.

biceps

triceps

The arm bends. The arm staightens.

The arm bends / straightens .The biceps contract / relax andthe triceps contract / relax .


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The pancreas produces insulin.

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The nervous system and internal coordination

3. Complete the sentence.


1. Complete the word map.

Remember

The nervous system is responsible for sending and receiving information.The nervous system has two parts:

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.The brain has three parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem.

The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves.

They move food in the digestive tract.

Involuntary muscles

The endocrine system

perifrico

spinal cord

cerebellum

nervous system

Nervous system

The endocrine system is made up of several g which secrete substances

called h .


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8 Sexual characteristics


Worksheet

6

Remember

Primary sexual characteristics refer to the reproductive system.

Secondary sexual characteristics differentiate men and women.Puberty is the stage when reproductive systems mature and secondarysexual characteristics appear.

1. Label the drawings.

Female reproductive system

Male reproductive system

p

F t

s v

v

u

u

p

t

o

v


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Fertilisation and pregnancy; birth and newborn babies

Remember

Egg cells are the female sex cells. Sperm are the male sex cells.

Fertilisation occurs when an egg cell and a sperm cell unite and produce acell called a zygote.

The zygote divides again and again and finally becomes an embryoand then a foetus.

Birth occurs when the foetus leaves the mother's uterus. The process of giving birth is called labour. There are three stages of labour: dilation, birthand afterbirth.

2. Put the stages of labour in order. Write 1 , 2 , or 3 .

1. Use the words to complete the definitions.

Sperm: sex cell.

Egg: sex cell.

Fertilisation: the union of and cells.

Zygote: the first cell of a new human being; it is produced after .

Uterus: the place where a baby develops during .

Placenta: an organ that provides and to the embryo.

Umbilical cord: a tube which connects the embryo and the .

Birth: when the baby leaves the mothers uterus after months of pregnancy.

Milk: liquid nutrient produced in the mammary glands or .

breasts egg female fertilisation male ninenutrients oxygen placenta pregnancy sperm

Birth. The baby is born through the dilated vagina.

Afterbirth. The placenta is expelled.

Dilation. The outer opening of the uterus dilates.


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T

10 Energy


Worksheet

8

Remember

Energy produces all the changes around us. We obtain energyfrom different sources. Sources of energy can be non-renewableor renewable, depending on whether they are consumed or notwhenthey are used.

There are different types of energy: mechanical, chemical, thermal,electrical, nuclear and light. Energy can be transformed.


Firewood, sunlight and wind are renewable sources of energy because

Oil and coal are non-renewable sources of energy because

2. Find six types of energy in the puzzle. Then write the names.

E

R

S

N

U

C

L

E

A

R

M R L P C E N E M T

T Q U O H E D B E H

T H M E E U U D C E

A D I R M S E A H R

N H N R I N I A A M

A I L R C F A C N A

I G H T A A N D I L

A U A M L S N E C O

E L E C T R I C A L

B S T G A Y L M L A

E

MC

LN


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Light and sound

3. Complete the definitions of the properties of sound .

2. Tick the true sentence.

1. Complete the sentences with the words in the drawings.

The quality that makes it possible to differentiate loud sounds from soft onesis called .

The quality that makes it possible to differentiate high notes from low notesis called .

The quality that makes it possible to identify the source of sound is called.

Remember

Light is a form of energy which travels in all directions but always in a straightline. Light is reflected by objects.

Sound is a form of mechanical energy. The properties of sound are: intensity,tone and pitch.

Sound is a special form of light energy.

Sound is a form of thermal energy.

Sound is a form of mechanical energy.

Light from the hits the and is reflected. The reflected light enables the to see things.

Object

Source

Observer


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19

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Name Date

12 Electricity and electrical circuits

ReinforcementWorksheet

10

Remember

An electrical current is the movement of electrical charges along a conductor.Conductors are materials that electrical current can easily flow through.

Insulators are materials that electrical current cannot easily flow through.

An electrical circuit is made of a generator, conductors, a switch, and oneor more receivers.

1. Complete the crossword.

6. Electrical current flows easily through c .

8. The g provides the electricity to an electrical circuit.

5. The flow of electrical charges is called electrical c .

4. An object is electrically c when the number of positive chargesis different from the number of negative charges.

1. All objects have electrical c .

3. An object is n if it has the same number of positive and negativecharges.

2. Electrical charges can be positive or n .

7. Electrical current cannot flow easily through a .

6w

3w

49

79

59

89


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Memory cards for digitalcameras

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Name Date

Magnets and magnetism

Remember

A magnet is an object that can attract metal objects made of iron, steel,nickel and some other materials. Magnetism is the power of magnetsand magnetic objetcts to attract things.

The poles are the parts of the magnet which most attract nearby metal objects.Each pole has a name: north or south.

Magnets are used, for example, in compasses, in electric motors and at powerstations.

1. Read the text. Write N or S to identify the poles .


If two magnets are put together, opposite poles attract, but equal poles repel.

Plane or train ticket

Purse fastener

Computer hard disk

Credit cards

Compass

Magnetic stripsThey store information but notas much as magnetic mediums. ..

Magnetic mediumsThey store a lot of information in a very small space.

MagnetsThey attract metallic objects.

attract

N

attract

repel

S

repel

N


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14 Electricity


Worksheet

12

Remember

Magnets can create electrical current.

Dynamos are made up of a coil and a magnet, which can generate electricity.

The electricity generated at power stations is transmitted through power linesto homes, industries and offices where it is used.


3. Write what a dynamo and a power station generator have in common.

2. Order the sentences to explain the drawing. Write 1 , 2 , 3 or 4 .

The generator contains large magnets and coils. The generatorproduces electricity.

Water flows down thewastepipe from the reservoir.

The water moves the bladesof the turbine.

The movement of the turbineis transmitted to thegenerator.

A dynamo is made up of a and a coil.

Together they can generate .

2

14

3


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Forces

Remember

Forces are actions which can distort bodies and change the state of motion.

Forces can affect the movement of an object. They can make somethingmove, stop a moving body, change the direction, increase the speed or reducethe speed.

1. Match the pictures with a sentence.

2. Why does a moving ball gradually lose speed and then stop on a flat floor?Tick the correct sentence.

There is no force.

The force causesdistortion.

The force changes thestate of motion.

We have stopped exerting a force on it.

The force of friction with the floor slows it down.

Electrical force repels it.


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mechanism

16 Inside a machine


Worksheet

14

Remember

Machines use the action of a force or transform one type of energy intoanother. We use machines to do work and save time and effort.

Machines can be classified by the number of pieces, by how they work andby what they do.

The parts of a machine are casing, structure, operating parts, mechanisms,motors and engines, and electrical and electronic circuits.

1. Complete the table to classify the machines.

2. Label the drawing.

structure enginecasing

By the number of pieces

By how they work

By what they do

complex electricity fuel human energy mechanical

process information simple thermal wind

s c

h e w

f

m t i

p

e


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The Earth and the Moon: movements

Remember

The Earth rotates on its axis. This movement is called rotation.The Earth also revolves around the Sun.

The Moon is a satellite which revolves around the Earth.

Night and day are caused by the Earth's rotation. The seasons are causedby the Earth's orbit around the Sun and its tilted axis. The phases of the Moonare caused by the Moons orbit around the Earth.

1. Match the three columns and write complete sentences.

2. Read the text. Then write summer or winter .It is summer in the hemisphere which receives more sunlight.

It is winter in the hemisphere which receives less sunlight.

Sunlight

in a movementcalled rotation

in a movementcalled an orbit

in 27.3 days

which results inthe seasons.

which causes the sequenceof night and day.

which causes thephases of the Moon.

The Earth rotateson its axis.

The Moon revolvesaround the Earth.

The Earth revolvesaround the Sun.


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18 The Solar System


Worksheet

16

Remember

The Solar System is made up of the Sun and all the celestial bodiesthat revolve around it: the planets and their satellites, asteroidsand comets.

Galaxies are enormous groups of stars, gases and dust. Our Solar Systemis at the outer edge of a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way.

1. Complete the crossword with the names of the planets. Then write the numberson the picture.

2. Complete the text.

79

4929

39

5w 8w

1w

6w

EarthSun

Neptune

Mars

Uranus

Mercury

Saturn

Jupiter

Venus

The Earth and eight other planets are part of the .These revolve round the Sun; some of them have dozens of .

Thousands of and comets also revolve around the Sun. The Solar Systembelongs to a called the .


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OCANO ATLNTICO

O C

A N O

A T

L

N T I

C O

M a r M e

d it e r

r n

eo

Mar Can t b r i co

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Landscape and coasts

Remember

The landscape of Spain consists of the Central Plateau, the mountains whichsurround the plateau, the mountains beyond the plateau, the Ebro andGuadalquivir river basins, and the Balearic and Canary Islands.

The Spanish coast is divided into the Cantabrian, Atlantic and Mediterraneancoasts. The Cantabrian coast is high and rocky; the Mediterranean coasthas low, sandy beaches; and the Atlantic coast is divided into three parts:the Galician, Andalusian and Canary Island coasts.

1. Label the map. Write 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 .


Types of coast

C M A

Pyrenees

Cantabrian Range

Iberian Mountain Chain

Central Mountain Chain

Morena Range

Betic Chain

1

2

3456

is high and rocky. has

.is divided into three parts.

Galician


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20 Rivers and climate


Worksheet

18

Remember

The rivers in Spain belong to three watersheds: Cantabrian, Atlanticand Mediterranean.

Spain has four types of climate: the Atlantic climate on the Cantabrian coastand Galicia; the Mediterranean climate found in most of Spain; the subtropicalclimate in the Canary Islands; and the mountain climate in the high mountainranges and chains.

1. Look at the map and complete the sentences.

OCANO ATLNTICO

O C

A N O

A T L

N T I C

O

M a r

M e d i t

e r r

n e o

Mar Cantbr icoN a l n

T a j o

E b r o

The river Ebro belongs to theMediterranean watershed because it

flows into the Sea.

The river Nalon belongs to theCantabrian watershed because it

flows into the

Sea (Bay of Biscay).

The river Tajo belongs to the Atlanticwatershed because it flows into the

Ocean.


The climate, characteristic of the Cantabrian coast and Galicia,

has mild temperatures and abundant precipitation all year.

The climate, characteristic of the Canary Islands,has mild temperatures all year round and low precipitation.

The climate has three types: continental, dry and typical.

The climate, characteristic of the highest mountainranges and chains, has very cold winters and mild summers with abundant

precipitation.


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Population and economy

Remember

The natural increase of the population in Spain is positive becausethe birth rate is higher than the death rate. The population density is low,and the population is not evenly distributed.

More than half of the active population in Spain works in the tertiar y sector;almost one third works in the secondary sector; and very few people workin the primary sector.

1. Look at the map and tick the true sentences.

500,000 - 1,000,000inhabitants

Less than 500,000inhabitants

More than 1,000,000inhabitants

Population by Province A

T L A N T I C

O C E A N

M e d i t

e r r a

n e

a n

s e

a

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Bay of Biscay

The Spanish population is distributed evenly.

The most populated areas are on the coast.

In general, inland Spain is not verypopulated.

The Community of Madrid has a highpopulation density.

2. Look at the pie chart and complete the sentences.

The majority of the active population in Spain works in the sector.

The smallest number of people work in the sector.

About one third of the active population in Spain works in thesector.

5 %

32 %

63 %Primary sector

Tertiary sector

Secondary sector

ACTIVE POPULATION


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22 Political organisation


Worksheet

20

Remember

The form of government in Spain is a parliamentary monarchy.

The Constitution is the most important law in Spain.

The principal political institutions of Spain are the parliament Las Cortes , whichcreates and approves the laws and controls the government; the government,which governs the country; and the Courts of Justice, which are responsiblefor ensuring that laws are obeyed.

1. Tick the correct option.

2. Complete the word map.


The Spanish Constitution ...

defines the rights and dutiesof citizens. includes the laws approvedby the government.

Spain is a parliamentary monarchy.In this type of government ...

the king makes political decisionswithout the parliament. the king is head of state but doesnot make political decisions.

The parliament

The Courts of Justice

The government

Political institutions

G C

is made up of

P

C

Senate

is made up of

President

is made up of

J

MagistratesM

of J

of the

governs the country in accordance withlaws approved by Parliament.

are responsible for ensuring that lawsare obeyed.

creates and approves laws and controlsthe government.


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Landscape and rivers: Europe

Remember

The European landscape is made up of a large central plain, high mountainchains bordering the Mediterranean Sea in the south, and lower mountainchains in the north.

European rivers belong to five watersheds: Artic, Atlantic, Mediterranean,Black Sea, Caspian Sea.

1. Label the mountains.

A T L A N T I

C

O C

EA

N

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

A R C T I C O C E A N

Black Sea

Caspian

Se a

2. Colour one river in each watershed according to the key.

Watersheds: orange

Arctic: green

Atlantic: blue

Mediterranean: red

Black Sea: yellow

Caspian Sea: black

The Alps Balkans Carpathian Mountains PyreneesScandanavian mountains

P B

C

M

The A


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24 Climate and vegetation: Europe


Worksheet

22

Remember

Most of Europe is located in the temperate zone. There are three types of climates: Atlantic, Continental and Mediterranean.

The mountain climate can be found on the peaks in large mountain chains,and the subtropical climate is found in the Canary Islands.

Each climate has characteristic vegetation.

1. Complete the sentences. Tick the correct option.


The Mediterranean climate isfound in

southern Europe.

central and eastern Europe.

The Continental climate is found in central and eastern Europe.

on the peaks of mountain

chains.

The Atlantic climate is found in southern Europe.

western Europe.

Black Sea

NorthSea

M e d i

t e

r r a n e a n S e a

C a s p i

a n S e a

A T

LA

N T I

C

O C E

A N

Mediterranean climate

Continental climate

Atlantic climate

Polar climate

Mountain climate

Subtropical climate

Tundra

Holm oak

Prairies

Beech

Taiga

Mediterranean climate

Atlantic climate

Continental climate

Mountain climate

Polar climate


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The European Union

Remember

The European Union (EU) is an organisation made up of twenty-five countriesto promote the political and economic union of its member states.

The principal institutions of the European Union are:The Council of the European Union, The European Parliament,The European Commission, The Court of Justice.

1. Write the numbers of the European Union members on the map.

Black sea

NorthSea

M e d i t e r

r a n e a n s e a

C a s p i a n

s e a

A T L

A N T IC

O C E A N

Spain

Portugal

France

United Kingdom

Ireland

Belgium

Luxembourg7

6

5

4

3

2

1 Czech Republic

Slovakia

Austria

Germany

Netherlands

Italy

Poland14

13

12

11

10

9

8 Finland

Latvia

Lithuania

Estonia

Greece

Cyprus

Malta21

20

19

18

17

16

15 Slovenia

Sweden

Dermark

Hungry25

24

23

22


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26 Prehistory


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24

Remember

Prehistory is divided into three periods: Palaeolithic, Neolithicand Age of Metals. In the Palaeolithic, human beings were nomads.In the Neolithic they became sedentary. In the Age of Metals they builtthe first villages.

In Prehistory there were important discoveries, such as fire, pottery and cloth,and human beings created the first art forms.

1. Look at the picture of a Neolithic settlement and complete the text.

2. Complete the table. Tick .

3. Find three important discoveriesmade in prehistoric times.

BANDUS

L C O G H M K E CR F I R E O P Z LI C X F O H A U OE F R U B M L A TP O T T E R Y A HE R R O I A S B O

NeolithicPalaeolithic Age of Metals

They made objectsfrom metal.

They were nomads and livedin caves or huts.

They cultivated plantsand domesticated animals.

In the Neolithic, human beings learnedto cultivate p and domesticate

a . The the first s .

People were organised into groups larger than

clans called t , and each member

had a specific job such as cultivating the

l , caring fon the a

and making t or w .


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La Edad Antigua

Remember

Three thousand years ago, the peninsula was inhabited by the Iberians and Celts.In this same period, there was a kingdom called Tartessus.

Later came the colonising civilisations: Phoenicians, Greeksand Carthaginians.

In the year 218 B.C. the Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula and named itHispania. The Romans settled in the peninsula and carried out a process calledRomanisation in which the inhabitants adopted the languageand customs of Rome.

1. Order the events. Write A, B , C , D or E .

2. Circle the correct option about Hispania .

The Phoenicians founded colonieson the southern coast. 1

The Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula. 2

The Greeks arrived on the peninsula. 3

The Iberians and the Celts inhabitedthe peninsula. 4

The Carthaginians arrived on the peninsula. 5

In the year 218 A.D. the Romans defeated the

Phoenicians / Carthaginians and conquered

the Iberian Peninsula. However, the civilisations in the

interior / Mediterranean , west and northresisted. The conquest was complete in the year 19 B.C.

The Romans named the peninsula

Tartessus / Hispania and made it part of the Roman Empire.

Over time, the inhabitants adopted Roman customs and language.

This process was called Romanisation /

Reconquest .

A

B

C

D

D

E


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28 Los visigodos


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26

Remember

In the 5 th century the Visigoth kingdom replaced Roman Hispania. The Visigothsdivided the peninsula into dukedoms governed by dukes.

Important Visigoth kings:

Leovigild: moved the capital to Toledo Reccared: converted to Catholicism Recceswinth: unified the laws of the kingdom Roderic: the last Visigoth kingThe Visigothic kingdom lasted until the year 711 A.D. when Muslim troopsinvaded the peninsula.

1. Look at the map and tick the true sentences.


was defeated by Muslim troops.

moved the capital to Toledo.

unified the laws of the kingdom.

converted to Catholicism.

Leovigild

Recceswinth

Reccared

Roderic

M e d i te r r

a n ea n

S ea

Bay of Biscay

T oledo

CANTABRIANSVASCONS

ASTU RS

A T L A N T I

C

O C E A

N

Visigoth kingdom of Toledo

Invasion route: visigoths

First Visigoth conquests

Last Visigoth conquests

The Visigoths made Toledo

the capital of their kingdom.

The Visigoths last conquests

were lands in the south.The Canary Islands were part

of the Visigoth kingdom.


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Al-Andalus.

Remember

A small force of Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711 A.D.The territory occupied by the Muslims was called Al Andalus.

First, Al Andalus was an emirate. Later, it became a caliphate. Finally,it was divided into small independent kingdoms called taifas . The last taifawas the Kingdom of Granada, which was conquered in 1492by the Catholic Monarchs.

2. Complete the sentences about Al Andalus .

Al Andalus was occupied by the Muslimsbetween the years

and .

In 756 A.D., Abd ar-Rahmman I establishedAl Andalus as an e .

Abd ar-Rahmman III changed Al Andalusto a c .

In 1031, Al Andalus was divided intoi k

called t .

In 1212, the Muslims were defeated at theBattle of Las N

de T .

In 1492, the Catholic Monarchconquered the K of

G .

1. Complete the timeline.

caliphate emirate taifas

756 929 1031 1492

Cordoba

Valencia

Sevile Granada

Toledo

Leon

Santiago

Lisboa Cceres

Guadalajara

Zaragoza

PamplonaBurgos

Zamora

MediterraneanSea

ATL ANTI C

OCEAN

Expeditions byAbd ar-Rahman III

Caliphateterritories

Christian kingdomsterritories


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Remember

When the Muslims invaded the Peninsula, small Christian Kingdoms wereformed in the north. They defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Covadongain 722. The new kingdoms were the Kingdom of Asturias, and later theKingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile; the Catalan Counties and theKingdom of Navarre.

Over time, the Christian Kingdoms expanded their territory and formedthe Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon. In 1212 the Christians defeated theMuslims in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, which resulted in the end of Muslim occupation.

1. Order the events and write A, B , C , D or E . Then write the letters on the timeline.

2. Tick the kingdom.

722 1137 1212 14921230

Crown of AragonKingdom of Asturias Crown of Castile

It conquered the Canary Islands.

It was the first Christian Kingdom.

It was formed when theCatalan Counties and theKingdom of Aragon united.

It was created by Pelayo'ssuccessors.

It conquered territories in Italyand Greece.

The Crown of Aragon was formed. 1

The Crowns of Aragon and Castile were united. 2

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. 3

Battle of Covadonga. 4

The Crown of Castile was formed. 5 A

B

C

D

E


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The Spanish Empire

Remember

The Catholic Monarchs, Charles I and Philip II ruled over a great empire: the IberianPeninsula, the Canary and Balearic Islands, a large part of the American continentand some parts of Europe, Asia and northern Africa.

During the 16th century, there were some popular revolts on the peninsula, and themonarchs faced serious problems outside of Spain.

2. Tick the reign.

1. Order the kings. Then place them on the timeline.

Philip II Catholic Monarchs Charles I

1516 1556 1598

1

2

3

Reign of

Reignof Charles I

Reign of theCatholic Monarchs

Reignof Philip II

Battle of Lepanto

Battles against Lutherans

Conquest of theCanary Islands

The Netherlands rebelled

Columbus expeditionto America

Revolt in cities of Castile

Reign of Reign of


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30

Remember

In the 17th century, the kings chose court favourites to help them govern;revolts of protest broke out in Catalonia and Portugal, and the Netherlandsdeclared its independence from Spain.

In the 18th century, after the War of Succession, the Bourbons ascendedthe Spanish throne. The new dynasty replaced court favouriteswith secretaries of state and carried out many reforms.

2. Tick the correct option.

In the 17th century, court favourites tried to ... increase the power of the king. lessen the power of the king.

After the War of Succession, ... the Bourbon dynasty ascended the Spanish throne. the Duke of Lerma was named court favourite.

In the 18th century the kings replaced the ... court favourites with secretaries of state. secretaries of state with court favourites.

Among the reforms introduced by the Bourbons in the 18th century were ... the creation of royal factories and trading companies. the appointment of court favourites.

1. Complete the crossword.

1

2

3

19w

39

The War of S began in 1700

after Charles II died.The first Bourbons established a new formof government: an a monarchy.

The New Regime D , writtenby Philip V, abolished local laws and institutionsof the territories of the Crown of Aragon.

In the 18th century, secretariesof s replaced the kings favourites

and helped the king to carry out governmentactivities.

29

4

4


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The 19 th century

Remember

The reign of Ferdinand VII began after the War of Independence. Ferdinandabolished the Constitution of 1812 and persecuted the liberals. When hedied, Isabel II ascended the throne and faced numerous political changes,such as the proclamation of the First Republic in 1873.

In 1874 the monarchy was restored and Alfonso XII was proclaimed king.In 1923, during the reign of his successor Alfonso XIII,General Primo de Rivera established a dictatorship, which lasted until 1930.

1. Order the events. Write A, B , C , D , E or F .

2. Match the two columns. Then complete the timeline with the events.

1812

1808

1816

1923

1874

1814Reign of Ferdinand VII

1833Reignof Isabel II

1930The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera ended.

The Constitution of Cadiz was approved.

The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera began.

Argentina won its independence.

The War of Independence began.

The reign of Alfonso XII began.

Reign of Alfonso XII 1Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 2

War of Independence 3

Reign of Isabel II 4

First Republic 5

Reign of Fernando VII 6 A

B

C

D

E

F

1923

1874

18081812

1816


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Remember

In 1931 the Second Republic was proclaimed. During this period,numerous reforms were carried out, and many social and political conflictsexisted.

General Francisco Francos coup detat in 1936 marked the beginning of theCivil War. The Republicans supported the Republic, and the Nationalistssupported Franco.

After the Civil War, which ended in 1939, the dictatorship of General Francobegan. The dictatorship lasted until 1975.

1. Tick the true sentences. Then correct the ones that are false.

2. Complete the table with the correct dates.

During the Second Republic, the Constitution gave women the right to votefor the first time.

The Republicans won the Civil War.

During Francos dictatorship, there were various political parties and labour unions.

Supporters of the monarchy won the elections in 1931.

Franco controlled all the powers of the State during the dictatorship.

It ended in It began in

Second Republic

The Civil War

Francos dictatorship


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Recent decades

Remember

After Franco's death in 1975, the transition to democracy began,and Juan Carlos I was proclaimed King of Spain. In 1977 the first democraticelections were held after forty years. One year later the Spanish Constitutionwas approved.

During this period, Spain was organised into Autonomous Communitiesand joined the European Community.

In 1982 the Socialist Party (PSOE) won the general elections. In 1996 thePopular Party (PP) won the general elections. In 2004 the PSOE wonthe general elections again.

1. Write an important event for each year.

2. Tick the events which occurred during the transition and democracy .

In 1975,

In 1977,

In 1978,

In 1982,

In 1996,

In 2004,

Spain became a member of the European Community.

Spain was organised into regions and provinces.

Political parties were illegal.

The Civil War broke out.

The Spanish Constitution was approved.

Juan Carlos I was proclaimed King of Spain.

Adolfo Suarez legalised all the political parties.


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Bar graphs

A bar graph is a type of chart that uses rectangular barsto represent information that we can compare or follow over a period of time.

One axis shows the type of information and the other shows the quantityor frequency. The length of each bar is proportional to the numberit represents.

1. Answer the questions.

How many plants are trees?

How many plants are bushes?

How many plants are grasses?

Which plants are most common?

Which are least common?

trees

bushes

grasses


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h o l m o a k

c o r k o a k

r o s e m a r

y l a v e

n d e r

m a d r o

n a t r e e

r e d l a v e

n d e r

h o n e y s u

c k l e d a i s y

f u m a t o r

y p i n e

t r e e p o p p y

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2. Complete the bar graph with information from the drawing, page 36.

3. Use the information about the plants in the Mediterranean forest to completethe bar graph.

holm oak: 25cork oak: 35pine tree: 15rosemary: 40lavender: 20madrona tree: 15red lavender: 30honeysuckle: 10daisy: 15fumatory: 20poppy: 40

1110

9876543210

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0

N u m

b e r o

f p l a n t s

Trees Bushes Grasses


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Anatomical drawings

Anatomical drawings are used to present information to study the human body.They illustrate all elements in their proper places.

These drawings consist of a detailed diagram or illustration of an organ.Ovals, rectangles or arrows can be used to label the different parts.

1. Label the drawing.

ExtensionName Date

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2

lensoptic nerveiris

pupileyelasheseyebrow

eyeballlachrymal gland (tear gland)eyelid


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2. Read the text. Then label the anatomical drawings.

The musculoskeletal systemThe musculoskeletal system is made up of the skeleton and the muscular system.

The skeletonis made up of bones and cartilage. Bones are hard and strong, and cartilageis flexible but very strong too. Cartilage provides flexibility where two bones join together,and covers the ends of bones and joints to protect them and help the body move easily.Some important bones are the vertebrae, femur, ribs, ulna, radius and coccyx.

The muscular systemis made up of muscles. Muscles are strong and elastic and they worktogether with the bones. The muscles can carry out involuntary movements,such as the heartbeat and digestion, or voluntary movements, such as walking or eating.

The gemellus, biceps, pectorals, orbicularis oris (eye muscles), deltoid and trapezius aresome important muscles.


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Concept maps

A concept map is a type of diagram used to present the most importantinformation about a specific topic, organise it in order of importanceand indicate relationships.

These maps consist of ovals or rectangles with text inside. General concepts areusually placed at the top of the diagram and more specific ones at the bottom.

1. Use the words to complete the diagrams.

ovariespenisvas deferens

vaginaurethraFallopian tubes

testiclesuterus

The female reproductive system The male reproductive system


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2. Complete the concept map.

3. Look at the drawing about fertilisation and complete the concept map.

Female

is made up of

Reproductive systems

The sex cells

are called

and

They unite in one of the

and produce a

which later becomes an

Male

is made up of

The process of fertilisation

internalorgans

externalorgans

internalorgans

externalorgans


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HOUSE A630585540495450405360315270225180135

9045

0

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Comparing information on graphs

To compare information on graphs, we first extract the information we need.For example, in a bar graph, we look at the height of the bars. Once we haveall the information we need, we check whether it is identical or different,if quantities are larger or smaller, and in which sections this occurs, etc.

1. Complete the table with information from the bar graphs.Remember that bills are for a two-month period.

MonthsAbbreviation Consumption - House A Consumption - House B

Jan. January450 (kWh)

Feb.Mar.Apr.May

June JulyAug.Sep.Oct.Nov.Dec.

42

HOUSE B

Jan.-Feb.

MONTHS

E l e c

t r i c i t y c o n s u m p t

i o n ( k W h )

Mar.-Apr.

May-June

July-Aug.

Sep.-Oct.

Nov.-Dec.

Jan.-Feb.

Mar.-Apr.

May-June

July-Aug.

Sep.-Oct.

Nov.-Dec.

630585540495450405360315270225180135

9045

0

MONTHS

E l e c


i o n ( k W h )


43/64

630

585

540

495

450

405

360

315

270

225

180

135

90

45

0

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3. Use the information in the table to complete the bar graph.

In which months is the same amount consumed in the two houses?

In which months is less electricity consumed in House A?

In which months is less electricity consumed in House B?

How much electricity does House A consume in one year?

How much electricity does House B consume in one year?

Electricityconsumption

(kWh)

Months

January -February

March - April

May - June

July - August

September -OctoberNovember -December

450

630

405

225

315

495

Jan.-Feb.

Mar.-Apr.

May-June

July-Aug.

Sep.-Oct.

Nov.-Dec.

MONTHS

E l e c


i o n

( k W h )


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Using a compass

A compass is a simple instrument used for showing direction and locating the northand other cardinal points. It consists of a small needle that acts like a magnetand always points towards north because of the Earths magnetic field.

Aviators, sailors, hunters and campers use compasses when they needto find directions.

Moraleja

Porciones

La Moheda

Hulaga

Borbollonreservoir

G A T A M

O U N T

A I N

R i v e r a

d eG a

t a

S an t a O

l a l i a

m o u n t a i n c h a i

n

Rozacorderos

A r r a g o R i v

e r

El Fresno

C H A I N

GN

0 4,2 km

green

yellow

orange

brown

Altimetry (in metres)

more than 500

400 - 500

300 - 400

less than 300

Roadspurplered

Town

Magnetic declinationThe Earth is like a huge magnet with two magnetic poles: north and south. The position of thesepoles is not always the same. It varies slowly over time, and does not always coincide withthe geographic poles.

If you connect the two geographic poles with an imaginary line, you will see that thereis a variation between that line and the line that joins the two magnetic poles. This is calledthe magnetic declination, . You often see a small angle on maps to show this variationand the direction in which it is produced so adjustments can be made on compasses.

MAGNETIC DECLINATION

= 2 west

geographicnorth GNmagnetic

northMN

housing magneticneedle

pivot

cardinalpoints

degree scale

variationangle


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1. Complete the text.

2. Look at the map on the previous page and answer.

3. Colour this map according to the key and choose the correct answer.

cardinal magnetic degree circle casing north freely

In what direction would you go to travel from Rozacorderos to El Fresno?

And to travel from La Moheda to the Gata Mountain Chain?

What does the arrow in the top right-hand corner of the map represent?

Maps usually show the north at the top: that is, the geographic north / the magnetic north.

On all maps, the magnetic declination is the same / different.

The magnetic declination of this map is 8 west. This means that the geographicNorth Pole is towards the east / the west.

(altitudes based on the average sea level of the Mediterraneanat Alicante) Equidistance between level curves 200 metres.

Conventional signs:

Riverblue

MAGNETIC DECLINATION

= 8 west

Magneticnorth

Geographicnorth

MN

GN

Altimetry

less than 800 mgreen 800 - 1,000 myellow

1,000 - 1,200 morange

brown more than 1,200 m

redTown

RailwayblackRoadpurple

GNCantimpalosSanta Mara la Real

de Nieves

Segovia

8 0 0

1, 0 0

0

A r e v a l o r e g i o n

1 , 2 0

0

R I V

E R

E R E S M

A

R i v e r

M o r o s

C E N T R

A L

M O U N T A I N

C H A I N

A compass is an instrument made up of a needle mounted

on a pivot which enables the needle to turn .

The outer is called the housing. The needle always points

to . The compass has a scale which is divided

into the degrees of a (0 to 360). It also has the points

marked on it.


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Distinguishing between machines and operating parts

In order to distinguish a machine from an operating part, we should first reviewthe definition for operating part, simple machine and complex machine.Then we should apply the definition to the mechanism we want to analyse,specifically to its structure and how it works.

When we analyse a wheel, we should reach this conclusion: a wheel isan operating part because it does work inside a machine but cannot do workby itself.

GEARS

LEVERS

HELICOPTER

weight


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2. Explain.

1. Complete. Write an operating part, a simple machine or a complex machine .

4. Use the key to label the points on the levers.

Key : fulcrum - F, resistance - R, effort - E

5. Label the helicopter, page 46. Write blades, rotor, wheels or landing gear . Indicate whateach one is: operating part (op) or mechanism (m) .

A machine is an object which uses or transforms ..

Simple machines are made up of .

Complex machines are made up of .

Mechanisms are.

A lever is .

Gears are made up of several gear wheels together.

Each of the gear wheels is . A helicopter is .

3. Look at the gear wheels on the previous page. Draw arrows to show the direction theywill move and the direction the weight will move. Explain.

The weight will move up / down because

.


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Interpreting geographical coordinates

Geographical coordinates are imaginary lines used to locate any pointon the Earth. These lines are called meridians and parallels.

Meridians are the halves of the great circles between the two poles. Theydivide the Earth from north to south. The Prime Meridian at Greenwichis the most important meridian. Meridians are also called lines of longitude.

Parallels are the complete circles which divide the Earth horizontally.The most important is the Equator, which divides the Earth into twohemispheres, north and south. Parallels are also called lines of latitude.

1. Look at the two small spheres and answer.

0

4 0

60

2 0

2 0

4 0

60

North Pole

South Pole

0

2 0

4 0

60

6 0

4 0

2 0

30 0 30 6 060

north latitude

south latitude

w e s t l o n g i t ud e

M e r i d i

a n

e a s t l o n g i t u d e

P r i m e

North Pole

Sourth Pole

Eq u a t o r

What are the imaginary lines between the two poles called?

What are the complete circles that go around the Earth horizontally?


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2. Label the large sphere on page 48.


4. Trace over the meridians in blue and the parallels in red. Label the drawing.

Which is the most important parallel?

Which is the principal meridian?

Where are two meridians further apart, at the poles or at the Equator?

Do two parallels ever meet at any point?

Where do meridians meet?

How many equal parts does the Equator divide the Earth into?

The Tropic of Cancer is a parallel north of the Equator.

The Tropic of Capricorn is south of the Equator.

The Prime Meridian passes through the city of London. The Arctic Circle is the parallel furthest north.

The longest parallel is the Equator .


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Making a vegetation graph.

Vegetation graphs show vegetation in a specific area according to the altitudeand mountain slope where the different species are found.

The vegetation on a mountain varies depending on the altitudesince temperature and precipitation also vary. It is also important to consideron which side of the slope a plant species is found since sunny slopes havemore sunlight and higher temperatures.

1. Colour the drawing.

1,000 m

500 m

100 m

poplarKey

willow

orchard

holm oak

oak

pinecork oak

vineyard

olive


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3. Use the key to colour the altitudes on the map. Colour the symbols, too.

4. Study the map in Activity 3 and complete the chart.


Shady slopeAltitude

TYPE OF VEGETATION

Sunny slope

0 to 100 m

100 to 500 m

500 to 1,000 m

more than 1,000 m

1. On the vertical axis, write the same

altitudes you find in the map key.2. Colour the different levels of vegetation

the same colour you used on the map.

3. Write SH (shade) or S (sun) in the boxes.

4. Draw vegetation symbols on the chartbased on: altitude slope (SH or S)

1,500 m1,200 m

900 m600 m300 m

0 m

greenbrownblue

orangeyellow

holm oak

cork oak

wild olive tree

Pyrenean oakbirch

oakriver banktreespine

bushes

SCALE

metres

100 200 3000shady

sunny

Key


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Map scale

Maps are representations of the real world in a reduced size. They try to beas accurate as possible. The scale is the relationship between the real sizeof the area and its representation on the map. For example, a scale of 1:10means that each centimetre on the map is equal to 10 m. of land.

The larger the number of the scale, the smaller the territory representedon the map.

kilometres

0 75SCALE

150

A Corua Santander

Cadiz Almeria

provintial border

Autonomous Community border

provintial capital

Key


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kilometres

0 45SCALE

90

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1. Use the key to colour the map on the previous page. Then write the provintial capitals.Key: green = coastal province; red = inland province

2. Next, connect the following cities with a line. Then measure the distances

and complete the table.

3. Look at the two maps of the Canary Islands. Colour and write the scale in each box.

A Corua and Almeria Cadiz and Santander

Distance on the map Actual distance

A Corua and Almeria

Cadiz and Santander

kilometres

0 30SCALE

60

kilometres

0 30SCALE

60

kilometres

0 45SCALE

90

SCALE

SCALE


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Interpreting pie charts

Pie charts are used to show proportions or percentages of a whole. We use acircle divided into sections or sectors. The area of the circle represents thewhole, and the area of the sectors represents the parts. For example, the largestsectors will represent the largest percentages.

Black Sea

NorthSea

M e d i t e r r a n

e a n S e a

C a s p

i a n

S e a

A T

LA

N T

IC O

CEA N

0 to 10

Fewer than 100

10 to 100

POPULATION DENSITY(inhabitants/km 2)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. Find the numbers on the map and write the corresponding country and capital.

Country Capital

1

2

3

5

4


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3. Calculate the percentage of the population of each country and write it on the table.Remember you need to consider the total to calculate percentages.

5. Create a pie chart with the population percentages of each country. Make each countrya different colour and complete the legend.

2. Look at the map on the previous page and complete the table.

average population densityhigh population density low population density

Countries with

Population (%)Country Ranking

Spain 41,000,00011,000,000

4,300,000143,000,000

22,000,0008,000,000

300,000

GreeceNorwayRussiaRumaniaAustriaIcelandTOTAL 229,600,000 100%

4. Now organise the data from largest to smallest.To do this, write the ranking of each country according to its percentage.

Key


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Historical maps

Historical maps can show empires, kingdoms, countries and cities that existedin the past, as well as other useful information.

We use different colours to represent each empire or kingdom, and smallcircles to show big cities in that time period. Historical maps have a legendto explain the meaning of the symbols and a scale to determine the size of the areas represented.

1. Name four European countries that belonged to the Roman Empire.

Cyrene

R i v e r D a n u b e

Athens

Rome

R i

v e r E u p h r a t e s

Segovia

Emerita

Tarraco

Alcntara

Nemausus Corinth Palmira

Leptis Magna

Petra

Ephesus

Timgad

PompeiiBaalbek

A F R I C A

A S I AE U R O P E

Bl

a ck

S e a

ATLANTIC OCEAN

M e d i t e r

r a n e a nS e

a

The Roman Empire

4

3

3 2

6

1

1

1

2

5

Key


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2. Draw these symbols where they belong on the map on page 56.Complete the legend.

3. Now look at the map and complete the table.

4. Draw the symbols from Activity 2 on the map of Roman Hispania.

1 Theatre

4 Triumphalarch

2 Amphitheatre

5 Mosaic

3 Aqueduct

6 Bridge

Places

Bridge

Aqueduct

Theatre

Amphitheatre

Triumphal arch

Mosaic

Segovia

Merida

Astorga

Sagun to

Tarragona

Cordoba

Cad iz

Alcant ara Segobriga

Caparra

Ampurias

Italica

5

3

64

4

1

1 1

4

5

2

2

3

1


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Comparing two works of art

Comparing consists of contrasting the similarities and differences amongdifferent images or objects. To compare two works of art, two monuments, etc.we should first examine the common elements and determine the similaritiesand differences.

Works of artEach historical period usually has a different predominant artistic style, that is, a groupof features that characterises the works of art of that specific period. For example,during the Middle Ages there were two principal artistic styles: the Romanesque and the Gothic.

The Romanesque style developed from the 10th century to the 12th century. This style ischaracterised by churches with little height, featuring rounded arches, thick walls,round towers and small windows that let in very little light.

The Gothic style developed from the 13th century to the 15th century. Characteristicsof this style include cathedrals with pointed arches, tall spires and large stained glass windows.

1. Compare the two monuments.Write their characteristics.

Building:church / cathedral

Height:low / high

Decoration:elaborate / simple

Arches:rounded / pointed

Towers or spires:yes / no

Church of Santo Domingo de Silos,Burgos

Cathedral, Leon

2

1


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2. Circle the odd word out. Explain.

3. Compare these two paintings from the 17 th century and complete the file cards.

architecture sculpture painting brick

Brick because it is a material and not a style of architecture.

mosaic aqueduct triumphal arch bridge

small windows round towers tall spires rounded arches

monastery church cathedral portrait

Portrait: half lengthPortrait: full lengthFace: front viewFace: half profileBackground:

.Facial expression:

.Clothes:

.

Girl with a Pearl Earring (Vermeer). Portrait of Prince Baltasar Carlos (Velazquez).

Portrait: half lengthPortrait: full lengthFace: front viewFace: half profileBackground:

.Facial expression:

.Clothes:

.


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1. Colour the Reims cathedral.

The cathedral faade has towers.

The cathedral has a large window.

The entrance has arches.

Studying a building

A building can provide a lot of information about the historical period in whichit was built and about its function. To study a building, we should identify its mostimportant characteristics and compare them to the characteristicsof other buildings from the same period or from a different period.

Some characteristics we should look for are: when it was built, what its functionwas (religious, individual house, political), the main parts of the faadeand the interior, as well as decorations including sculptures, stained-glasswindows, columns, murals

entrance

pointed arches

stained-glasswindow

columns

towers

sculptures

Reims Cathedral

Front elevation


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3. Complete the index card with information and characteristics of Reims cathedral.

Reims CathedralGeneral information

Date built:

Use:

Artistic style: Orientation of sanctuary:

Front elevation

Highest part:

Decoration: Type of arches:

Floor plan

Location of altar: Number of naves:

Number of aisles: Number of apses:

1. orientation Location of transcept:

2. number of columns

ambulatory

EASTWEST

NORTH

SOUTH

apse

altar

transept

entrance

SANCTUARY

side aislenave

side aisle

Floor plan


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ExtensionName Date

Worksheet

14

Classifying sources

Historians use different types of documents and sources of information to studythe past. Some documents come directly from the period being studiedand are called primar y sources. Others are current documents but refer to the past.These are called secondar y sources. For example, a book written by a historianis a secondary source, but a manuscript from the period is a primary source.

Documents can be graphics, including paintings, photos, etc.; texts(such as letters or diaries) and objects like coins, medals or stampsfrom the period.

1. Write the number of the document you would consult.

To describe what a workers food was like in a mine.

To count the number of workers.

To learn how many hours people worked in 1842.

To learn what the work environment was like.

To learn what materials were used to build factories.

To describe machines in an old factory.

DOCUMENT 1

DOCUMENT 4

DOCUMENT 2

Betty Harris job, 1942I went to work in the mine when I wastwenty-three. I pull coal carts and work fromsix in the morning to six at night. I stop aboutan hour to eat. For lunch I have bread andbutter but nothing to drink. I never haveholidays and dont have any health benefits.My cousin looks after my children in the day-time. I am very tired when I get home at night;I fall asleep sometimes before I get washed

DOCUMENT 3


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2. Look at the documents on the previous page and answer.

3. Imagine you have to write the story of your life. Classify and write the numbersof the documents you could use for your investigation.

Primary: Secondary: Graphics: Texts: Objects:

4. Write the name of other sources you could use for your autobiography.

Sources

Primary

Secondary

Sources

Graphics

Texts

Objects

1. A photo of you when you wereborn

2. The floor plan of your home

3. A toy you had when you werea baby

4. A video of your last birthday

5. Your school report cards

6. Some clothes you hadwhen you were little

7. Cards you sent at Christmasor postcards from holidays

8. Your birth certificate

9. Your family photo album

10. Your medical records

Where was the factory located? In the city. / In the countryside. / By the sea.

How many people worked in the factory? A few. / About 20. / Over 100.

How long did they work each day? 12 hours. / 6 hours. / 9 hours. What machines did they use? Ploughs. / Steam hammers and looms. / Picks and shovels.

There was a lot of pollution because the factories burned coal. / used electricity. / depended on nuclear power.


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extension and reinforcement 6º richmond

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Transcript of extension and reinforcement 6º richmond