Exploring SDN & NFV in 5G Using ONOS & POX...

DOI: 10.4018/IJITN.2018100103

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and NetworkingVolume 10 • Issue 4 • October-December 2018

Copyright©2018,IGIGlobal.CopyingordistributinginprintorelectronicformswithoutwrittenpermissionofIGIGlobalisprohibited.

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Exploring SDN & NFV in 5G Using ONOS & POX ControllersChristos Bouras, Computer Technology Institute and Press “Diophantus”, Patras, Greece & Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, Rion, Greece

Anastasia Kollia, Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, Rion, Greece

Andreas Papazois, Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, Rion, Greece

ABSTRACT

Thisarticledescribeshownovelfunctionalitieswill takeadvantageof thecloudnetworkingandwillgraduallyreplacetheexistinginfrastructureofmobilenetworkswithavirtualizedone.Twotechnologies,namelysoftwaredefinednetworking(SDN)andnetworkfunctionvirtualization(NFV),offertheirimportantbenefitsandacombinationofthemisananswertothedemandsraised,suchascentralofficere-architectedasadatacenter(CORD).Opennetworkoperatingsystem(ONOS)andPOXareSDNcontrollersandofferanoptiontocombineSDNandNFVaddressingmanyongoingproblemsinthefieldofmobilenetworks.Inthispaper,technologiesandbothcontrollersarecomparedandcontrasted.Indicativecasesoftopologiesaresimulatedandhelpevaluatingbothcontrollers.Accordingtotheexperimentalfindings,ONOSisoneofthemostimportantcontrollersforpractical,theoretical,researchandeducationalpurposes,whilePOXisausefulandsimplercontrollerforothereducativeapplications.

KEywORDSCentralized Controllers, NFV, ONOS, POX, SDN

1. INTRODUCTION

Mobilecommunicationnetworksfaceseveralproblems,nomatterhowmuchprogresshasbeenmadeinthefieldduringthelast20years.Theirtransmissionmedium,namelytheair,bringsseriousproblemsrelated to interferences (Inter-cell, Co-channel, Electro-magnetic etc.), handovers, performance,quality,costsetc.Thelargeinformationloadthatstemsfromnoveltechnologies(smarthomes/cities,MachinetoMachine(M2M)communications,InternetofThings(IoT)etc.)bringsahugeonusofdatainmobileandwirelessnetworks.

5Gnetworksraisedemandssuchas:lowerpowerconsumption,highdatarates,reductionofexpenses, scalable architectures, optimized management of radio resources, efficient handovers,increasedCPUdemands,lowerdelays.Novelnetworksdifferfromconventionalones,becausetheytendtocentralizethenetworkstructure,e.g.networkcontrollers.SoftwareDefinedNetworking(SDN)policiesenablebetterroutingandmoreefficientmanagementofnetworkresources.


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5G mobile requirements are addressed using the SDN, which also introduces new ways ofaddressingalternativecontrolsuggestionsandfacesthebasicproblemsmobilenetworksinduceandarecloselyrelatedtotheirtransmissionmedium.

Economic crisis and market laws result in diminishing the overall costs. It is essential tosimplifythenetworkdevicesandlessentheusageandcomplexityofhardware.NetworkFunctionsVirtualization (NFV)contributes inprovidingprogrammablenetwork functionalitiesandseveralsimplisticdevices,thatfunctionasmorecomplicatedhardware.

ThemostsignificantadvantageofSDNisthesplitofthenetworkinplanes,namelythecontrolanddataplane.Planesareorchestratedinaway,thatbettermanagementandorchestrationaresucceeded.NFVsdefinetheintroductionofdeviceseverywhereandalmostimmediately.Asaresult,thisleadstoscalability,whichisvitalasnowadaysmostapplicationsinducelargedataloadinthenetworksandtheneedfornetworkexpansionraises.

ThecentralpolicyfollowedforthecontrollersexistinginSDNnetworksbasedontheOpenFlowprotocol,inducesanamazingfact.Forexample,thecentralcontrollergathersinformationofallthenetworktrafficandfunctionalityandpossiblyappliesnetworkstatisticstoimplyconclusionsandimplementpolicies.

TheOpenNetworkOperatingSystem(ONOS)isacontrollerwithmanyadvantages.ONOSisimplementedbytheOpenNetworkingLab(ON.LAB).Itincludesmanyusecases,whicharerelatedtowiredandwirelessmatters.Severaldifferenttopologiesareintroducedandtestedcheckingimportantaddressablequestions,whenitcomestoSDNandNFV.TheInternetProtocolRadioAccessNetwork(IPRAN)usecaseisusedfortestingmobiletopologiesandmobilityfromonebasestationtoanotheralongsidewithhandoversandpolicies.

ThereisalotofdebatingwhenitcomestoCentralOfficeRe-architectedasaDatacenter(CORD)andhowitisgoingtobemoreefficient.TheMobileCORD(MCORD)isthecorrespondingCORDcaseformobilenetworks.

POXisaSDNcontroller,whichalsooffersseveralfundamentalbenefits.AseverySDNcontroller,itenablesuserstoinsertandruntheirownapplicationsintothecontroller.

Although,thecontrollers’capabilitieshavebeeninvestigatedthoroughly,therearenotmanystudiesregardingtheadvantagesofthesecontrollersineducation,alsotherearenotknownstudiescomparingthesetwocontrollers.Inthisstudy,authorsgatherthemostimportantstudiesofSDNandNFV,alsocompareandcontrasttheusagesofONOSandPOX.ThevRouter(VirtualRouter),IPRANandMCORDusecasesoftheONOScontrolleraretested.SeveralimportantconclusionsaredrawnwhenitcomestoONOSfunctionalityandtestingcapabilities.ThesametopologiesarealsointroducedintoPOX.ImportantconclusionsaredrawnconcerningthePOXcontroller.Bothcontrollers’outcomesareexamined,thecontrollersarecomparedandcontrastedandresultswhenitcomestotheapplicationsofeachoneineducationaresummarized.Thisstudydoesnotcontainexperimentsregardingotherapplicationsofthesecontrollers.

Theremainingpartofthispaperisstructuredasfollows:InSection2thereisananalysisofthetheoreticalbackgroundregardingtheSDN,theNFVs.InSection3themostimportantaspectsofbothtechnologiesarediscussed.InSection4theoptedparametersforthesuggestednetworktopologiesaresummarized.InSection5conclusionsandcomparisonofthetwocontrollersispresentedandinSection6someideasforfutureresearchactivityarelisted.

2. LITERATURE REVIEw

Inthissection,thereisaliteraturebackgroundanalysisonthemostsignificantstudiesinthefieldofSDN,NFV,mobileandwirelessSDN.Themostimportantdemandsandproblemsthatshouldbefacedregarding5Garesummarized.ThereisalsoasuccinctdescriptionofthemostimportantSDNandNFVsolutionsandcombinations.


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ManyprojectsexistwhenitcomestoSDN.Anopensourcecontrollercalledfloodlightisoneofthese:http://www.projectfloodlight.org/floodlight/.OpenFlowintegrationintodifferenttypesofswitchesischeckedbytheIndigoproject:http://www.projectfloodlight.org/indigo/#sthash.TFXxsT9v.dpuf. An important project testing compatibility with the OpenFlow is the OFTest: http://www.projectfloodlight.org/oftest/#sthash.kPqgLFZy.dpuf.Cloudcomputationsandnoveltechnologiesarecoveredinhttps://5g-ppp.eu/selfnet/.MCORDisthemobileCORDoftheONOSprojectandhelpsaddressingproblemsrelatedtotheCORDanditsstructurehttp://opencord.org/.

EvolvedPacketCore(EPC)isvirtualizedinSDN.Mostdevicesarenotimplementedinhardware,butareVirtualMachines(VMs).Whatismore,switchesarewhitebox,usingprogrammablelogic,whichcouldleadtoimprovednetworkingrouting.

(Li et al, 2012) and (Yang et al., 2013) present EPC activities, such as: implementingvirtualizedmobilegateways, servingGateway (S-GW),PacketDataNodeGateway (P-GW),creatingmobilitymanagementpolicies,managethesubscribers,managingthenetworkandthefrequencydivisionefficiently.

ThenetworkpartsoftheEPCarevirtualizedandtheyincludeseveralimportantnetworkingfunctionalities,suchas:

MobilityManagementEntity(MME),S-GW,P-GW,thePolicyandChargingRulesFunction(PCRF), theHomeSubscriberServer (HSS), theCloudRAN(OpenRadio,OpenRAN,etc.), theRemoteRadioUnits(RRU),theVirtualizedBaseStation-BasebandUnits(BBU),thecontrolanddataplane,theDeepPacketInspection(DPI).

ThemostcommonSDNconceptsarepresentedin(Liuetal.,2013),and(Yangetal.,2013).Thearchitecturalschemespresentedconsistofsplitdataandcontrolplanes.Theincludedhardwareonlyconsistsofwhite-boxswitches,thataredeviceswithintelligence,whichareprogrammableandintegratelogicderivedfromsoftware.Oneormorecontrollersperformthenetworkmanagementandorchestration,whichenablesoptimizednetworkorchestrationandimpliesreliability.Severalapplicationsrunatthetop.FunctionalitiesarereplacedbysoftwareexploitingNFVtechniques.

2.1. SolutionsInthissubsection,themostimportantstudiesinthefieldofSDNandNFVareoverviewed.WhenitcomestotheOpenRAN:(Bansaletal.,2012),(Gudipatietal.2013),(Yangetal,2013)describetheapproachoftheRANtakingadvantageoftheSDNprofits.Severalimportantissuesareintroducedconcerningthesuggestedarchitectures,theapproachoftheSDNcontrollers,thestrategiesandthemeasuresofhowRANwillbevirtualizedinSDN.Finally,withthedevelopmentofSDNtechniques,basestationsbecomeabstractandmoreefficient.Schedulingisenhancedinfavorof(Mahindraetal.,2013),whichalsointroduceswaystoredistributetheavailableexistingresources.

SNMPvisor(Yapetal.,2010)dealswiththebasicproblemsmobilenetworksinduce,suchashand-offs,packetlosses,etc.FlowSenseistheanswertothetrafficmanagementinmobilenetworks.TheOpenRoadsenablesheterogeneityandcreatespoliciesforbetterresourceallocation.

SoftwareDefinedCellularNetwork(SDCN)isdescribedin(Jinetal.),(Bernardosetal.,2014),(Bradaietal.,2015),(Kuetal.,2014),(Lietal,2012),(Kabiretal.,2014),and(Yangetal.,2013).Severalimportantissuesarepresented,suchasscalable,flexiblepoliciesandarchitectures,QualityofService(QoS),transmissioncontrol,policies,alternativewaysofvirtualizingsimpleswitches.

Ultra-densityisanalyzedin(Duanetal.,2015)and(Ali-Ahmadetal.,2013).Inthesepapers,issuesarehighlightedwhenitcomestotheproblemsfacedbymobilenetworksalongsidewithissuesregardingsecurityandheterogeneity.Severalpolicieswhen itcomes tooptimization,handovers,backhaulingandLong-TermEvolution(LTE)arepresented.

TheUltra-densedeploymentsalongsidewith theways theyconfigure thenetwork,augmentbandwidthresources,inducenewtechnologiesinthenextmobilenetworkgenerationsareexaminedin(Riggioetal.,2013).Severalissuesconcerningterminals,mobilecontrollers,softwareconfiguration,enhancementofthemobilenetworkperformance,ofroutingandhandoffchallenges,networkmobility


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andtheprovidingofQualityofExperience(QoE)forusersareanalyzedin(Pupatwibuletal.,2013).Thepoliciesproposedforthebasestationsareanalyzed.

(Bercovichetal.)presentstheONOSproject,whichenablesavoidingthebetternetworkbehaviorandsolvesmanyissuesraisedinthetelecommunications’domain.SeveralimportantanalysesoftheONOScontrollerarepresentedin(Muqaddasetal.,2016),(Kimetal.,2016),(Berdeetal.,2014),(Jinetal.,2013),(Lietal,2012)and(Yangetal.,2013).Thecorenetworkisvirtualized.Severalactionsshouldbeconsideredsothatvirtualizedandnovirtualizedtechnologiesarefollowed.

ONOS includes many fundamental advantages: modular and abstracted architectures, highcoherentarchitectures,easytesting,maintenanceandmanagementofthenetwork,scalable,reliableandeasilymanagedcontrollers,distributedcore,northboundandsouthboundabstraction,softwaremodularity,easyadditionandmaintenanceofservers.CORDoffersmanysubstantialactivities,suchas:AccessasaService(AaaS),SubscriberasaService(SaaS),InternetasaService(IaaS),ContentDistributedNetworking(CDN),MonitoringasaService(MaaS).

MCORDisgoingtobethemainanswerintheincreaseddatatraffic,resultingintheaugmentationofdemandsforalternativeaccesspoints.Thereisalsoahugeinvestmentwhenitcomestospectrum,alongsidewithLTEinfrastructures,thatensurebenefitsandaugmentrevenuegrowthfortheoperators.ONOSandMCORDaregoingtosatisfytechnicaldemands,suchasthesuboptimaluseofradioresources, the customizationof various customers, the rapid creationof innovative services andindustrialspecifications(IoT).

MCORDwillhelpwiththeenhancementofthespectrumutilization.ItisenablingQoEforusersasitreduceslatenciesandround-tripdelays.

Itconsistsatoolfordevelopingpersonalproviderservices,suchasbilling.Agilityandcost-efficiencyareofferedbyMCORD.ThearchitecturalschemeoftheMCORDconstitutesofavirtualBBU,avirtualMME,avirtualS-GW,avirtualP-GW,OpenStack,ONOSandavirtualCDN.

2.2. Demands and ObstaclesInthissection,themostimportantadvantagesoftheSDNandNFVandtheirmostcontroversialissuesarepresentedbelow.SDNoffersmanyusefuladvantagesandisableto:

• Standardizethecontrollersandpolicies,restorethecontrollerinreal-time,• Offerprofitablenetworks,benefitsfromcommercialeditionsofSDN,resultinmarketproducts

basedonopensource,• Helpexploitingdatafromthecontrollerforenhancedoperation,enableuninterruptednetwork

accessibility,• PosesecurityrulesinEPCandRAN,• Implementstrategiestosupportheterogeneoustechnologies&architectures,• Developnetworkslices,exploitNFVstoavoidhardware,• Replace thehardwarewith software andwhite-boxes resulting to fast novelties invasion

intomarket.

NFVapproachesofferhardwarealternativesandareableto:

• Allow uninterrupted network orchestration, real time resource allocation, exploit networkutilizationdata,

• Help designing network’s distr ibuted and central logic par ts, alternatives foruninterruptedcommunication,

• Offerscalable&robustarchitectures,hardwareavoidance,opennetworkarchitectures,• Includesecuritypoliciesunaliketechnologiesofthephysicallayer,• Reducecosts,limittheelectricitycosts,lowerthecapita&operationalexpenditures.


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In5Gcontrollerswillbethenetworkorchestratorsandmanagers.Theresourcesshouldnotonlybeefficientlyallocated,butseveralpoliciesshouldbedevelopedinthisdirection.Datadrivenfromnetworkutilizationcouldalsoimprovethereal-timeresourceallocation.Controllersareabletoviewabignetworkpartandmayberesulttomoreefficientroutingalgorithms.Networkreliabilityisanindisputablefact.Inthisdirection,severalissuesregardingsafety,controlling,avoidanceofnetworkdegradationshouldbecovered.PlanBsshouldbereadyforapplicationifthenetworkorapartofitisdamaged.Usingseveralinstancesofcontrollersenablesafetyalloverthenetwork.

Scalablearchitecturesarealsoafundamentalrequirement,whichisprovidedbyheterogeneousschemes.Allnetworkswillbelarge,becausenewtypesofdeviceswillbeaccessiblethroughtheInternet.Theneedforinvestigatinginefficientandlow-costtechnologiesleadstolowerCapitalandOperationalExpenditures,raisesthedemandsofreducingthetimesfortheinvasionintothemarket.

3. COMPARING & CONTRASTING SDN & NFV SOLUTIONS

Thesetwotechnologiesaresupplementaryastheoneinteractswiththeother.Asaresult,themostfundamentalcontroversiesare:

• Introduction of the technologies:ThesplitbetweencontrolanddatalayersisbasedontheSDNarchitectures.NFVimplementsnetworkfunctionalitiesreplacinghardwarewithsoftware.

• Prototyping:NFVsarenotstandardized,whileSDNisprototyped.• Virtual architectures:Itispossibletocreatevirtualizedarchitectures.Mostnetworkingparts

arevirtuallydeployedusingtheNFVs.SDNcontrollersaresoftware-based.• Mobile networking:VirtualizationandSDNcontrollerscontributetobettermobilitymanagement

policiesandenhancementofroutingandhandovers(Bradaietal.,2015).• Heterogeneous Architectures: Different technologies should be addressed so that all

technologicaladvancementscoordinateandkeepperformanceinhighlevels(Bernardosetal.,2015),(Bansaletal.,2012).

• Enhanced handoffs:Usingthesetechnologiesbetterroutingandhandoverpoliciescouldbeadoptedsothathandoversaremoreefficient.

• Low cost solutions:Virtualizeddevicesresultinloweringthecapitalandoperationalexpenditures.Mostsolutionsarebasedonopensourcesoftware.StatisticaldatafromSDNcontrollerscouldleadtobetterresourceallocation.Τheyofferimportantbenefitsofopen-sourcesoftwareandalsoprovidetheopportunitytogainlargerprofitsbyamarketeditionoftheSDNcontrollers.

• Applicablescenarios:Mostofthementionedscenariosareapplicablesolutions.NFVsprovideapplicablenetworkingfunctionalities.SDNcontrollersareapplicablesolutions.

4. EXPERIMENTAL FRAMEwORK

Inthissection,themainexperimentalframework,thearchitectureexamined,thesimulationparametersandtheexperimentsconductedaredescribedanalytically.VRouterincludesthereplacementoftherouterwithasimpleswitchbyaddingprogrammable logic into it.For the IPRANusecase twodifferentscenariosaretested.Aschemefollowingamobilearchitectureonlyandanotheronethatincludesacombinationofaheterogeneousarchitecturearepresented.

FortheexperimentalprocedureofthevRouterusecase,ONOS,POXandMininetareneeded.Mininetisaveryfamousnetworkemulator,whichcontainsalltypesofnetworkdevices,thatcouldbeintroducedintoatopology,suchas:switches,routers,hosts,etc.ForMCORDandIPRAN,theMininet-wifiisused.ItistheextensionofMininetforwirelessandmobilenetworks.Mininetwi-fialsoenablestheintroductionofallcomponentsofthewirelessandmobiletopologies,suchas:basestations,accesspoints,antennas,mobilehostsetc.


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The topologies are introduced in the controllers via the Linux terminal executing the basiccommandsinMininet.Theconfigurationofthetopologiesiscreatedusingafilewiththetopologyandtheconfiguration,whileenablethecorrespondingONOSappforthecaseofONOS.InthePOX,thetopologyfilerunsviatheMininetterminal.Thegoalistorunthesameexperimentsinbothcontrollerstoshowwhichoneisthemostsuitablefordifferentusages.

Table1presentstheschemesthatareusedintheexperimentalprocedure,analyzingthenetworkcomponentsperscenario.Alltheperformancetestsofthetopologiesareconductedinatimewindowof15seconds.ThecontrollersinallcasesareONOSandPOX.ThecommunicationbetweenthenetworkandtheONOSoccursviatheBGPprotocol.SeveralswitchesandhostsareintroducedinthevRouterandtheheterogeneouscases.SeveralbasestationsandaccesspointsareintroducedforbothIPRANscenarios.

Analytically,thetopologies(Figure1),theparametersandtheexperimentsconductedforeachcasearepresentedbelow:

4.1. vRouterThevRouterimplementsavirtualrouteravoidingtheusageofhardware,addingitsfunctionalityviaprogrammablelogictoawhite-boxswitch.TheONOScontrollercommunicateswiththeswitchandperformstherouting.Itincludesoneswitchandtwohostsconnectedtoit.TheONOScontrollermonitorsthewholenetwork.

ThevRoutertopologycontains2hostsconnectedtotheswitch,whichcommunicatewiththeONOSSDNcontrollerviatheBorderGatewayProtocol(BGP).ONOShasacatholicviewofthetopology.

TheexperimentalprocedurefollowedispresentedinFigure2.Thesequenceofthestepsfollowedisalsodescribed.TheONOScontrollerisdepictingallthesechangesintoitsinterface.EverychangeintothetopologyorthecomponentsisdescribedintoONOS.ThesepossibilitiesarenotofferedbyPOX.POXonlydisplaysmessagesaboutitsconnectionstate,namelyaboutbeingconnectedtothetopologyornot.InthecaseofPOX,Mininetindicatesallthedifferencesinthenetwork.Ontheotherhand,theinterfaceoftheONOScontrollerisverythoroughandindicatesmessagesaboutanychangemadeinthenetwork,forexample,abouttheconnecteddevicesandthetrafficexchanged.

Figure3describes theefficiencyof thevRouterusecasedepicting the transfer rateand thebandwidthintheselectedtimewindow.Inthetestingscenario,vRoutertopologywasexecutedinatimewindowof15seconds.Inthisperiodoftime42.2Gbytesweretransferredin24.1Gbpsbandwidth.Bothcontrollershadthesameresultsandtherefore,thereisonlyonegraphfortheperformanceofthecontrollersinthevRoutercase.Thisdeviceisasimpleswitchandtheintroducedprogrammablelogicintoitrendsittofunctionasarouter.Suchideascouldbeappliedtolargernetworks.Whatismore,itisobviousthatsimpledeviceswithappliedprogrammablelogicintegratedinthemfunction

Table 1. Data summary for the experimentation topologies

Network Component vRouter IPRAN HetNet

Controller ONOS/POX ONOS/POX ONOS/POX

Switches 4 - 1

Router VirtualRouter + +

Hosts 2 - 16

Basestations - 2 2

AccessPoints - 1 1

BGPcommunication + + +


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ascomplexdevices.Thecontrollerhasacatholicnetworkviewanddepictsallpossiblechangesimmediately.Thisrendsthenetworklow-cost,efficient,scalable,secure.

4.2. IPRANTheIPRANusecaseofONOSisausecaseofmobilenetworkingandthus,itenablesexperimentingwithmobile topologies.For thisusecaseMininet-wifi isused,becausebasestationsandaccesspointsareneededforthistypeofnetworksandofferedbythisextension.Inthefirstscenario,onlyexperimentswithmobilenetworkcomponentsareincluded.ForthePOXcontroller,thesametopologyisintroducedandconnectedtotheremotecontroller.

ThetopologypresentedinFigure2containsoneaccesspointandtwobasestationscommunicatingwiththeaccesspoint.TheONOScontrolleristhedevicethatperformsalltransportationactivitiesandorchestratesthecommunicationbetweentheaccesspointandallmobilenetworkcomponents.So,doesPOX.Table2describestheconfigurationofthemobilenetworkcomponents(accesspoints,basestations)includingtheirnames,channel,position,MediaAccessControladdresses(MAC)andInternetProtocol(IP)addresses.

Figure 1. The architectures of the topologies used in the experimental procedure (vRouter, IPRAN and IPRAN heterogeneous)


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TheexperimentalprocedureaswellasthesequenceofexperimentsfollowedarepresentedinFigure2.Figure4describestheefficiencyoftheIPRANusecaseforthemobilecasescenario.Ina time intervalof15seconds,19.2Mbytesare transferredand10.3Mbpsareused.Thenetworkremainsefficient.Bothcontrollershadthesameresultsandtherefore,thereisonlyonegraphfortheperformanceofthecontrollersintheIPRANcase.

Anotherpossiblescenarioof theIPRANusecase is thecombinationof themobilenetworkcomponents with wired ones creating a heterogeneous model. Figure 2 describes the IPRANheterogeneousmodel.Itincludes2basestationscommunicatingwithanaccesspoint,1switchand4hostsconnectedtotheswitch.

Table2presentstheconfigurationparametersoptedforthisscenarioandtheconfigurationforthemobilenetwork.TheexperimentalprocedurefollowedispresentedinFigure2.Thesequenceofthestepsfollowedisalsodescribed.TheexperimentalprocedurefortheIPmobilecasesfollowedarepresentedinFigure2.Theonetopologyistestingamobile-componentsonlyscenario,whiletheothertopologytestsaheterogeneousscenario.Thesequenceofthestepsfollowedisalsodescribed.TheONOScontrollerisdepictingallthesechangesintoitsinterface.EverychangeintothetopologyorthecomponentsisdescribedintoONOS.ThesepossibilitiesarenotofferedbyPOX.POXonlydisplaysmessagesaboutitsconnectionstate,namelyaboutbeingconnectedtothetopologyornot.InthecaseofPOXMininetisindicatingallthedifferencesinthenetwork.Ontheotherhand,theinterfaceoftheONOScontrollerisverythoroughandindicatesmessagesaboutanychangemadeinthenetwork,forexample,abouttheconnecteddevicesandthetrafficexchanged.Figure5describestheefficiencyoftheIPRANusecasefortheheterogeneousscenario.

Figure 2. The experimental procedure followed for vRouter, IPRAN mobile components only and IPRAN heterogeneous topologies in the ONOS controller


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Figure 4. The performance of the IPRAN case (mobile components only scenario) in a time window of 15 seconds

Figure 3. The performance (Transfer rate, Bandwidth) of the vRouter case scenario in a time window of 15 seconds

Table 2. The configuration of the IPRAN topology’s Access Points and Base Stations

Component Channel Position

AccessPoint g 10,30,0

Component MAC IP Position

BS-sta1 00:00:00:00:00:01 10.0.0.1/8 10.20.1

BS-sta2 00:00:00:00:00:02 10.0.0.2/8 50.20.1


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IntheIPRANheterogeneoustopology,inatimeintervalof15seconds,19.2Mbytesaretransferredand10.3Mbpsareused.Thenetworkremainsefficient.Bothcontrollershadthesameresultsandtherefore,thereisonlyonegraphfortheperformanceofthecontrollersintheheterogeneouscase.

ThesepossibilitiesarenotofferedbyPOX.POXonlydisplaysmessagesaboutitsconnectionstate,namelyaboutbeingconnectedtotheswitchornot.InthecaseofPOXMininetisindicatingallthedifferencesinthenetwork.Ontheotherhand,theinterfaceoftheONOScontrollerisverythoroughand indicatesmessagesaboutanychangemade in thenetwork, forexample,about theconnecteddevicesandthetrafficexchanged.

TheIPRANusecaseofONOSisusedtoperformseveraltestsandexperimentsdevelopingmobileonlyorcombinationsofmobileandwiredscenarios.Severalimportantissuescouldbetested,suchasmobility,handoversetc.TheONOScontrollerhasacatholicviewofthenetwork’sstate.Morecomplextopologiescouldbetestedandresulttomoreimportantconclusions.Forexample,handoverandroutingpoliciescouldbetested.Forexample,ifthenetworkhasacatholicviewofthenetworkandchecksthemobilityitcouldbevitaltocreatealgorithmswithdifferentapproachthannowadays.

4.3. MCORDMCORD is built adopting the CORD-in-a-Box or single Node POD according to the ON.LABdocumentation.ItoffersthepossibilitythatseveralVMcopiescoexist.Opensoftwareisusedtobuildtheexperimentalenvironment,themostimportantofwhichare:OpenStack,XOS,ONOS,vOLT,vSG,vRouter,VirtualTerminalNetwork(VTN).

MCORD requires Ubuntu LTS 14.04. Two possible methods of creating the experimentalenvironmentareviaVagrantorviaascript.ACloudLabaccountisneededtoaccessVMs.ListViewdepictsallpossiblesshcommands.TheMCORDenvironmentiseasilymanageable.Thepreviouslymentionedsshcommandsenableresetactionsintotheserver.Restartingtheserverfurtherapplicationsareinvestigated.

BBUandP-GWareexistingasusecasesofMCORD,butarevirtualized.TheVTNispossibletobeloadedintheONOS.Theadministrationpanelisaccessibleandmanagedbyabrowser.TheVTNisconfigurableusingthebrowser.SeveralnetworkslicesareaddedusingaparticularinstanceofMCORD.TherearemanydifferentservicesincludedintheMCORDusecases.Themostfundamentalofwhichare:RAN:virtualBusinessConnectionNetwork(vBCN),vBBUandtheBBU,Firewall,CacheandVideoOptimization,vEPC:vP-GWandMME.

Figure 5. The performance of the IPRAN (heterogeneous scenario) in a time window of 15 seconds


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ThevBBUrunsonVM.Allnetworkingcomponents,suchasfirewallsandcachesareeasilymonitoredusingthebasicplatform.Videooptimizationisoneoftheservicesincludedintheplatform.Alltheprovidedservicesareeasilyconnectedanddisconnected.Thepossibilityofintroducingseveralnetworkslicesenablestestsconcerning5G,leadingtomoreefficientnetworkslicing.

MCORDisnotofferedasausecasebythePOXcontroller,sothereisnotaspecialinterfacethatonecouldbuildinordertoexperimentwithCORDandMCORD.Asaresult,ifonewantstoinvestigatewhataretheeffectsofPOXtotheCORD,hehastomakeaMCORDapplicationandrunexperimentsintoit.

5. CONCLUSION

Inthissection,themostsignificantconclusionsareanalyzed.Inthepresentedscheme,thedatacenterscommunicatewiththecloudviathetransportlayer.Thecontrollersperformorchestrationbetweencomponentsandallocateresourcesforthenetworkapplicationsdemandingspace,bandwidth,etc.TheEPCandRANcoordinatewiththeSDNcontrollerandinduceawholenewapproachinthefutureofmobilenetworks.

In5Gitwillbevitaltodesignswitchesandcontrollers,thatarecompatiblewithSDNormodifytheexistingonestoenableSDN.Thehigh-speedratesandthelowroundtriptimespromisedbythenextgenerationensurethatthenetworkperformancein5Gandbeyondwillbethebestpossible.TheissuealsoraisedishowresourcesareallocatedtoapplicationsandthedevelopmentofpoliciesintheSDNcontroller.Theinterfacebetweentheapplicationsandthecontrollershouldalsobedesignedinaneffectiveandcompatibleway.

TheneedforsupportingQoSalsoraises theimportanceofdescribinganddistinguishingitsdifferentclasses.Animportantissueisalsotoreclaimtheinformationfromthenetworkinastatisticanddynamicwayinordertoenhancecoverageandotherresourcedemands.So,inthefuturethereisaneedinfindingawaytoincorporateintelligenceinthenetwork.Finally,E2ESDNsolutionsshouldbesuggestedandimplementedasawaytomeetthedemandsof5Gandbeyond.

Theexistingsolutionsoftheissuesraisedarevital,becausetheynotonlyprovidemeasurementsandideasforsolvingthemostimportantproblems,butalso,theyconsistatriggertocomeupwithotherpossibledeploymentsthatsolvetheexistingobstacles.

Inthisresearch,wesummarizetheexistingSDNandNFVsolutionsforthemobilecasewithaninsightin5Gnetworks.Thispaperinformsscientistsofthelatesttrendsinthedomainandconsistsaverystrongtool,asitreviewsseveralimportantstudiesinthedomain.

AcombinationofSDNandNFVistheanswertothedemandsraisedbythenextgenerationofmobilenetworks.Inthispaper,severalnetworkingtopologiesweretestedusingtheONOSandPOXcontrollers,showingthatcombiningSDNandNFVisafeasiblesolution,thathelpsmeetingtheexcessivelyhighdemandsof5Gandbeyondnetworks.Thereisanintroductiontothedesignofthearchitecturalscheme,onwhichtheanalysisisbased.Theexperimentationparametersarechosen,thenetworktopologiesareformedandseveralscenariosaretested.Therearealsosimulationsforthenetworkusing theusecasesvRouter,MCORDand IPRANof theONOScontroller and thecorrespondingtopologiestestedintothePOXcontroller.Theexperimentationresultsareevaluated.

TheinstallationprocedureofPOXisverysimple.Itonlyrequiresrunningapythonscript.Thismakestheprocedureeasyandnotdemandingatall.InstallingONOSismorecomplicatedasaprocedure,but there isa lotofdocumentationandanactivecommunityofferingall thenecessaryinformation.

The topologies created and tested, namely the vRouter, the IPRAN, the heterogeneous areseveralsimpletopologiesthatareinsertedandinteractwithONOSandPOX.Bytheexperimentationprocedurewasshowedthat it iseasyto insert topologies inbothcontrollers,configuringseveralcomponents,suchasbasestationsandaccesspointstoamobiletopology,monitortrafficandmobility


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viaONOS.POXdoesnotoffersuchadescriptiveinterfaceandthisisitsmaindrawback.Furthermore,itdoesnotincludesomanyusecases-readytouseandtoexperiment.

Thepossibilityofseveralinstancesofthecontrollermeansthatifthecontrollerisdisabledforsomereasons(attacks,failures),anothercontrollereasilytakesitsplaceandfunctionsonitsbehalfinstead.Thetopologiesareindicativecases,thatcouldbeextendedforbiggernetworksandtopologies.

WhenitcomestoCORDandasaresulttoMCORD,severalslicesfordifferentpurposesareintroduced.Thecontroloftheslicesiseasier,becauseofslicemanagementmechanismsintroducedintoMCORD,sliceelasticityoptionsandcommonanalyticscontrolAPIs.Forexample,aproposalfortheslicesthatcouldbeincludedis:CDNQoE,Videostreaming,Virtualreality,IoTapplications(M2Mcommunications,e-Health,etc.),publicsafety,Service,User/Devices/Datatype,Application,QoS&QoE,Enterprise,Location.TouseMCORDwithPOX,anapplicationshouldbemadetorunexperiments.

Themonitoringofthenetworkisheldontothecontrollerandasaresult,theproviders/operators/engineershaveamorecatholicviewofthenetwork.Thisamelioratesthestateofthenetworkbyenhancingtheresourcemanagementinmobilenetworksandisalsoawayforscientiststoacquireandreclaimempiricaldatabythenetworkusage,andcreatesbettertrafficandroutingalgorithmsformobilenetworks.EspeciallyforONOS,whichindicatesthoroughinformationaboutthestateofthecontroller.

ONOSisessentialforeducationalpurposes.Itisanopensourcecontroller,whichcontributestoeducation,becausethereisnoneedforcommerciallicensing,hasmanyusecases,hasaverydescriptiveinterface.Ontheotherhand,POXisalsoessentialforeducation.It isalsoopensource,butit issuitableifthegoalistotraininthemakingofnewapplicationsandnetworksoftwaredevelopment.Therefore,fordifferenteducationalpurposesbothcontrollersmaybeuseful.

6. FUTURE ACTIVITy

Inthissection,wesuggestpossiblefuturedirectionsinthedomainofSDN.ThereisalotofeffortthatshouldbemadeinordertoconvincemarkettoadoptSDN&NFV.ItisthereforefundamentaltoexperimentwithsignificantissuesandSDN’smaindrawbacks,whicharemainlysecurityissues.

ItisfundamentaltoshowhowtheOpenFlowprotocolcouldbefurthersecuredandenhanced,inordertoameliorateswitches’intelligenceusingprogrammablelogictechniquesofotherNFVsinordertoavoidattacksinswitches,suchasidentityspoofingorMan-In-The-Middleattacksetc.SDNnetworkssufferfromDenialofService(DOS)anddistributedDOSattacks,astheSDNcontrollersarecentralized.Thus,severalmeasuresandproceduresshouldbemadeonhowtoavoidthesetypesofattacksthatcouldsetthenetworktoano-workingstate.

Specificpoliciesandprototypesshouldbedeployed.Softwareproblemsshouldbesettled,suchasbugs,softwaresecurity,etc. Investigationproceduresshouldbeanalyzedonhowto introduceONOSforeducationalproceduresandmethodsalongsidewithcomparingwithothereducationalSDNcontrollers,suchasNOX.

NewservicesshouldbecreatedusingtheMCORDtoaddress5Grequirementsandalsoprovidesolutionsnetworkflowpartition,billingsystemsandenhancesimplesearchesinsidelargeservers.


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Christos Bouras is Professor in the University of Patras, Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics. Also, he is a scientific advisor of Research Unit 6 in Computer Technology Institute and Press - Diophantus, Patras, Greece. His research interests include Analysis of Performance of Networking and Computer Systems, Computer Networks and Protocols, Mobile and Wireless Communications, Telematics and New Services, QoS and Pricing for Networks and Services, e-learning, Networked Virtual Environments and WWW Issues. He has extended professional experience in Design and Analysis of Networks, Protocols, Telematics and New Services. He has published more than 400 papers in various well-known refereed books, conferences and journals. He is a co-author of 9 books in Greek and editor of 1 in English. He has been member of editorial board for international journals and PC member and referee in various international journals and conferences. He has participated in R&D projects.

Anastasia Kollia was born in Maroussi Attikis in 1992. She speaks fluently English and French. She obtained the Proficiency in English of Michigan University in 2007. She obtained the “Diplome Approfondi de la langue francaise C2” of “Institut francais” in 2007. She entered the Computer Engineering and Informatics Department in 2010 and obtained her diploma in 2015. She joined the ru6 of the Computer Engineering and Informatics Department at the University of Patras in 2014 and she is a member ever since. She obtained her master’s degree in “Computer Science and Technology” in 2017 and she currently is a phD student in the same department She is a member of the IEEE student branch since 2015.

Andreas Papazois is a post-doctoral researcher at Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras and an R&D engineer at GRNET S.A. In the past, he worked as telecommunications engineer in Intracom Telecom S.A. His research interests include future mobile networks, ultra-dense deployments and software defined networking. He has published several research papers in various well-known refereed conferences, books and journals. He has been technical committee member for several conferences and a reviewer for various international journals.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2014.2371999

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2014.2371999

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.07.004

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