Explosionandbombsceneinvestigation nij

U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

National Institute of Justice

research report

A GUIDE for

ExplosionBombing

ExplosionBombing

SCENE INVESTIGATION

and

U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice Programs810 Seventh Street N.W.Washington, DC 20531

Janet RenoAttorney General

Daniel MarcusActing Associate Attorney General

Mary Lou LearyActing Assistant Attorney General

Julie E. SamuelsActing Director, National Institute of Justice

Office of Justice Programs National Institute of JusticeWorld Wide Web Site World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij

About the National Institute of JusticeThe National Institute of Justice (NIJ), a component of the Office of Justice Programs, is theresearch agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Created by the Omnibus Crime Controland Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended, NIJ is authorized to support research, evaluation,and demonstration programs, development of technology, and both national and internationalinformation dissemination. Specific mandates of the Act direct NIJ to:

• Sponsor special projects and research and development programs that will improve andstrengthen the criminal justice system and reduce or prevent crime.

• Conduct national demonstration projects that employ innovative or promising approaches for improving criminal justice.

• Develop new technologies to fight crime and improve criminal justice.

• Evaluate the effectiveness of criminal justice programs and identify programs that promise to be successful if continued or repeated.

• Recommend actions that can be taken by Federal, State, and local governments as well as by private organizations to improve criminal justice.

• Carry out research on criminal behavior.

• Develop new methods of crime prevention and reduction of crime and delinquency.

In recent years, NIJ has greatly expanded its initiatives, the result of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (the Crime Act), partnerships with other Federalagencies and private foundations, advances in technology, and a new international focus.Examples of these new initiatives include:

• Exploring key issues in community policing, violence against women, violence withinthe family, sentencing reforms, and specialized courts such as drug courts.

• Developing dual-use technologies to support national defense and local law enforcementneeds.

• Establishing four regional National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers and a Border Research and Technology Center.

• Strengthening NIJ’s links with the international community through participation in theUnited Nations network of criminological institutes, the U.N. Criminal Justice Informa-tion Network, and the NIJ International Center.

• Improving the online capability of NIJ’s criminal justice information clearinghouse.

• Establishing the ADAM (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring) program—formerly the DrugUse Forecasting (DUF) program—to increase the number of drug-testing sites and studydrug-related crime.

The Institute Director establishes the Institute’s objectives, guided by the priorities of theOffice of Justice Programs, the Department of Justice, and the needs of the criminal justicefield. The Institute actively solicits the views of criminal justice professionals and researchersin the continuing search for answers that inform public policymaking in crime and justice.

To find out more about the National Institute of Justice,please contact:

National Criminal Justice Reference Service,P.O. Box 6000

Rockville, MD 20849–6000 800–851–3420

e-mail:[email protected]

To obtain an electronic version of this document, access the NIJ Web site (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/181869.htm).

If you have questions, call or e-mail NCJRS.

Written and Approved by theTechnical Working Group for Bombing Scene Investigation

June 2000NCJ 181869

A Guide for Explosion andBombing Scene Investigation

Julie E. SamuelsActing Director

David G. Boyd, Ph.D.Deputy Director

Richard M. Rau, Ph.D.Project Monitor

Opinions or points of view expressed in this document represent aconsensus of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the officialposition of the U.S. Department of Justice.

The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office ofJustice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance,the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime.

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Message From the Attorney General

The investigation conducted at the scene of an explosion or bombing plays a vital role in uncovering the truth about the incident. The

evidence recovered can be critical in identifying, charging, and ultimatelyconvicting suspected criminals. For this reason, it is absolutely essentialthat the evidence be collected in a professional manner that will yieldsuccessful laboratory analyses. One way of ensuring that we, as investi-gators, obtain evidence of the highest quality and utility is to followsound protocols in our investigations.

Recent cases in the criminal justice system have brought to light the needfor heightened investigative practices at all crime scenes. In order to raisethe standard of practice in explosion and bombing investigations of bothsmall and large scale, in both rural and urban jurisdictions, the NationalInstitute of Justice teamed with the National Center for Forensic Scienceat the University of Central Florida to initiate a national effort. Togetherthey convened a technical working group of law enforcement and legalpractitioners, bomb technicians and investigators, and forensic laboratoryanalysts to explore the development of improved procedures for theidentification, collection, and preservation of evidence at explosion andbombing scenes.

This Guide was produced with the dedicated and enthusiastic participa-tion of the seasoned professionals who served on the Technical WorkingGroup for Bombing Scene Investigation. These 32 individuals broughttogether knowledge and practical experience from Federal law enforce-ment agencies—as well as from large and small jurisdictions across theUnited States—with expertise from national organizations and abroad.I applaud their efforts to work together over the course of 2 years indeveloping this consensus of recommended practices for public safetypersonnel.

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In developing its investigative procedures, every jurisdiction should givecareful consideration to those recommended in this Guide and to its ownunique local conditions and logistical circumstances. Although factorsthat vary among investigations may call for different approaches or evenpreclude the use of certain procedures described in the Guide, consider-ation of the Guide’s recommendations may be invaluable to a jurisdic-tion shaping its own protocols. As such, A Guide for Explosion andBombing Scene Investigation is an important tool for refining investiga-tive practices dealing with these incidents, as we continue our searchfor truth.

Janet Reno

v

The University of Central Florida (UCF) is proud to take a leading role in the investigation of fire and explosion scenes

through the establishment of the National Center for Forensic Science(NCFS). The work of the Center’s faculty, staff, and students, in coop-eration with the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), has helped producethe NIJ Research Report A Guide for Explosion and Bombing SceneInvestigation.

More than 150 graduates of UCF’s 25-year-old program in forensicscience are now working in crime laboratories across the country. Ourprogram enjoys an ongoing partnership with NIJ to increase knowledgeand awareness of fire and explosion scene investigation. We anticipatethat this type of mutually beneficial partnership between the university,the criminal justice system, and private industry will become even moreprevalent in the future.

As the authors of this Guide indicate, the field of explosion and bombinginvestigation lacks nationally coordinated investigative protocols. NCFSrecognizes the need for this coordination. The Center maintains andupdates its training criteria and tools so that it may serve as a nationalresource for public safety personnel who may encounter an explosionor bombing scene in the line of duty.

I encourage interested and concerned public safety personnel to use AGuide for Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation. The proceduresrecommended in the Guide can help to ensure that more investigationsare successfully concluded through the proper identification, collection,and examination of all relevant forensic evidence.

Dr. John C. Hitt

Message From the President of the University ofCentral Florida

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Technical Working Group for Bombing Scene Investigation

The Technical Working Group for Bombing Scene Investigation(TWGBSI) is a multidisciplinary group of content area experts

from the United States, Canada, and Israel, each representing his or herrespective agency or practice. Each of these individuals is experienced inthe investigation of explosions, the analysis of evidence gathered, or theuse in the criminal justice system of information produced by the investi-gation. They represent such entities as fire departments, law enforcementagencies, forensic laboratories, private companies, and governmentagencies.

At the outset of the TWGBSI effort, the National Institute of Justice(NIJ) and the National Center for Forensic Science (NCFS) created theNational Bombing Scene Planning Panel (NBSPP)—composed of distin-guished law enforcement officers, representatives of private industry, andresearchers—to define needs, develop initial strategies, and steer the largergroup. Additional members of TWGBSI were then selected from recom-mendations solicited from NBSPP; NIJ’s regional National Law Enforce-ment and Corrections Technology Centers; and national organizations andagencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Alcohol,Tobacco and Firearms, the American Society of Crime Laboratory Direc-tors, and the National District Attorneys Association.

Collectively, over a 2-year period, the 32 members of TWGBSI listedbelow worked together to develop this handbook, A Guide for Explosionand Bombing Scene Investigation.

National Bombing Scene Planning Panel of TWGBSIJoan K. AlexanderOffice of the Chief State’s

AttorneyRocky Hill, Connecticut

Roger E. BroadbentVirginia State PoliceFairfax, Virginia

John A. Conkling, Ph.D.American Pyrotechnics

AssociationChestertown, Maryland

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Technical Working Group for Bombing SceneInvestigation

Sheldon DickieRoyal Canadian Mounted

PoliceGloucester, Ontario, Canada

Ronald L. KellyFederal Bureau of

InvestigationWashington, D.C.

Jimmie C. Oxley, Ph.D.University of Rhode IslandKingston, Rhode Island

Roger N. PrescottAustin Powder CompanyCleveland, Ohio

James C. RonayInstitute of Makers of

ExplosivesWashington, D.C.

James T. ThurmanEastern Kentucky UniversityRichmond, Kentucky

Carl VasilkoBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco

and FirearmsWashington, D.C.

Raymond S. VoorheesU.S. Postal Inspection ServiceDulles, Virginia

Andrew A. ApollonyFederal Bureau of

InvestigationQuantico, Virginia

Michael BoxlerBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco

and FirearmsSt. Paul, Minnesota

Steven G. BurmeisterFederal Bureau of


Gregory A. CarlFederal Bureau of


Stuart W. CaseForensic Consulting ServicesPellston, Michigan

Lance ConnorsHillsborough County Sheriff’s

OfficeTampa, Florida

James B. CrippinColorado Bureau of

InvestigationPueblo, Colorado

John E. DruganMassachusetts State PoliceSudbury, Massachusetts

Dirk HedglinGreat Lakes Analytical, Inc.St. Clair Shores, Michigan

Larry HendersonKentucky State PoliceLexington, Kentucky

Thomas H. Jourdan, Ph.D.Federal Bureau of


Frank MalterBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco


Thomas J. MohnalFederal Bureau of


David S. ShatzerBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco


Patricia Dawn SorensonNaval Criminal Investigative

ServiceSan Diego, California

Frank J. TabertInternational Association of

Bomb Technicians andInvestigators

Franklin Square, New York

Calvin K. WalbertChemical Safety and Hazard

Investigation BoardWashington, D.C.

Leo W. WestFederal Bureau of


Carrie WhitcombNational Center for Forensic

ScienceOrlando, Florida

David M. WilliamsLockheed Martin Energy

SystemsOak Ridge, Tennessee

Jehuda Yinon, Ph.D.Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel

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Acknowledgments

The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) acknowledges, with great thanks, the members of the Technical Working Group for Bombing

Scene Investigation (TWGBSI) for their extensive efforts on this projectand their dedication to improving the level of explosion and bombinginvestigations for the good of the criminal justice system. Each of the 32members of this network of experts gave their time and expertise to draftand review the Guide, providing feedback and perspective from a varietyof disciplines and from all areas of the United States, Canada, and Israel.The true strength of this Guide is derived from their commitment todevelop procedures that could be implemented across the country, fromrural townships to metropolitan areas. In addition, thanks are extendedto the agencies and organizations the Technical Working Group (TWG)members represent for their flexibility and support, which enabled theparticipants to see this project to completion.

NIJ is immensely grateful to the National Center for Forensic Science(NCFS) at the University of Central Florida, particularly Director CarrieWhitcomb and Project Coordinator Joan Jarvis, for its coordination ofthe TWGBSI effort. NCFS’s support in planning and hosting the TWGmeetings, as well as the support of its staff in developing the Guide,made this work possible.

Additionally, thanks are extended to all the individuals, agencies, andorganizations across the country who participated in the review of thisGuide and provided valuable comments and input. In particular, thanksgo to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, the Federal Bureauof Investigation, the National District Attorneys Association, the Ameri-can Society of Crime Laboratory Directors, the International Associa-tion of Arson Investigators, and the International Association of BombTechnicians and Investigators. While all review comments were givencareful consideration by the TWG in developing the final document, thereview by these organizations is not intended to imply their endorsementof the Guide.

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NIJ would like to thank the co-manager for this project, KathleenHiggins, for her advice and significant contribution to the developmentof the Guide.

Special thanks go to former NIJ Director Jeremy Travis for his supportand guidance and to Lisa Forman, Lisa Kaas, and Anjali Swienton fortheir contributions to the TWG program. Thanks also go to Rita Premoof Aspen Systems Corporation, who provided tireless work editing andre-editing the various drafts of the Guide.

Finally, NIJ would like to acknowledge Attorney General Janet Reno,whose support and commitment to the improvement of the criminaljustice system made this work possible.

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Message From the Attorney General .............................................................. iii

Message From the President of the University of Central Florida ................ v

Technical Working Group for Bombing Scene Investigation ...................... vii

Acknowledgments .............................................................................................. ix

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1

Purpose and Scope .................................................................................... 1

Statistics on Bombings and Other Explosives-Related Incidents ............. 2

Background............................................................................................... 4

Training .................................................................................................... 8

Authorization ............................................................................................8

A Guide for Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation .............................. 9

Section A. Procuring Equipment and Tools ....................................... 11

Safety ............................................................................................ 11

General Crime Scene Tools/Equipment ........................................ 12

Scene Documentation ................................................................... 12

Evidence Collection ...................................................................... 13

Specialized Equipment.................................................................. 14

Section B. Prioritizing Initial Response Efforts ................................. 15

1. Conduct a Preliminary Evaluation of the Scene ....................... 15

2. Exercise Scene Safety ............................................................... 16

3. Administer Lifesaving Efforts ................................................... 17

4. Establish Security and Control .................................................. 17

Contents

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Section C. Evaluating the Scene .......................................................... 19

1. Define the Investigator Role ..................................................... 19

2. Ensure Scene Integrity .............................................................. 20

3. Conduct the Scene Walkthrough ............................................... 21

4. Secure Required Resources....................................................... 21

Section D. Documenting the Scene ...................................................... 23

1. Develop Written Documentation .............................................. 23

2. Photograph/Videotape the Scene .............................................. 23

3. Locate and Interview Victims and Witnesses ............................ 24

Section E. Processing Evidence at the Scene ...................................... 27

1. Assemble the Evidence Processing Team ................................. 27

2. Organize Evidence Processing .................................................. 28

3. Control Contamination ............................................................. 28

4. Identify, Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package, and

Transport Evidence ................................................................ 29

Section F. Completing and Recording the Scene Investigation ........ 33

1. Ensure That All Investigative Steps Are Documented .............. 33

2. Ensure That Scene Processing Is Complete .............................. 34

3. Release the Scene ...................................................................... 35

4. Submit Reports to the Appropriate National Databases ........... 35

Appendix A. Sample Forms ................................................................. 37

Appendix B. Further Reading ............................................................. 47

Appendix C. List of Organizations ..................................................... 49

Appendix D. Investigative and Technical Resources ......................... 51

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Introduction

“I had imagined that Sherlock Holmes would have at once hurriedinto the house and plunged into a study of the mystery. Nothingappeared to be further from his intention. He lounged up anddown the pavement and gazed vacantly at the ground, the sky, theopposite houses. Having finished his scrutiny, he proceeded slowlydown the path, keeping his eyes riveted on the ground.”

Dr. WatsonA Study in ScarletSir Arthur Conan Doyle

Sherlock Holmes, the master of detectives, considered it essential to beexcruciatingly disciplined in his approach to looking for evidence at acrime scene. While it is imperative that all investigators apply disciplinein their search for evidence, it is apparent that few do so in the same way.Currently, there are no nationally accepted guidelines or standard practicesfor conducting explosion or bombing scene investigations. Professionaltraining exists through Federal, State, and local agencies responsible forthese investigations, as well as through some organizations and academicinstitutions. The authors of this Guide strongly encourage additionaltraining for public safety personnel.

Purpose and ScopeThe principal purpose of this Guide is to provide an investigative outlineof the tasks that should be considered at every explosion scene. They willensure that proper procedures are used to locate, identify, collect, andpreserve valuable evidence so that it can be examined to produce themost useful and effective information—best practices. This Guide wasdesigned to apply to explosion and bombing scene investigations, fromhighly complex and visible cases, such as the bombing of the Alfred P.Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, to those that attract lessattention and fewer resources but may be just as complex for the investi-gator. Any guide addressing investigative procedures must ensure that

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each contributor of evidence to the forensic laboratory system is servedby the guide and that quality examinations will be rendered. Consistentcollection of quality evidence in bombing cases will result in moresuccessful investigations and prosecutions of bombing cases. Whilethis Guide can be useful to agencies in developing their own procedures,the procedures included here may not be deemed applicable in everycircumstance or jurisdiction, nor are they intended to be all-inclusive.

Statistics on Bombings and OtherExplosives-Related IncidentsThe principal Federal partners in the collection of data related to explo-sives incidents in the United States are the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobaccoand Firearms (ATF), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the U.S.Postal Inspection Service (USPIS), and the U.S. Fire Administration(USFA). These Federal partners collect and compile information sup-plied by State and local fire service and law enforcement agenciesthroughout the United States and many foreign countries.

According to ATF and FBI databases, there were approximately 38,362explosives incidents from 1988 through 1997 (the latest year for whichcomplete data were available) in the United States, including Guam,Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Incident reports received byATF and the FBI indicate that the States with the most criminal bombingincidents are traditionally California, Florida, Illinois, Texas, and Wash-ington. Criminal bombings and other explosives incidents have occurredin all States, however, and the problem is not limited to one geographicor demographic area of the country.

The number of criminal bombing incidents (bombings, attemptedbombings, incendiary bombings, and attempted incendiary bombings)reported to ATF, the FBI, and USPIS fluctuated in the years 1993–97,ranging between 2,217 in 1997 and 3,163 in 1994. Incendiary incidentsreached a high of 725 in both 1993 and 1994. Explosives incidents

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reached a high of 2,438 in 1994 and a low of 1,685 in 1997. It is impor-tant to note that these numbers reflect only the incidents reported toFederal databases and do not fully reflect the magnitude of the problemin the United States.

Of the criminal bombing incidents reported during 1993–97, the topthree targets—collectively representing approximately 60 percent ofthe incidents—were residential properties, mailboxes, and vehicles.Motives are known for about 8,000 of these incidents, with vandalismand revenge by far cited most frequently.

The most common types of explosive/incendiary devices encounteredby fire service and law enforcement personnel in the United States aretraditionally pipe bombs, Molotov cocktails, and other improvisedexplosive/incendiary devices. The most common explosive materialsused in these devices are flammable liquids and black and smokelesspowder.

Stolen explosives also pose a significant threat to public safety in theUnited States. From 1993 to 1997, more than 50,000 pounds of highexplosives, low explosives, and blasting agents and more than 30,000detonators were reported stolen. Texas, Pennsylvania, California,Tennessee, and North Carolina led the Nation in losses, but every Statereported losses.

Further information, including updated and specific statistical informa-tion, can be obtained by contacting the ATF Arson and ExplosivesNational Repository at 800–461–8841 or 202–927–4590, through itsWeb site at http://ows.atf.treas.gov:9999, or by calling the FBI BombData Center at 202–324–2696.

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BackgroundNational Bombing Scene Planning Panel (NBSPP)

The National Center for Forensic Science (NCFS) at the University ofCentral Florida (UCF) in Orlando, a grantee of the National Institute ofJustice (NIJ), held a National Needs Symposium on Arson and Explo-sives in August 1997. The symposium’s purpose was to identify problemareas associated with the collection and analysis of fire and explosiondebris. One of the problem areas identified was the need for improved,consistent evidence recognition and handling procedures.

In spring 1998, NIJ and NCFS, using NIJ’s template for creating techni-cal working groups, decided to develop guidelines for fire/arson andexplosion/bombing scene investigations. The NIJ Director selectedmembers for a planning group to craft the explosion/bombing investiga-tion guidelines—NBSPP. At the same time, the NIJ Director selected afire/arson planning panel. The nine NBSPP members represent nationaland international organizations whose constituents are responsible forinvestigating explosion and bombing scenes and evaluating evidencefrom these investigations. The group also includes one academic re-searcher. The rationale for their involvement was twofold:

◆ They represent the diversity of the professional discipline.

◆ Each organization is a key stakeholder in the conduct of explosionand bombing investigations and the implementation of this Guide.

NBSPP was charged with developing an outline for national guidelinesfor explosion and bombing scene investigations—using the formatin the NIJ publication Death Investigation: A Guide for the SceneInvestigator1 as a template—and identifying the expertise composition ofa technical working group for explosion/bombing scene investigations.This task was completed in March 1998 at a meeting at NCFS; theresults are presented here.

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Technical Working Group for Bombing Scene

Investigation (TWGBSI)

Candidates for TWGBSI were recommended by national law enforce-ment, prosecution, forensic sciences, and bomb technician organizationsand commercial interests and represented a multidisciplinary group ofboth national and international organizations. These individuals are allcontent area experts who serve within the field every day. The followingcriteria were used to select the members of TWGBSI:

◆ Each member was nominated/selected for the position by NBSPPand NCFS.

◆ Each member had specific knowledge regarding explosion andbombing investigation.

◆ Each member had specific experience with the process of explosionand bombing investigation and the outcomes of positive and negativescene investigations.

◆ Each member could commit to the project for the entire period.

The 32 experts selected as members of TWGBSI came from 3 countries(the United States, Canada, and Israel), 13 States, and the District ofColumbia. Because this technical working group dealt with explosionand bombing scenes, a large portion of investigators and analysts repre-sented ATF and the FBI. The geographical distribution of TWGBSImembers is shown in exhibit 1.

Chronology of Work

NBSPP meeting. In March 1998, the panel met at UCF, under the sponsor-ship of NCFS, to review the existing literature and technologies, preparethe project objectives, and begin the guideline development process. Thepanel’s objective was to develop an outline for a set of national guidelinesbased on existing literature and present them for review to the assembledTWGBSI at a later date. During this initial session, five investigative taskswere identified. Each task included subsections that, when developed,provided a template of procedures for investigators to follow whileconducting an explosion or bombing investigation.

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Region Number of Participants

Northeast 20

Southeast 8

Rocky Mountain 1

West 1

International 2

The completed Guide includes the following components:

◆ A principle citing the rationale for performing the task.

◆ The procedure for performing the task.

◆ A summary outlining the principle and procedure.

TWGBSI assembled in August 1998. After introductory remarks fromthe president of UCF, TWGBSI separated into five breakout sections todraft the Guide, which includes the following stages:

◆ Prioritizing initial response efforts.

◆ Evaluating the scene.

Exhibit 1. Technical Working Group for Bombing Scene InvestigationMembership Distribution

Northeast

Southeast

Rocky Mountain

WestLaw Enforcement

Laboratory Staff

Practitioners

Canada

Israel

Prosecutors

Researchers

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◆ Documenting the scene.

◆ Processing evidence at the scene.

◆ Completing and recording the scene investigation.

Once all breakout groups completed their work, the full group reas-sembled to review and approve the initial draft. Editors from an NIJcontractor attended each section to record the proceedings and guidethe editorial process. After the meeting, the editors reformatted theinitial draft and forwarded it to an agency representative so that itcould be sent to all TWGBSI members for comment.

Organizational review and national reviewer network. After theTWGBSI comments were received by NIJ, NBSPP met in Novemberand December 1998 in Washington, D.C., to consider and incorporatethe comments, creating the second draft of the Guide. In addition,NBSPP members recommended organizations, agencies, and individualsthey felt should comment on the draft document, which was mailed toall TWGBSI members and to this wider audience in June 1999. The 150organizations and individuals whose comments were solicited duringthe national review of this Guide included all levels of law enforcement,regional and national organizations, and bomb response units from theUnited States, Canada, and other nations. A list of reviewers can befound in appendix C.

NBSPP members reassembled in August 1999 to incorporate the com-ments received from the initial wide review. Following this meeting, athird draft of the Guide was sent to all TWGBSI members for discussionand review within their organizations and agencies. In October 1999, theTWGBSI members met to review and recommend changes to this thirddraft. Another national and organizational review followed, and resultswere discussed by TWGBSI at a meeting in January 2000. What followsis the final consensus document resulting from the final meeting.

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TrainingFor each of the procedures presented in this Guide, training criteria willbe developed and approved by NCFS’s Technical Working Group on Fireand Explosions. These criteria will provide individuals and educationalorganizations with an additional resource for providing comprehensiveinstruction to public safety personnel. A current listing of institutionsthat can provide training in the area of explosion/bombing investigationcan be obtained from NCFS (see appendix D).

AuthorizationFederal, State, and local statutory authority in explosion and bombingcases is enforced by the agencies responsible for the specific incidentand varies greatly depending on the specific location and nature of theincident.

Note1.Death Investigation: A Guide for the Scene Investigator, ResearchReport, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Instituteof Justice, December 1997, NCJ 167568.

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A Guide for Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation

Procuring Equipment and Tools

Prioritizing Initial Response Efforts

Documenting the Scene

Processing Evidence at the Scene

Section A

Section B

Section C

Section D

Section E

Completing and Recording the SceneInvestigationSection F

Evaluating the Scene

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This handbook is intended as a guide to recommended practicesfor the identification, collection, and preservation of evidence atexplosion and bombing scenes. Jurisdictional, logistical, or legalconditions may preclude the use of particular procedures containedhere. Not every portion of this document may be applicable to allexplosion and bombing scenes. The investigator will determine theapplicability of these procedures to a particular incident.

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Section A. Procuring Equipment and Tools

A

Possessing the proper tools and equipment is key to any task, and nevermore so than in emergency situations such as explosion or bombingscenes. Because responders and investigators may not know the detailsof the situation until arriving at the scene, prior preparation is vital.Following is a list of equipment and tools frequently used by the investi-gative team at explosion and bombing scenes. Equipment and tool needsare, for the most part, determined by the actual scene. The list below maybe used as a planning guide for equipment and tool needs. Not every itemand tool mentioned below will be applicable for use on every scene.

Safety◆ Biohazard materials (i.e., bags, tags, labels).

◆ First-aid kit.

◆ Footwear, safety (i.e., protective shoes/boots).

◆ Glasses, safety.

◆ Gloves, heavy and disposable (e.g., surgical, latex).

◆ Helmets, safety/hard hats.

◆ Kneepads.

◆ Outerwear, protective (e.g., disposable suits, weather gear).

◆ Personnel support items (e.g., food, water, hygiene items, shelter).

◆ Reflective tape.

◆ Respiratory equipment (e.g., particle masks, breathing equipment).

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General Crime Scene Tools/Equipment◆ Barrier tape/perimeter rope.

◆ Batteries.

◆ Binoculars.

◆ Communications equipment (e.g., telephone, two-way radio).

◆ Evidence collection kits (e.g., latent print, bodily fluid, impression,tool mark, trace evidence).

◆ Flares.

◆ Flashlights.

◆ Generators.

◆ Handtools (e.g., screwdrivers, crowbars, hammers).

◆ Knives, utility.

◆ Lighting, auxiliary.

◆ Tarps/tents.

◆ Thermometer.

◆ Trashcans, large.

◆ Tweezers/forceps.

Scene Documentation◆ Compass.

◆ Computer and computer-aided design (CAD) program.

◆ Consent-to-search forms.

◆ Drawing equipment (e.g., sketchbooks, pencils).

◆ Logs (e.g., evidence recovery, photo).

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A

◆ Measuring equipment (e.g., forensic mapping station, tape measure,tape wheel).

◆ Photographic equipment (e.g., 35mm camera, Polaroid camera,videocamera, digital camera, film, lenses, tripods).

◆ Tape recorder and cassettes.

◆ Writing equipment (e.g., notebooks, pens, permanent markers).

Evidence Collection◆ Bags, new (e.g., sealable, nylon).

◆ Boxes, corrugated/fiberboard.

◆ Brushes and brooms.

◆ Cans, new (e.g., unlined).

◆ Evidence flags/cones.

◆ Evidence placards.

◆ Evidence tags.

◆ Evidence sealing tape.

◆ Gloves (i.e., disposable cotton, disposable latex).

◆ Grid markers.

◆ Heat sealer.

◆ Magnets.

◆ Outerwear, protective (e.g., disposable suits, shoe covers).

◆ Rakes, spades, and shovels.

◆ Sifters/screens.

◆ Swabbing kits.

◆ Trowels.

◆ Vacuum.

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Specialized Equipment◆ Aerial survey/photography equipment (e.g., helicopter).

◆ Chemical test kits and vapor detectors.

◆ Construction equipment, heavy.

◆ Extrication/recovery equipment.

◆ GPS (global positioning system) equipment.

◆ Ladders.

◆ Trace explosives detectors (e.g., sniffers) and/or detection canines.

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Section B. Prioritizing Initial Response Efforts

B

Note: Safety concerns should be continually addressed beginning withthe initial response effort. Implementation of the procedures in thissection will be determined by the scene circumstances.

1. Conduct a Preliminary Evaluationof the Scene

Principle: First responders (the first public safety personnel toarrive at the scene, whether law enforcement officers,firefighters, or emergency medical services (EMS)personnel) must assess the scene quickly yet thoroughlyto determine the course of action to be taken. Thisassessment should include the scope of the incident,emergency services required, safety concerns, andevidentiary considerations.

Procedure: Upon arrival at the scene, first responders should:

A. Establish a command post/implement an incident commandsystem (i.e., a point of contact and line of communication andauthority for other public safety personnel).

B. Request emergency services from bomb technicians, firefighters,EMS personnel, and law enforcement officers.

C. Identify scene hazards, such as structural collapse, blood-borne pathogens, hazardous chemicals, and secondaryexplosive devices.

D. Identify witnesses, victims, and the presence of evidence.

E. Preserve potentially transient physical evidence (e.g., evidencepresent on victims, evidence that may be compromised byweather conditions).

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DANGER: Beware of secondary devices!The scene may contain secondary explosive devices designed specificallyto kill or maim public safety responders. Do not touch any suspiciousitems. If a suspected secondary device is located, immediately evacuatethe area and contact bomb disposal personnel.

Summary: Based on the preliminary evaluation, first responderswill initiate an incident command system, requestemergency services, and identify scene hazards andevidentiary concerns.

2. Exercise Scene SafetyPrinciple: Safety overrides all other concerns. First responders

must take steps to identify and remove or mitigate safetyhazards that may further threaten victims, bystanders,and public safety personnel. They must exercise duecaution while performing emergency operations to avoidinjuries to themselves and others.

Procedure: Following the preliminary evaluation of the scene, firstresponders should:

A. Request additional resources and personnel (e.g., bomb techni-cians, building inspectors, representatives from utility companies,such as gas, water, and electric) to mitigate identified hazards.

B. Use tools and personal protective equipment appropriate to thetask during all operations.

C. Request and/or conduct a safety sweep of the area by personnelqualified to identify and evaluate additional hazards and safetyconcerns.

D. Mark hazard areas clearly and designate safety zones to receivevictims and evacuees.

17

Summary: To ensure safety, first responders will take steps toidentify, evaluate, and mitigate scene hazards andestablish safety zones.

3. Administer Lifesaving EffortsPrinciple: First responders’ primary responsibility is to rescue

living victims and provide treatment for life-threateninginjuries. While performing emergency operations, theyare to preserve evidence and avoid disturbing areas notdirectly involved in the rescue activities, including thoseareas containing fatalities.

Procedure: After performing a preliminary evaluation and establish-ing scene safety, first responders should:

A. Initiate rescues of severely injured and/or trapped victims.

B. Evacuate ambulatory victims, perform triage, and treat life-threatening injuries.

C. Leave fatalities and their surroundings undisturbed. Removal offatalities will await authorization.

D. Avoid disturbing areas not directly involved in rescue activities.

Summary: Lifesaving efforts are first responders’ priority. Addition-ally, care should be taken not to disturb areas whererescue activities are not taking place.

4. Establish Security and ControlPrinciple: First responders will establish control and restrict scene

access to essential personnel, thereby aiding rescueefforts and scene preservation. First responders willinitiate documentation.

18

Procedure: To establish security and control, first responders should:

A. Set up a security perimeter.

B. Restrict access into and out of the scene through the securityperimeter (e.g., control media, bystanders, nonessentialpersonnel).

C. Establish staging areas to ensure that emergency vehicles haveaccess into the area.

D. Initiate documentation of the scene as soon as conditions permit(e.g., taking notes, identifying witnesses, videotaping/photo-graphing bystanders).

Summary: First responders will establish a controlled securityperimeter, designate staging areas, and initiatedocumentation. This will set the stage for thesubsequent investigation.

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C

Note: At the time the scene is determined to involve a bombing or othercrime, the investigator must address legal requirements for sceneaccess, search, and evidence seizure.

1. Define the Investigator RolePrinciple: The investigator must coordinate with the incident

commander and first responders to determine whatoccurred and to assess the current situation. Subsequentprocedures will vary depending on the magnitude of theincident.

Procedure: Upon arriving at and prior to entering the scene, theinvestigator should:

A. Identify and introduce himself or herself to the incidentcommander.

B. Interview the incident commander and first responders to evaluatethe situation, including safety concerns, and determine the levelof investigative assistance needed.

C. Conduct a briefing with essential personnel (e.g., law enforce-ment, fire, EMS, hazardous materials, and utility servicespersonnel) to:

◆ Evaluate initial scene safety to the extent possible prior toentry.

◆ Ensure that a search for secondary explosive devices hasbeen conducted.

Caution: Only bomb disposal personnel should handle any suspecteddevices that are located. Take no further action until the devices havebeen identified or rendered safe.

Section C. Evaluating the Scene

20

◆ Ensure that the scene has been secured, that a perimeter andstaging areas for the investigation have been established, andthat all personnel have been advised of the need to preventcontamination of the scene.

◆ Ensure that the chain of custody is initiated for evidence thatmay have been previously collected.

D. Assess legal considerations for scene access (e.g., exigent circum-stances, consent, administrative/criminal search warrants).

Summary: The investigator will conduct a briefing to ensure scenesafety and security, while addressing the issue of second-ary devices.

2. Ensure Scene IntegrityPrinciple: The investigator must ensure the integrity of the scene

by establishing security perimeters and staging areas,contamination control procedures, and evidence collec-tion and control procedures.

Procedure: Prior to evidence collection, the investigator should:

A. Establish procedures to document personnel entering and exitingthe scene.

B. Establish and document procedures to prevent scene contamina-tion.

C. Establish and document procedures for evidence collection,control, and chain of custody (see the sample evidence recoveryand chain of custody logs in appendix A).

Summary: The investigator will establish and document proceduresto protect the integrity of the scene.

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3. Conduct the Scene WalkthroughPrinciple: The investigator must conduct a walkthrough to estab-

lish scene parameters and acquire an overview of theincident.

Procedure: During the scene walkthrough, the investigator should:

A. Reevaluate scene requirements (e.g., boundaries, personnel,equipment).

B. Establish an entry and exit path for personnel.

C. Be alert to safety concerns (e.g., structural damage, secondarydevices, unconsumed explosive materials, failed utilities, hazard-ous materials) and to the locations of physical evidence.

D. Ensure preservation and/or collection of transient evidence.

E. Attempt to locate the seat(s) of the explosion(s).

Summary: The investigator’s initial walkthrough will be an opportu-nity to identify evidence and the presence of safetyhazards.

4. Secure Required ResourcesPrinciple: Following the walkthrough, the investigator should meet

with available emergency responders and investigativepersonnel to determine what resources, equipment, andadditional personnel may be needed.

Procedure: During the course of this meeting, the investigatorshould:

A. Assess the nature and scope of the investigation through infor-mation obtained during the walkthrough and from all availablepersonnel.

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B. Advise personnel of any secondary devices or other hazardsfound at the scene.

C. Ensure that one list of victims/potential witnesses is developedand that their accounts of the incident are documented.

D. Ensure that required evidence collection equipment, as well asprocessing and storage facilities, are available.

E. Secure required equipment as determined by the scene condi-tions, such as light and heavy equipment, handtools, specialtyequipment, and personal safety items.

F. Ensure that sufficient utilities and support services are requested(e.g., electricity, food, trash removal, sanitary services, otherpublic services, security).

G. Advise emergency responders and the investigation team of theirassignments for scene documentation and processing.

H. Remind personnel that evidence can take many forms; it is notlimited solely to components of the device(s).

Summary: The investigator will meet with emergency respondersand investigative personnel in preparation for scenedocumentation and processing.

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D

1. Develop Written DocumentationPrinciple: The investigator will prepare written scene documenta-

tion to become part of the permanent record.

Procedure: The investigator should:

A. Document access to the scene (see the sample access control login appendix A).

B. Document activities, noting dates and times, associated with theincident and the investigation (see the sample activity log inappendix A).

C. Describe the overall scene in writing, noting physical and envi-ronmental conditions (e.g., odors, weather, structural conditions)(see the sample narrative description in appendix A).

D. Diagram and label scene features using sketches, floor plans, andarchitectural or engineering drawings.

E. Describe and document the scene with measuring equipment,which may include surveying equipment, GPS (global positioningsystem) technology, or other available equipment.

Summary: Investigators must prepare written scene documentationas part of the permanent record of the incident, whichwill serve as the foundation for any incident reconstruc-tions and future proceedings.

2. Photograph/Videotape the ScenePrinciple: The investigator must ensure that photographic docu-

mentation is included in the permanent scene record.This documentation should be completed prior to theremoval or disturbance of any items.

Section D. Documenting the Scene

24


A. Record overall views of the scene (e.g., wide angle, aerial, 360-degree) to spatially relate items within and to the scene andsurrounding area. (A combination of still photography, video-taping, and other techniques is most effective.)

B. Consider muting the audio portion of any video recording unlessthere is narration.

C. Minimize the presence of scene personnel in photographs/videos.

D. Consider photographing/videotaping the assembled crowd.

E. Maintain photo and video logs (see the sample photographic login appendix A).

Summary: The investigator will ensure the photographic documen-tation of the scene to supplement the written documenta-tion in preparation for scene reconstruction efforts andany future proceedings.

3. Locate and Interview Victimsand Witnesses

Principle: The investigator will obtain victims’/witnesses’ identi-ties, statements, and information concerning theirinjuries.


A. Identify and locate witnesses (e.g., victims who may have beentransported, employees, first responders, delivery/service person-nel, neighbors, passers-by) and prioritize interviews.

B. Attempt to obtain all available identifying data regarding victims/witnesses (e.g., full name, address, date of birth, work and hometelephone numbers) prior to their departure from the scene.

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C. Establish each witness’ relationship to or association with thescene and/or victims.

D. Establish the basis of the witness’ knowledge: How does thewitness have knowledge of the incident?

E. Obtain statements from each witness.

F. Document thoroughly victims’ injuries and correlate victims’locations at the time of the incident with the seat(s) of theexplosion(s).

G. Interview the medical examiner/coroner and hospital emergencypersonnel regarding fatalities and injuries.

Summary: The investigator must attempt to determine the locationsof all victims and witnesses. Victim and witness state-ments and information about their injuries may beessential to establishing the nature of the device andthe circumstances of the incident.

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E

Note: At the time the scene is determined to involve a bombing orother crime, the investigator must address legal requirements forscene access, search, and evidence seizure.

1. Assemble the EvidenceProcessing Team

Principle: Effective organization and composition of the evidenceprocessing team ensure the proper collection and preser-vation of evidence.

Procedure: The size of the evidence processing team depends onthe magnitude of the scene, but the investigator needsto ensure that the following roles and expertise areaddressed:

A. Bomb disposal technician.

B. Evidence custodian.

C. Forensic specialist.

D. Logistics specialist.

E. Medical examiner.

F. Photographer (still, digital, video, etc.).

G. Procurement specialist.

H. Safety specialist (structural engineer, etc.).

I. Searchers/collectors.

J. Sketch artist.

Summary: Attention to the organization and composition of theevidence processing team facilitates effective evidencecollection and preservation.

Section E. Processing Evidence at the Scene

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2. Organize Evidence ProcessingPrinciple: Good organization is essential to evidence collection and

preservation. The investigator must continually evaluatethe scene, adapt to changes as they occur, and brief theteam.

Procedure: Before deploying the team, the investigator should:

A. Review and reevaluate:

◆ The boundaries of the scene.

◆ Safety concerns.

◆ Command post and staging locations.

◆ Evidence processing and storage locations.

◆ Personnel and equipment requirements.

◆ Legal and administrative considerations.

B. Identify the search procedure for the scene.

C. Ensure that transient physical evidence has been preserved andcollected.

D. Consider onsite explosives detection (e.g., trace explosivesdetection, use of canines, chemical tests) by qualified personnel.

E. Brief the team and review assignments.

Summary: Prior to evidence collection and throughout the process,the investigator will review the scene, adapt to changes,and brief the team.

3. Control ContaminationPrinciple: Preventing contamination protects the integrity of the

scene and other search areas, the integrity of the evi-dence for forensic analyses, and the safety of personnel.

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Procedure: The investigator should ensure that evidence processingpersonnel:

A. Use clean protective outergarments and equipment as applicablefor each scene.

B. Consider obtaining control samples as applicable (e.g., evidencecontainers, swabs of equipment and personnel).

C. Package collected evidence in a manner that prevents loss,degradation, or contamination.

D. Package, store, and transport evidence from different scenes orsearches in separate external containers.

Summary: Proper collection, packaging, transportation, and storagewill minimize contamination and ensure the integrity ofthe evidence.

4. Identify, Collect, Preserve, Inventory,Package, and Transport Evidence

Principle: The search focuses on the discovery of physical evidencethat may establish that a crime was committed and linkelements of the crime to possible suspects.

Procedure: To maximize the recovery and evaluation of all types ofphysical evidence, the investigator should ensure:

A. The preparation of an evidence recovery log (see the sample inappendix A) that documents information such as:

◆ Item number.

◆ Description.

◆ Location found (grid number if used).

◆ Collector’s name.

◆ Markings (either directly on the item or indirectly on thepackage).

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◆ Packaging method.

◆ Miscellaneous comments.

B. The identification of evidence by:

◆ Assigning personnel to designated search areas.

◆ Initiating scene-specific search pattern(s) and procedures,including examination of immobile structures for possibleevidence.

◆ Attempting to determine the method of bomb delivery.

◆ Establishing the seat(s) of the explosion(s), if present.

◆ Documenting blast effects (e.g., structural damage, bent signs,thermal effects, fragmentation).

◆ Examining the crater, vehicles, structures, etc.

◆ Documenting the location(s) of victims prior to and after theexplosion.

◆ Ensuring that victims are examined for bomb componentfragments. Autopsies should include full-body x-rays.

C. The collection of evidence, including:

◆ Suspected bomb components and fragments, including thoserecovered from victims.

◆ Suspected materials used in the construction and transporta-tion of the explosive device(s) (e.g., tape, batteries, manuals,vehicles).

◆ Crater material.

◆ Residues and other trace evidence (using swabbing tech-niques).

◆ Additional items of evidence (e.g., blood, hair, fiber, finger-prints, tire tracks, weapons, documents, tools).

◆ Comparison samples of indigenous materials.

D. That evidence is:

◆ Photographed.

◆ Packaged and preserved in containers.

◆ Labeled (e.g., date, collector’s initials, item number, location).

◆ Recorded in the evidence recovery log.

◆ Secured in the designated storage location.

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E. The labeling, transportation, and storage of evidence by:

◆ Placing evidence from different locations or searches inseparate external containers.

◆ Labeling evidence for storage and shipment, includingidentification of hazards.

◆ Arranging for transportation of the evidence.

Summary: Identification, collection, preservation, and packaging ofevidence must be conducted in a manner that protects theitem, minimizes contamination, and maintains the chainof custody. These steps assist in establishing the ele-ments of a possible crime and provide the basis forthorough, accurate, and objective investigation andprosecution processes.

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Section F. Completing and Recording the SceneInvestigation

1. Ensure That All Investigative StepsAre Documented

Principle: To ensure that the permanent record will be complete,the investigator should review all documentation beforereleasing the scene.

Procedure: The investigator should verify that the following havebeen addressed:

A. Documentation of major events and time lines related to theincident.

B. Personnel access log (see the sample in appendix A).

C. Activity log (see the sample in appendix A).

D. Review of interviews and events.

E. Narrative description of the scene (see the sample in appendix A).

F. Photo and video logs (see the sample in appendix A).

G. Diagrams, sketches, and evidence mapping.

H. Evidence recovery log (see the sample in appendix A).

Summary: By accounting for all investigative steps prior to leavingthe scene, the investigator ensures an accurate andthorough representation of the scene for the permanentrecord.

F

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2. Ensure That Scene ProcessingIs Complete

Principle: The scene may be released only upon conclusion of theonsite investigation and a thorough evidence collectionprocess.

Procedure: The investigator should perform a critical review of thescene investigation with all personnel, to include thefollowing actions:

A. Discuss with team members, including those not present at thescene, preliminary scene findings and critical issues that aroseduring the incident.

B. Ensure that all identified evidence is in custody.

C. Recover and inventory equipment.

D. Decontaminate equipment and personnel.

E. Photograph and/or videotape the final condition of the scenejust before it is released.

F. Address legal considerations.

G. Discuss postscene issues (e.g., forensic testing, insuranceinquiries, interview results, criminal histories).

H. Communicate and document postscene responsibilities.

Summary: The investigator will review the scene investigation toensure that it is complete and that postscene issues areaddressed.

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3. Release the ScenePrinciple: The release of the scene must be documented. The

investigator should ensure communication of knownscene-related health and safety issues to a receivingauthority at the time of release.

Procedure: Upon releasing the scene, the investigator should:

A. Address public health and safety issues by performing the

following tasks:

◆ Contacting public utilities.

◆ Evaluating biological and chemical hazards.

◆ Evaluating structural integrity issues.

◆ Assessing environmental issues.

B. Identify a receiving authority for the scene.

C. Ensure disclosure of all known health and safety issues toa receiving authority.

D. Document the time and date of release, to whom the sceneis being released, and by whom.

Summary: The investigator will ensure communication of knownhealth and safety issues to a receiving authority uponreleasing the scene and will document the release.

4. Submit Reports to the AppropriateNational Databases

Principle: Detailed technical information regarding explosivedevices is collected, integrated, and disseminated vianational databases. These data help authorities identifythe existence of serial bombers, the sophistication ofexplosive devices being used, and the need for uniformprocedures and further development of equipment.

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Procedure: The investigator or authorized agency’s administrationshould submit detailed reports to these databases:

A. Arson and Explosives National Repository (Bureau of Alcohol,Tobacco and Firearms).

B. Bomb Data Center (Federal Bureau of Investigation).

C. Uniform Crime Reports, National Incident-Based ReportingSystem, and National Fire Incident Reporting System.

Summary: The investigator contributes to the compilation ofnational databases that identify trends in explosionsand other incidents involving explosives.

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Following are sample forms that can be adapted for use as needed.

Appendix A. Sample Forms

A1.

Access Control LogA2.

Activity LogA3.

Narrative DescriptionA4.

Photographic LogA5.

Evidence Recovery LogA6.

Evidence Control/Chain of CustodyA7.

Consent to Search

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I,

having been informed of my constitutional right not to have a search made of my premiseswithout a search warrant and of my right to refuse to consent to such a search, doauthorize Fire or Police Investigator,

(Person giving consent)

(Name of Investigator)

or his designee, to conduct a complete search of my premises known as

for the purpose of establishing the cause of the explosion which occurred at my premiseson .

(Date of explosion)

(Address of property)

I am aware that the search is being conducted to search for evidence of the cause of theexplosion and I agree to allow the above-named investigator or his designee to takephotographs/videotapes of the premises, to remove papers, letters, materials, or otherproperty, knowing that they may be submitted for forensic examination and testing.

I am aware that the above-named investigator or his designee will be on the premises fora period of time and I have no objection to their entering and remaining on the premisesfor a number of days. This written consent is being given by me voluntarily and withoutthreats or promises of any kind.

I know that I can refuse to give this consent to search and I am waiving that right signingthis consent.

Person Giving Consent

Witness

Witness

CONSENT TO SEARCH

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Date: Starting Time: Platoon: OCA or Dispatch #:

Type of Crime:

Location of Crime:

Name Position/Title Time In Time Out

Remarks:

Initiated By: Initiating Officer:

Relieved By: Relieving Officer:

Date/Time Relieved: Date/Time Completed:

Supervisor’s Signature:

ACCESS CONTROL LOG

Print Name/Call Sign

Print Name/Call Sign

Date Time

Signature

Signature

Date Time

The completed form is to be turned over to the Investigating Detective. Page___ of ___

40

G

AC

TIV

ITY

LO

G

(Con

tinue

d)

41

AC

TIV

ITY

LO

G(C

ontin

ued)

45

Please Furnish Complete Information

Date

Laboratory #

Delivered by Accepted by

Agency submitting evidence

Victim(s)Suspect(s)

Place and date of offense

Agency case #

Offense

Date of hearing, grand jury, trial, or reason why expeditious handling is necessary

Prev. exams this case

Description of evidence

Copies to

Yes NoEvid. locatedRoom #

Report to be directed to

Evidence to be returned toMailed BackPicked Up by Contributor

Exams requested

(This space for blocking)

Brief Facts covering case

EVIDENCE CONTROL/CHAIN OF CUSTODY

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(Continued)

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Appendix B. Further Reading

Beveridge, A. Forensic Investigation of Explosions. London: Taylor &Francis Ltd., 1998.

Conkling, J.A. Chemistry of Pyrotechnics and Explosives. New York:Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1985.

Cook, M.A. The Science of High Explosives. Malabar, Florida: Robert E.Krieger Publishing Company, 1958, 1985.

Cooper, P.W. Explosives Engineering. New York: Wiley-VCH, 1997.

Cooper, P.W., and S.R. Kurowski. Introduction to the Technology ofExplosives. New York: Wiley-VCH, 1997.

Davis, T.L. The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives. Hollywood,California: Angriff Press, 1972.

DeHaan, J.D. Kirk’s Fire Investigation. 4th ed. Indianapolis: BradyPublishing/Prentice Hall, 1997.

Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items. Vols. 1–10. Dover,New Jersey: Picatinny Arsenal, U.S. Army Armament Research andDevelopment Command, 1960–83.

Kennedy, P.M., and J. Kennedy. Explosion Investigation and Analysis:Kennedy on Explosions. Chicago: Investigations Institute, 1990.

The ISEE Blaster’s Handbook. 17th ed. Cleveland: International Societyof Explosives Engineers, 1998.

Kohler, J., and R. Meyer. Explosives. 4th, revised and extended ed.New York: Wiley-VCH, 1993.

Military Explosives. U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force Technical ManualTM 9–1300–214. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army, 1967.

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National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 921: Guide for Fireand Explosion Investigations. Quincy, Massachusetts: National FireProtection Association.

Urbanski, T. Chemistry and Technology of Explosives. Vols. 1–4.New York: Pergamon Press, 1983.

Yinon, J., and S. Zitrin. Modern Methods and Applications in Analysisof Explosives. New York: Wiley-VCH, 1993.

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During the review process, drafts of this document were sent to thefollowing agencies and organizations for comment. While TWGBSIconsidered all comments and issues raised by these organizations, thisGuide reflects only the positions of its authors. Mention of the reviewersis not intended to imply their endorsement.

Appendix C. List of Organizations

Accomack County (VA) Sheriff’s Office

Alaska State Criminal Laboratory

American Academy of Forensic Sciences

American Bar Association

American Correctional Association

American Jail Association

American Prosecutors Research Institute

American Reinsurance Company

American Society of Crime LaboratoryDirectors

American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers

Anchorage (AK) Police Department

Arapahoe County (CO) Sheriff’s Office

Armstrong Forensic Laboratory

Association of Federal Defense Attorneys

Bridgeport (MI) Forensic Laboratory

Bristol (VA) Police Department

Broward County (FL) Sheriff’s Office

Brownsville (TX) Police Department

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

Cameron County (TX) Sheriff’s Office

Campaign for Effective Crime Policy

Chicago (IL) Fire Department

Cincinnati (OH) Fire Division

City of Donna (TX) Police Department

City of Inver Grove Heights (MN) Fire Marshal

Clark County (NV) Fire Department

Cleveland State College Basic Police Academy

Commission on Accreditation of LawEnforcement Agencies

Conference of State Court Administrators

Connecticut State Police Forensic Laboratory

Conyers (GA) Police Department

Council of State Governments

Covington (TN) Fire Department

Criminal Justice Institute

Delaware State Fire Marshal’s Office

Drug Enforcement Administration

Edinburg (TX) Police Department

Fairbanks (AK) Police Department

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, U.S.Department of the Treasury

Florida Department of Law Enforcement

Florida State Fire Marshal

Georgia Bureau of Investigation

Georgia Public Safety Training Center

Town of Goshen (NY) Police Department

Harlingen (TX) Police Department

Hidalgo County (TX) Sheriff’s Office

Illinois State Police

Indiana State Police Laboratory

Institute of Police Technology and Management

International Association for Identification

International Association of Bomb Techniciansand Investigators

International Association of Chiefs of Police

International City/County ManagementAssociation

Iowa Division of Criminal InvestigationLaboratory

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Jefferson Parish (LA) Fire Department

Juneau (AK) Police Department

Laredo (TX) Police Department

Law Enforcement Training Institute

Los Angeles (CA) Fire Department

Maine State Police Crime Laboratory

Massachusetts State Fire Marshal’s Office

Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory

McAllen (TX) Police Department

Metro Nashville (TN) Police Department

Michigan Department of State Police

Mission (TX) Police Department

National Association of Attorneys General

National Association of Black Women Attorneys

National Association of Counties

National Association of Criminal DefenseLawyers

National Association of Drug Court Professionals

National Association of Police Organizations, Inc.

National Association of Sentencing Commissions

National Association of State Alcohol and DrugAbuse Directors

National Association of Women Judges

National Black Police Association

National Center for State Courts

National Conference of State Legislatures

National Council on Crime and Delinquency

National Crime Prevention Council

National Criminal Justice Association

National District Attorneys Association

National Governors Association

National Institute of Standards and Technology,Office of Law Enforcement Standards

National Law Enforcement and CorrectionsTechnology Centers

National Law Enforcement Council

National League of Cities

National Legal Aid and Defender Association

National Organization of Black Law EnforcementExecutives

National Sheriffs’ Association

New Hampshire State Police ForensicLaboratory

New Jersey State Police

New York State Office of Fire Prevention andControl

Orange County (CA) Sheriff’s Department

Pan American Police Department (Edinburg, TX)

Peace Officer’s Standards and Training

Pennsylvania State Police Laboratory

Pharr (TX) Police Department

Pinellas County (FL) Forensic Laboratory

Police Executive Research Forum

Police Foundation

Port Authority of NY & NJ Police

Rhode Island State Crime Laboratory

St. Louis (MO) Metropolitan Police Department

San Diego (CA) Police Department

Sitka (AK) Police Department

South Carolina Law Enforcement Division

Suffolk County (NY) Crime Laboratory

Tennessee Bureau of Investigation

Tennessee Law Enforcement Training Academy

Texas Rangers Department of Public Safety

Tucson (AZ) Police Department

U.S. Border Patrol

U.S. Conference of Mayors

Utah State Crime Scene Academy

Webb County (TX) Sheriff’s Department

Weslaco (TX) Police Department

Willacy County (TX) Sheriff’s Office

Wisconsin State Crime Laboratory

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Appendix D. Investigative and Technical Resources

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco andFirearms*

Headquarters EnforcementOperations Center

888–ATF–BOMB202–927–8050URL: http://www.atf.treas.gov

Arson and Explosives NationalRepository

800–461–8841202–927–4590

Arson and Explosives ProgramsDivision

202–927–7930

National Laboratory

301–762–9800

Chemical Transportation Emer-gency Center (CHEMTREC®)

800–262–8200

URL: http://www.chemtrec.org

Environmental ProtectionAgency

National Response Center800–424–8802

URL: http://www.epa.gov

Federal Bureau of Investigation*Bomb Data Center (preblast

issues)202–324–2696URL: http://www.fbi.gov

Explosives Unit (postblast issues)

202–324–4341

Federal Emergency ManagementAgency

U.S. Fire Administration202–447–1000

URL: http://www.usfa.fema.gov

Institute of Makers of Explosives202–429–9280

URL: http://www.ime.org

Depending on jurisdiction, an investigator’s initial points of contactshould be his or her State or local fire marshal’s office and/or Statepolice. Following is a list of resources that may be useful for furtherinvestigative or technical information and assistance. This list shouldnot be considered all-inclusive.

A current list of institutions that can provide training in explosion/bombing scene investigation is available from the National Center forForensic Science.

Appendix D. Investigative and Technical Resources

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International Association ofArson Investigators

314–739–4224URL: http://www.fire-

investigators.org

International Associationof Bomb Technicians andInvestigators

941–353–6843URL: http://www.iabti.org

International Society ofExplosives Engineers

440–349–4004URL: http://www.isee.org

National Center for ForensicScience

407–823–6469URL: http://www.ncfs.ucf.edu

National Fire ProtectionAssociation

617–770–3000URL: http://www.nfpa.org

National Institute of Standardsand Technology

Building and Fire ResearchLaboratory

301–975–6850

URL: http://www.bfrl.nist.gov

Royal Canadian Mounted Police*Canadian Bomb Data Center613–993–7880

URL: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/

U.S. Chemical Safety and HazardInvestigation Board

202–261–7600

URL: http://www.chemsafety.gov

U.S. Postal Inspection Service*Forensic/Technical Services

Division703–406–7100URL: http://www.usps.gov/

websites/depart/inspect/

* These are sources for criminal investigative assistance.

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