Extending LANs Fiber modems Repeaters Bridges Switches.
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Transcript of Extending LANs Fiber modems Repeaters Bridges Switches.
Extending LANs
• Fiber modems• Repeaters• Bridges• Switches
Distance limitation in LANs
• MAC protocols such as CSMA/CD require time proportional to the length of the cable
• Electrical signal weakens with distance• Network designers choose a combination of
capacity, delay and distance that can be achieved within a given cost
Fiber optic extensions
• Fiber modems extend connection between computer and transceiver
Repeaters
• Join Ethernet cables (segments) together• Amplified signal - no knowledge of frames• Deals with signal strength, but not delay
Multiple repeaters
• Ethernet standard says no more than four repeaters between two computers
• Fiber modems can be used between repeaters for long distance extensions
• Biggest problem with repeaters is that they transmit all signals including collisions and noise which limits scalability
Bridges• Connect two segments, but work at the
frame level• Use promiscuous mode and forward all
frames• Don’t forward erroneous frames (e.g.,
collisions and noise)
Frame filtering
• Only forward a frame if necessary– destination is on the other segment– broadcast address is used
• Bridge learns which segment a computer is on when that computer sends a frame
• When a frame arrives the bridge– extracts source address and updates knowledge– inspects destination address for forwarding
Example of learning in a bridge
Planning a bridged network• Propagation principle - a bridge will only
forward frames as far as is necessary• Bridges allow communication on separate
segments to occur at the same time• Plan the network so that computers that
communicate frequently are on the same segment
• May be possible to improve an existing LAN’s performance by adding a bridge
Bridging between buildings
Bridging longer distances
A cycle of bridges
• Compute a distributed spanning tree
Switching• Switch - a single electronic device that transfers
frames between computers• Whereas a hub simulates a shared medium, a
switch simulates a bridged LAN with one computer per segment
• Advantage is greater data rate due to parallelism• Some organisations combine hubs and switches
to reduce cost
The concept of a switched LAN
Summary
• Fiber optic extensions• Repeaters and multiple repeaters• Bridges– frame filtering– bridging distances
• Switches
Summary of LANs
• Locality of reference• LAN topologies• MAC protocols, especially CSMA/CD• Hardware addressing and frame types• LAN wiring• Extending LANs