SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AS A MEANS TO BUILD AN

EXTENDED ADMINISTRATION :

THE CASE OF SMART CITIES

Prof. Claude RochetClaude.rochet@univ-amu.fr

IMPGT AMU CERGAM

Lugano, June 5 2014

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Extended public administration: What are we speaking about?

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Input

Process

Output

P.A. legally speaking

Objective

s

Outcome

Outcome

Outcome

Extended value chain

Look simple? In real life outcomes are not aligned and are embedded in interconnected and overlapping heterogeneous systems This needs complex system mapping and understanding intertwined causes and effects relationships.

A smart is the result of multiple systemic equilibria

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No smart cities are alike…

… but common building blocks may be identified…

… and complex system architecture may define rules of integration

What makes a city smart?

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Not adding « smarties »: smart grids, smart anything….… nor greenwashing, digital washing….. But a city where one can live a good life

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It is systemic coherence

• Why the garden cities movement failed?

• Thinking the city either as a palliative of the dysfunctional city …

• … or as an ideal city

• But NOT as a living ecosystem

Our basic assumptions

• A smart city is not putting lipstick on a bulldog

• A smart city is an ecosystem that includes the city and its periphery

• A smart city is a city where one may live and work in:o Economic wealth creation

o Social life

o Common weal

• A resilient architecture:o A living system based on cooperation between public authorities, private

corp., citizens

o A properly designed architecture made with off-the-shelf components

o Systemic resilience is leveraged using IT

• A sea change in firms business models and P.A.

What is our shared vision?

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Let’s set up some definitions:

• Architecture, system architecture– The design of how basic

functions interact to give birth to a whole that is more than the sum of the parts

• Ecosystem:– A system with autopoeitic

properties, that means being able to reproduce itself

• Entropy, negentropy– Interactions within the system

make it losing its energy and increasing disorder (entropy), life (human life in the case of a city) may import energy (negative entropy or negentropy)

• Emergence:– Many properties of a system do

not exist as a basic function or a physical state, but are the result of the interactions of these functions: eg. “ageing well”, “happy life” is the result of both physical and human systems.

• Resilience:– The property of a system to

withstand a shock and to recover with stronger ability

• Green IT and IT for green– IT is both a solution to

coordination problems that may help saving energy (eg. Smart grids) but fabrication of IT produce a lot of pollutants and its functioning produce a lot of heat and waste that need to be recycled.

04/12/2023Mission MUST

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A rationale for extended P.A. as a system architect:

• Strategic analysis

• Inventorying the building blocks

• Integrating the ecosystem

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A rationale for extended P.A. as a system architect:1- Strategic analysis

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Why building a city & what are the strategic

goals? Who are the stakeholders?

What are the generic functions to be

performed by a smart city?

With which organs? Technical devices, software…

With which smart people?

Conception, metamodel framework, steering

Subsystems and processes

People and tools

Why designing this ecosystem?Who will live in the city?What are its activities?

How the city will be fed?Where the city is located ? (context)

What are the functions to be performed to reach the goals and how

do they interact?

With which organs and ressources?

How people will interact with the artifacts?

How civic life will organize?

A rationale for extended P.A. as a system architect:2- Inventorying the “building blocks”

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Issues

• Defining “smartness” and “sustainability”

• Wealth creation• Finance and taxes• Controlling

pollution• Equilibrium center –

periphery• Migrations• Poverty• Education• Health• Crime• Segregation (social

and spatial)• Leisure• Quality of life• How people interact

with people and artifacts?

Resources

• Work• Budgeting• Transportation• Feeding• Caring• Protecting• Securing• Housing policy• Education• Leisure• Social benefits• Health care system• Migrations control

Functions

• Energy• Water• Data• Digital Systems• Traditions• Sociology• Technologies as

enablers and enacters

• Culture and traditions

• Institutions and public organizations

• Process modeling• Software• Tech providers• Open innovation

Capabilities

• The New Business Models:• Public• Private

• Project management

• Institutional arrangements

• The day to day decision making process in an evolutionary perspective

• Empowerment• Direct democracy• Government• Governance• Project

management• Social innovation• The state as a

system engineer• Mastering ULM

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A rationale for extended P.A. as a system architect3- Integration of the building blocks

Soft domains

Hard domains

SMART city

Transportation

Industry

WorkHousing

Sanitation

EnergyWater

Waste recycling

Public services

Health care

Civic life Leisure

EducationSocial

integration

Gove

rnm

en

tE

con

om

y

Institutional scaffolding

Social life

Periphery

Commercial exchanges

FoodCity

Urban ecosystem

Territory

Concepts and tools of systemic

integration

Concepts and tools of systemic

integration

Smart territory

Smart territoryIndustryIndustry

Smart cities

Social intelligence (Dedijer)

Social intelligence (Dedijer)

Valuing as well material and immaterial assets

(Milieu innovateur, Aydalot)

Valuing as well material and immaterial assets

(Milieu innovateur, Aydalot)

Coopetitive innovation ecosystem

Coopetitive innovation ecosystem

Integrating smart city and smart territory

Combining top down and bottom up

Smart territoryMilieu innovateur

Smart territoryMilieu innovateur

Functional integration

Self governing capabilities

• Understanding the context and defining a strategic vision

• Declining it in combining hard and soft domains.

• Understanding the context and defining a strategic vision

• Declining it in combining hard and soft domains.

• Toward an integrative and integrated extended administration

• Toward an integrative and integrated extended administration

Smart administation

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A tool to design and monitor the ecosystem: ULM (Urban Lifecycle Management©)

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Matu

rity

of

eco

syst

em

ic p

rop

ert

ies

Development

From history, social intelligence, idea, to framework

Integrating off-the-shelves innovation

Functional integration

Technical integration Designing the

engineering ecosystem

Project management

City 1.0

Gathering data and understanding ecosystem evolution

Evaluating, correcting and upgrading

Sustainable City 1.0

Integrating innovation

City 2.0

Risk of collapse Unlike a product or a company, a city never dies, even if not sustainable (except in a case of collapse)

Losing ecosystemic properties

Permanent improvement

Financial governance

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Preliminary conclusion: designing and governing smart cities is a political problem

• Let’s refer to Vincent and Elinor Ostrom:o No one best way for all levels of action: Polycentric

governance

o Uncertainty, conflicts, bargaining are at the heart of

administrative life

o Politics : “ the practical processes through which

communities act to identify and solve their common

problems and to realize shared opportunities”

o A good P.A tend to reach self-governance

o P.A. has to integrate complex system science

• Smart cities => smart government and political life

• A view of P.A coherent with system

architecture!

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Common good

Vivere politico

Economic good

Private good

Smart government is the keystone of smart cities and was formalized at the Renaissance

A strong correlation between top down…

… and bottom up dynamics

Common good

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Extended P.A as an integration of disciplines

Leve

ls o

f co

mp

lexi

ty

City

Functions

Citizens

Complex systems engineering

Extended P.A

Political philosophy

Complex system

modeling

Interaction and

synergies

Social networks

and interaction

s

Overlaps and interactions

Common good as an emergence

and structuring finality

Ends and means of wealth creation

Vivere politico

PolycentricGovce