Exposure and Health Assessment of Agricultural Field Burning Smoke – a Study Progress Report L.-J....
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Transcript of Exposure and Health Assessment of Agricultural Field Burning Smoke – a Study Progress Report L.-J....
Exposure and Health Assessmentof Agricultural Field Burning Smoke – a Study Progress Report
L.-J. S. Liu, T. Gould, D. Kalman, J. Kaufman, C. Marquist, J. Sullivan, C. Trenga, University of Washington
C. Claiborn, R. Dhammapala, J. JimenezWashington State University
For Pullman Town Meeting (Sept 3, 2003)
Potential air quality impacts most likely occur at the confluence of these conditions!
of
Some Terminology PM10 = particulate matter smaller than
10 micrometers in “aerodynamic diameter”
PM2.5 = PM smaller than 2.5 micrometers in AD
Fine PM ~ PM2.5 (mainly combustion) Coarse PM ~ PM10 – PM2.5 (mainly
mineral dust) Dust in the air may be from ~1 to 100
micrometers
What are the Impacts of Field Burning in Washington State?
It has been difficult to quantify the air
quality impacts in the rural areas of E. WA Spatial variability
Short-term PM spikes (both PM10 and PM2.5)
Paucity of continuous monitors Small populations
This is the first study to measure personal exposures to smoke from agricultural burning
Issues Community exposure vs. ambient
concentrations Health effects of peak exposures Regulations based upon annual
and 24-hr averages Air monitoring strategy must
address all these issues!
What is personal exposure?
Outdoor concentrations
Indoor concentrations “Personal Cloud” Can be measured
directly or estimated from time-activity diaries coupled with outdoor and indoor monitoring at homes
A Burning Question
Are episodes of increased particulate matter air pollution from agricultural burning associated with health effects in asthmatics, as measured by:
Decrement in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)?
Increase in exhaled nitric oxide (eNO)? Increase in asthmatic symptoms and/or use
of rescue medications?
Objectives Characterize the air quality impacts from
agricultural field burning in Eastern WA
Characterize community exposure to agricultural smoke
Determine the relationship(s), if any, between particulate air pollution from Ag burning and acute adverse health outcomes in asthmatic adults
Study Location Washington State University
community, Pullman Population density Impacted by wheat burning in WA and
grass burning in Idaho Historical data Infrastructure
Eastern WA
Tri-Cities
Spokane – Coeur d’Alene
Pullman - Moscow
Moses Lake
IDAHO
WASHINGTON
Population Density
Study Population 32 adults, male or female, aged 18-65,
in the WSU community, Pullman, WA. Physician-diagnosed mild to moderate
asthma With or without inhaled corticosteroid
use, but prefer those without Sample size was determined based on
power simulations Many concerns for using children
subjects – focus was thus on adults
Subject Locations
Study Period ~60-day period, between Sept 3 and
Nov 1, 2002 2 monitoring sessions, each session
consisting of 32 subjects and 30 days of monitoring period.
32 subjects: 16 Active and 16 on-call Those 16 subjects who are active in session
1 become on-call in session 2. Vice versa
Health Effect AssessmentActive subjects – 3 lab visits/week
Pulmonary function (Micro DL) Breath samples for CO, eNO PFT: 4 X/day, 7d/wk: upon awakening, before
lunch, before dinner, before retiring Symptom/medication and time-activity diaries
On-call subjects – 3 lab visits/episode 3 consecutive-day lab visits (eNO, CO, PFT, urine
samples) during an episode Daily self-administered PFT, sym/med, and TAD
Exhaled Nitric Oxide Non-invasive measure of
pulmonary inflammation which increases with asthma exacerbation. More sensitive in detecting worsening
asthma control than standard pulmonary function measures [Spirometry].
Exposure Assessment
Central Site Monitoring on WSU campus (rooftop)
12-hr PM2.5 samples on quartz, Teflon filters with HI
24-hr aldehydes with DNPH coated Sep-Paks
Real-time Bsp via nephelometer (measure of fine PM)
“Continuous” (half-hour) PM2.5 and PM10 via TEOMs
Continuous CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, T, and RH
Exposure Assessment
Outdoor Monitoring Topologic considerations
2 nephelometer sites (including DOE
site) (indirect measure of fine PM)
6 24-h PM2.5 samples via HPEMs during
episodes
Outdoor Sites
Exposure Assessment - continued Indoor Monitoring
Real-time T, RH 1 nephelometer or pDR at (nearly) each
home (indirect measure of fine PM) Recursive modeling for outdoor contribution
to indoor PM
Exposure Assessment - continued Indoor Monitoring
Real-time PM, 1 nephelometer or pDR at (nearly) each home
Recursive modeling for outdoor contribution to indoor PM
Time-activity diary From every subject everyday, 10-min resolution For estimating exposures to ambient originated PM
Exposure Assessment - continued Indoor Monitoring
Real-time PM, 1 nephelometer or pDR at (nearly) each home
Recursive modeling for outdoor contribution to indoor PM
Time-activity diary From every subject everyday, 10-min resolution For estimating exposures to ambient originated PM
Personal sampling: 2/d, 2 HPEMs/subject (Teflon for XRF, quartz for
EC/OC)
Exposure Assessment - continued Indoor Monitoring
Real-time PM, 1 nephelometer or pDR at (nearly) each home
Recursive modeling for outdoor contribution to indoor PM
Time-activity diary From every subject everyday, 10-min resolution For estimating exposures to ambient originated PM
Personal Sampling: 2/d, 2 HPEMs/subject (Teflon for XRF, quartz for
EC/OC) Urine Sample Collection and smoked food
diary Daily urine samples from the 2 intensive monitoring
subj 2 urine samples per day from all subjects during
episodes House ventilation logs
from intensive subjects
Subject Characteristics
Age Group 18-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-52 TotalStart 9 17 5 3 2 36dropped out 3 1 0 0 0 4total 6 16 5 3 2 32
Asthma Severity Male Female 18-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-52 TotalMild 7 8 4 6 3 1 1 15Moderate 3 6 1 5 1 2 0 9Mod-severe 1 3 1 4 0 0 0 4Severe 1 3 0 1 1 0 1 4Very Severe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 12 20 6 16 5 3 2 32
Age and drop-out rate
Asthma Severity
Samples Collected 25 lab measures of eNO and 25 paired lab
measures of spirometry on each of the 32 subjects.
190 PM2.5 Teflon samples (12-h) 118 PM2.5 EC/OC samples (12-h) 92 EC/OC samples w/ carbon foam (12-h) 73 personal PM2.5 and 73 personal EC/OC
samples (24-h) 43 home outdoor PM2.5 samples 93 aldehyde samples (24-h)
Episodes Declaration An initial criterion was established in which
5 or more 30-min average PM2.5 concentrations (as measured by TEOM) > 40 g/m3 during any 24-hour period.
Sufficient indication of agricultural burning smoke impacts were detected based on TEOM, DataRAM, and neph, visual observation,
current and predicted meteorological conditions, and burn calls in the surrounding region.
Acres Burned Fall 2002
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
County
# a
cre
s
Total 129,055 acres
Columbia
Walla Walla
Whitman
Adams
Latah
Benewah
Kootenai
Franklin
Lincoln
GrantSpokane
IDAHO
WASHINGTON
CDA Tribe
Temporal Distribution of burns in Washington State During Fall 2002
10/99/11 10/17
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
9/1 9/6 9/11 9/16 9/21 9/26 10/1 10/6 10/11 10/16 10/21 10/26 10/31 11/5 11/10
date
# a
cre
s
Source: WA DOE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9/1/02 9/11/02 9/21/02 10/1/02 10/11/02 10/21/02 10/31/02
PM
2.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
PM
10
TEOM PM25 DR PM25 TEOM PM10
PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at the central site (Dana Hall) during the present study
9/11-15 2 episodes
10/9-11 sham
10/17-19 episode
*
Smoke Episode Complaints Source
June 29, 2000 0 wildfire
July 22, 2000 0 wildfire
August 23, 2000 2 wildfire
September 14, 2000
2 Ag. burning
October 9, 2000 0 Ag. burning
October 26, 2000 0 Stagnant weather
September 12, 2001
8 Ag. Burning
September 19, 2001
11 Wildfire from Ag. burning
Sources of Smoke in Previous Years
Concentrations of PM2.5 (from DOE nephelometer)
and PM10 (from TEOM at the Dana Hall site) during September and October 2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9/1 9/8 9/15 9/22 9/29 10/6 10/13 10/20 10/27
Date
PM
2.5
(ug
/m3 )
0
100
200
300
400
500
PM
10
(u
g/m
3)
1-hr PM2.51/2 hr PM10
Concentrations of PM2.5 (from DOE nephelometer) and PM10 (from TEOM at the Dana Hall site) during September and October 2001
9/11-15 2 episodes
10/9-11 sham
10/17-19 episode
*
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9/1 9/8 9/15 9/22 9/29 10/6 10/13 10/20 10/27
Date
PM
2.5 (
ug
/m3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
PM
10 (
ug
/m3)
1-hr Neph PM2.5
1/2 -hr TEOM PM10
OC/EC concentration in the PM2.5 BC1(12-h average)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
9/320:00
9/520:00
9/720:00
9/920:00
9/1120:00
9/1320:00
9/1520:00
9/1720:00
9/1920:00
9/2120:00
9/2320:00
9/2520:00
9/2720:00
9/2920:00
10/120:00
date
ug
/m3 OC
EC
OC/EC Concentration in the PM2.5 BC2 (12-h average)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10/320:00
10/68:00
10/820:00
10/108:00
10/1120:00
10/1220:00
10/148:00
10/158:00
10/1620:00
10/1720:00
10/198:00
10/208:00
10/2120:00
10/2220:00
10/248:00
10/258:00
10/2620:00
10/2719:00
10/297:00
10/307:00
10/3119:00
date
ug
/m3 OC
EC
Real episode
Real episode
“Sham” episode
Missed episode?
Missed episode?
Real episode October 17, 18 & 19TEOM Dana Roof PM data Oct 17-18, 2002
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
10/1618:00
10/170:00
10/176:00
10/1712:00
10/1718:00
10/180:00
10/186:00
10/1812:00
10/1818:00
10/190:00
10/196:00
day/time
PM
ug
/m3
0
50
100
150
200
250
NO
x &
SO
2 p
pb
PM10 PM2.5 Neph PM2.5 NOx SO2
OC/EC Concentration in the PM2.5 days 45- 46
0.868 1.082 0.666 0.802-0.001 0.336
7.7635.883
5.076 4.687
1.621
2.603
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10/1720:00
10/1720:00
10/188:00
10/188:00
10/1820:00
10/1820:00
10/198:00
10/198:00
ug/m
3
OC
EC
Night Day Night Day
HIFQ HIMQ HIFQ HIMQ HIFQ HIMQ HIFQ HIMQ
TEOM Dana Roof PM data Oct 17-18, 2002
0.00
40.00
10/1618:00
10/170:00
10/176:00
10/1712:00
10/1718:00
10/180:00
10/186:00
10/1812:00
10/1818:00
10/190:00
10/196:00
day/time
PM
ug
/m3
SO
2 p
pb
0
50
100
150
200
250
300N
Ox
pp
bC
O p
pm
x 1
0-2
Neph PM2.5 SO2 NOx CO
Dana Roof Oct 17-18, 2002
0.00
40.00
10/1618:00
10/170:00
10/176:00
10/1712:00
10/1718:00
10/180:00
10/186:00
10/1812:00
10/1818:00
10/190:00
10/196:00
day/time
PM
ug/
m3
400
420
440
460
480
500
CO
2 pp
m
Neph PM2.5 CO2
‘Sham” episode October 9, 10 & 11TEOM Dana Roof PM data Oct 9-10, 2002
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
10/818:00
10/90:00
10/96:00
10/912:00
10/918:00
10/100:00
10/106:00
10/1012:00
10/1018:00
10/110:00
10/116:00
day/time
PM
ug/
m3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
NO
x &
SO
2 pp
b
PM10 PM2.5 Neph PM2.5 NOx SO2
OC/EC Concentration in the PM2.5 days 37- 38
0.472 -0.019 -0.001 0.085 -0.001 -0.011 -0.001 -0.016
3.716
2.230 2.0680.963 1.445 0.989 1.462
0.5350
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10/920:00
10/922:08
10/108:00
10/108:00
10/1020:00
10/1020:00
10/118:00
10/118:00
ug/m
3
OC
EC
Night Day Night Day
HIFQ HIMQ HIFQ HIMQ HIFQ HIMQ HIFQ HIMQ
HIFQ = Harvard Impactor for PM2.5 with Quartz filter HIMQ= Harvard Impactor for PM2.5 with Foam +Quartz filter
TEOM Dana Roof PM data Oct 11-12, 2002
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
10/1018:00
10/110:00
10/116:00
10/1112:00
10/1118:00
10/120:00
10/126:00
10/1212:00
10/1218:00
10/130:00
10/136:00
day/time
PM
ug
/m3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
NO
X &
SO
2 p
pb
PM10 PM2.5 Neph PM2.5 NOx SO2
Outdoor PM2.5 (g/m3, Oct 17-18)
Personal exposure to PM2.5
Central site
Summary
Episodes 2 real (Sept 11, 12, 13, 14 & 15 and October 17, 18 & 19) 1 “sham” (October 9, 10 & 11) 2 missed (Sept 24, 25 & 26 and October 24, 25 & 26)
Most of the time PM2.5 correlated to PM10
Temperature negatively correlated to PMDuring episodes NOx correlated to PM CO2 correlated to PM2.5
Summary Range of exposures observed was reasonably
representative of conditions during Ag burning Spatial variability was prominent Sampling scheme allowed for estimations of
ambient contribution to personal PM There is a good likelihood that we can answer
the questions regarding extent of health effects under such typical conditions, using the data collected
Data Analysis Status Data entry and QC: completed Preliminary data analysis: ongoing Ag burning smoke
characterization: ongoing Exposure characterization and
modeling: Aug-Dec Health effects analyses: Aug-Dec
Acknowledgement
Study subjects EPA/Northwest Research Center for
Particulate Air Pollution and Health Effects WA Department of Ecology U.S. EPA, Region 10
Ozone (ppb) at the central site
TECO_PPB_O3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
10/3 10/8 10/13 10/18 10/23 10/28 11/2
10/17-1910/9-11
SO2 (ppb) at the central siteTECO_PPB_SO2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
9/2 9/7 9/12 9/17 9/22 9/27 10/2 10/7 10/12 10/17 10/22 10/27 11/1
9/11-15 10/17-1910/9-11
*
CO (ppb) at the central siteML_PPB_CO
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
9/17 9/22 9/27 10/2 10/7 10/12 10/17 10/22 10/27 11/1
10/17-19
10/9-11*
NOx (ppb) at the central siteT42_PPB_NOx
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9/2 9/7 9/12 9/17 9/22 9/27 10/2 10/7 10/12 10/17 10/22 10/27 11/1
9/11-15 10/17-19
10/9-11*
Carbon species (mass) in PM2.5 at the central site needs new slide
OC/EC Mass (HIFQ filters)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
9/3 9/8 9/13 9/18 9/23 9/28 10/3 10/8 10/13 10/18 10/23 10/28 11/2
OC
Mas
s
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
EC
Mas
s
OC mass EC mass
9/11-1510/17-19
10/9-11
*