Exploring Wind Energy

What Makes Wind

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project


Global Wind Patterns


History of Wind Energy5000 BC

Sailboats used on the Nile indicate the

power of wind

500-900 ADFirst windmills developed in

Persia

1300 ADFirst horizontal-axiswindmills in Europe

1850sDaniel Halladay andJohn Burnham build Halladay Windmill;

start US Wind Engine Company

Late 1880sThomas O. Perryconducted 5,000

wind experiments;starts Aermotor Company

1888Charles F. Brush used windmill to

generate electricityin Cleveland, OH

Early 1900sWindmills in CA

pumped saltwaterto evaporate ponds

1941In VT, Grandpa’s

Knob turbinesupplies power to town during WWII

1979First wind turbinerated over 1 MWbegan operating

1985CA wind capacity

exceeded 1,000 MW

1993US WindPower developed

first commercial variable-speed wind turbine

2004Electricity from wind generation

costs 3 to 4.5 cents per kWh

2013Wind power provided

over 17% of renewableenergy used in US


Why Wind Energy?• Clean, zero emissions

• NOx, SO2, CO, CO2• Air quality, water quality• Climate change

• Reduce fossil fuel dependence• Energy independence• Domestic energy—national

security• Renewable

• No fuel-price volatility


Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide

US DOE, EERE 2015 Renewable Energy Data Book


US Electricity Generation from Non-Hydro Renewables

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20150

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

Wind Solar PV

Solar Thermal Waste

Geothermal Wood

Mill

ion

kilo

watt

-hou

rs


Top Wind Power Producing States, 2015Rank State Million kWh Rank State Million kWh

1 Texas 44,959 14 New York 3,956

2 Iowa 17,878 15 Wyoming 3,768

3 Oklahoma 14,018 16 Pennsylvania 3,352

4 California 12,228 17 Nebraska 3,154

5 Kansas 10,927 18 South Dakota 2,481

6 Illinois 10,733 19 Idaho 2,457

7 Minnesota 9,797 20 New Mexico 2,067

8 Colorado 7,441 21 Montana 1,962

9 Washington 7,101 22 Wisconsin 1,641

10 Oregon 6,675 23 West Virginia 1,376

11 North Dakota 6,530 24 Maine 1,273

12 Michigan 4,778 25 Ohio 1,206

13 Indiana 4,516


Annual Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity

AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2016


Installed Wind Capacities |1999-Present

1999 Total: 2,500 MW As of 10/17/2017 Total: 84,407 MW


Wind Energy Potential by State


U.S. Wind Resource Map


Transmission Challenges


China Leads the World in Wind CapacitySource: Global W

ind Energy Council


Why Such Growth? …costs are low!• Increased Turbine Size• R&D Advances• Manufacturing Improvements

197940

cents/kWh

20004-6

cents/kWh

20043-4.5

cents/kWh

2011Less than 5 cents/kWh


Modern Wind TurbinesTurbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor.


Vertical-Axis TurbinesAdvantages• Omni-directional

• accepts wind from any direction

• Components can be mounted at ground level• ease of service• lighter weight towers

• Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind

Disadvantages• Rotors generally near ground

where wind is poorer• Centrifugal force stresses blades• Poor self-starting capabilities• Requires support at top of

turbine rotor• Requires entire rotor to be

removed to replace bearings• Overall poor performance and

reliability


Horizontal-Axis Wind TurbinesSmall (<10 kW)• Homes• Farms• Remote Applications (e.g.,

water pumping, Telecom sites, ice making)

Large (250 kW-2+ MW)• Central Station Wind Farms• Distributed Power• Schools

Intermediate(10-250 kW)• Village Power• Hybrid Systems• Distributed Power


Large Wind TurbinesCommon Utility-Scale Turbines

• 328’ base to blade• Each blade is 112’• 200 tons total• Foundation 20’ deep• Rated at 1.5-2 megawatts• Supply about 500 homes

Wind Turbine Components

How a Wind Turbine Operates


Installation of Wind Turbines


Wind Turbine Perspective

Nacelle56 tons

Tower3 sections

Workers Blade112’ long


Wind Farms


Offshore Wind Farms


Residential Wind Systems and Net Metering


Potential Impacts and Issues • Property Values• Noise• Visual Impact• Land Use• Wildlife Impact

Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.

Impacts of Wind Power: Noise

Wildlife Impacts



For More InformationThe NEED Project

• www.need.org• [email protected]• 1-800-875-5029

Energy Information Administration

• U.S. Department of Energy• www.eia.gov

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.eia.gov/


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Exploring Wind Energy

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Transcript of Exploring Wind Energy