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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Sonit Singh
Macquarie University
July 13, 2018
Many of these slides in this workshop are either from or adapted from slides of workshop on
”Artificial Intelligence for Teachers” for the year 2016 provided by its original author Diego
Molla-Aliod http://web.science.mq.edu.au/ diego/pub/itteacher/
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
About me: Sonit Singh
Education
Pursing PhD in Applying Deep Learning Techniques in Languageand Vision
Master of Research in NLP and Machine Learning (2017),Macquarie University
Research Interests
Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing
Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Data Analytics
Knowledge Bases, Artificial Intelligence and CommonsenseReasoning
Signal, Image and Video Processing
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
If human beings can thinkthen why not machines?
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Defining AI
Wikipedia (18 September, 2017)
Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is intelligence exhibited
by machines, rather than humans or other animals (natural intelligence, NI). In
computer science, the field of AI research defines itself as the study of ”intelli-
gent agents”: any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that
maximize its chance of success at some goal.
(https : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial intelligence)
Nils. J. Nilsson (2010)
Artificial intelligence is that activity devoted to making machines intelli-gent, and intelligence is that quality that enables an entity to functionappropriately and with foresight in its environment.(https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/defining-ai)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
What is involved in AI?
Ability to interact with the real-world
to perceive, understand and acte.g. speech recognition and understandinge.g. visual understanding
e.g. ability to take actions
Reasoning and Planning
modeling the external world
solving new problems, planning and decision making
ability to deal with uncertain problems
Learning and adaptation
continuous learning and adaptation
model is always being ”updated”
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
The Turing Test
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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
The Turing Test as an Imitation Game
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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
A Rebuttal: The Chinese Room Argument
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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
The Chinese Room Argument
Searle says that whatever purely formal principles you put into acomputer, they will not be sufficient for real understanding just likewhatever rules he uses to translate Chinese will not be sufficient forhim to understand Chinese.
He concludes that you cannot get semantics (meaning) from syntax(rules for symbol manipulation).
Strong AI
Computers think and understand
Weak AI
Computers simulate thought and understanding
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
The Compromise: The Loebner Prize
Home Page of the Loebner Prize in AI
http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html Link
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
The First Machine who passed the Turing Test
(http://www.zdnet.com/article/computer-chatbot-eugene-goostman-passes-the-turing-test/)
On 7 June, 2014 (60th anniversary of Turing’s death), EugeneGoostman reportedly passed the Turing test.
33 % of the judges believed Eugene Goostman was a 13 year-oldUkranian boy.
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
ELIZA (Weizenbaum, 1966), the First Chatbot
http://www.manifestation.com/neurotoys/eliza.php3 Link
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
How Eliza works?
No deep language analysis or Artificial Intelligence
Look at specific keywords and sentence patterns”If the sentence has the keyword XXX in the sentence patternYYYY, then say ZZZ”Store specific topics mentioned by the user
This way it looks like Eliza ”remembers” the conversation
Use some ”catch-all” rules when everything fails
Many users believed the machine understood them
Even some psychologists thought of using Eliza as an assistant
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Develop your own Chatbot using AIML
https://playground.pandorabots.com/en/quickstart/ Link
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Key aspects of AIML
Preprocessing: Normalisation, sentence splitting
Categories: patterns, templates
Ultimate Default Category
Randomised responses
Wildcards
Variables: properties, predicates
Recursion and reduction: ”srai”
Sets and maps
Context: ”that”, topic
https://playground.pandorabots.com/en/tutorial/
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Task 1: Build a Sceptic Chatbot
Steps to follow
1 Create a chatbot and click on ”Files”
2 Click on ”pand initial” and replace the first category with
3 Save the file
4 Test the bot by clicking on ”Train”
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Task 2: Different Greetings
Create a new Chatbot and create a new AIML file and type in this text
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Task 3: Keeping track of the Context
Create a new Chatbot and insert this content in a new AIML file
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning (ML)
What is Machine Learning?
Rule-based Systems
People write specific rules
The Computer follows the rules to process the data.
Machine Learning Systems
The machine receives the data
The machine learns to generalise from the data
The machine responds to new data by applying what it has learntfrom the previous data.
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Why Machine Learning?
People are very good at doing things but they can’t explain howthey did it.
Can you define what is Cat?Can you explain what decisions to make when you drive a car?
Sometimes it is better to instruct the machine how to learn
Machines can end learning something that the programmer did’ntknow.
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Why Machine Learning. . .
No human experts
industrial/manufacturing control
mass spectrometer analysis, drug design, astronomical analysis
Black box human experts
face/handwriting/speech recognition
driving a car, flying a plane
Rapidly changing phenomenon
credit scoring, financial modeling
diagnosis, fraud detection
Need for customisation/personalisation
personalized news reader
movie/book recommendation
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Why Machine Learning now?
Flood of available data (especially with the advent of the Internet)
Increasing computational power
Growing progress in available algorithms and theory developed byresearchers
Increasing support from industry
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
V’s in Machine Learning data
(http://bigdata.perfectial.com/img/vvvv.png)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Types of Machine Learning
(https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*Y4F8zOK84K5TlCEY.)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Typical Machine Learning Tasks
How will Artificial Intelligence affect your life-by Jeff Dean (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfDQNrVphLQ)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Steps in Machine Learning
(https://upxacademy.com/introduction-machine-learning/)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Build a Machine Learning System using Azure ML Studio
(https://studio.azureml.net/)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Azure ML Studio tutorial
Steps:
Sign In with Microsoft account
Go to Experiments and click on New
Drag and Drop the building blocks of the experiment
Run the experiment
Visualise the performance of the trained model
(https://studio.azureml.net/)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Experiment 1: Iris Flower Dataset: Binary Classification
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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Experiment 2: MNIST Dataset: Multiclass Classification
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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Text Classification: Sentiment Analysis
(https://gallery.cortanaintelligence.com/Experiment/Logistic-Regression-for-Text-Classification-Sentiment-Analysis-1#
Link
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Regression Analysis
(http://analyticstraining.com/2014/popular-applications-of-linear-regression-for-businesses/)
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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Regression Analysis
Consider the following three scenarios
The CEO of the local Tourism Authority would like to know whethera family’s annual expenditure on recreation is related to their annualincome. This information could be used to tailor marketingcampaigns to certain consumer segments.
A food company is interested in determining a shelf-life for a newchilled food product and hence they would like to quantify therelationship between microbial activity and time.
A car buyer is interested in purchasing a second hand car and wouldlike to ascertain the relationship between a car’s age and advertisedpurchase price.
(http://www.massey.ac.nz/ mbjones/Book/Chap9.pdf)
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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Experiment x: Predicting price of number of candies
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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Screenshot of the Predictive Experimentson
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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Resulting Web Service
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Microsoft Azure Cognitive Services
Microsoft Cognitive Services let you build apps with powerful algorithms to see, hear, speak,
understand and interpret our needs using natural methods of communication, with just a few lines
of code. Easily add intelligent features, such as emotion and sentiment detection, vision and
speech recognition, language understanding, knowledge and search, into your app, across devices
and platforms, such as iOS, Android and Windows, keep improving and are easy to set up.
(https://azure.microsoft.com/en-au/services/cognitive-services/)Link
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence and Life
AI through the eyes of cinema
(https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2015/jan/08/the-top-20-artificial-intelligence-films-in-pictures)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
AI through the eyes of cinema. . .
(https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2015/jan/08/the-top-20-artificial-intelligence-films-in-pictures)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
AI through the eyes of cinema. . .
(https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2015/jan/08/the-top-20-artificial-intelligence-films-in-pictures)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Famous AI systems
Garry Kasporav vs IBM’s Deep Blue (1996)
(http://medicalfuturist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/garry-kasparov-deep-blue-ibm.jpg)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Famous AI systems
DARPA Urban Challenge (2007)
(http://thefutureofthings.com/3019-darpas-urban-challenge-2007/)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Famous AI systems
IBM Watson wins jeopardy challenge (2011)
(http://medicalfuturist.com/ibm-watson-is-the-stethoscope-of-the-21st-century/)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Famous AI systems
Google Deepmind’s AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol (2015)
(https://gogameguru.com/alphago-shows-true-strength-3rd-victory-lee-sedol/)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Famous AI systems
Rise of Voice Assistants (2016)
(https://finance.yahoo.com/news/battle-of-the-voice-assistants-siri-cortana-211625975.html)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Fears of Artificial Intelligence
The return of the machinery question: Will AI destroy the world?
(http://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/ai_mailout.pdf)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Fears of Artificial Intelligence
The Technological Singularity
(http://rebaneruminations.typepad.com/rebanes_ruminations/2010/04/singularity-whats-that-wappendix.html)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030
(https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
How AI will change Life by 2030
Smart transportation
(http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/09/five-surprising-ways-ai-could-be-part-our-lives-2030-0)
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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
How AI will change Life by 2030
Home and Service robots
(https://singularityhub.com/2016/10/19/8-ways-ai-will-profoundly-change-city-life-by-2030/)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
How AI will change Life by 2030
Healthcare
(https://singularityhub.com/2016/10/19/8-ways-ai-will-profoundly-change-city-life-by-2030/)
(https://medium.com/@d.healthcare/what-is-the-role-technology-might-play-in-healthcare)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
How AI will change Life by 2030
Education
(http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/09/five-surprising-ways-ai-could-be-part-our-lives-2030-0)
(https://singularityhub.com/2016/10/19/8-ways-ai-will-profoundly-change-city-life-by-2030/)
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Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
How AI will change Life by 2030
Low resource communities
(http://analyticsindiamag.com/10-areas-artificial-intelligence-going-impact-lives-future/7-ai-will-prove-useful-for-assisting-low-resource-communities/)
(http://www.longevitylive.com/nutrition-body/agriculture-artificial-intelligence/)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
How AI will change Life by 2030
Public Safety and Security
(https://singularityhub.com/2016/10/19/8-ways-ai-will-profoundly-change-city-life-by-2030/)
(https://venturebeat.com/2016/11/22/how-ai-will-transform-cybersecurity/)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
How AI will change Life by 2030
Employment and Workplace
(https://singularityhub.com/2016/10/19/8-ways-ai-will-profoundly-change-city-life-by-2030/)
(http://www.freegrab.net/jobswork.htm)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
How AI will change Life by 2030
personalised and interactive Entertainment
(http://dataconomy.com/2015/03/an-introduction-to-recommendation-engines/)
(https://singularityhub.com/2016/10/19/8-ways-ai-will-profoundly-change-city-life-by-2030/)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Preparing for the future ofArtificial Intelligence
US President Report and IBM’s response
(https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf)
(http://research.ibm.com/cognitive-computing/cognitive-horizons-network/downloads/IBM_Research_CSOC_OSTP_Response%
20v2.pdf)
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
What to do When Machines do everything
Artificial intelligence has left the laboratory (and the movie lot) and is in your building. It’s in your
home. It’s in your office. From Alexa to Nest to Siri to Uber to Waze, we are surrounded by smart
machines running on incredibly powerful and self-learning software platforms
(http://www.whenmachinesdoeverything.com/?utm_source=perspectives&utm_medium=internal_banner&utm_campaign=
perspectives_internal Link
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
What great leaders say about future of AI?
”Artificial Intelligence is the future, not only for the Russia, but for allhumankind. It comes with colossal opportunities, but also threats thatare difficult to predict.Whoever becomes the leader in this sphere willbecome the ruler of the world” -Vladimir Putin
”AI will be the best or worst thing ever for the humanity” -Elon Musk
”The real question is, when will we draft an artificial intelligence bills ofrights? What will that consist of? And who will get to decide that?” -Gray Scot
”By far, the greatest danger of Artificial Intelligence is that peopleconclude too early that they understand it” - Eliezer Yudkowsky
Sonit Singh Macquarie University
Exploring Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
So, Let’s start learningArtificial Intelligence for
Australia’s brighter future
How to start learning AI
(http://itenterprise.co.uk/start-learning-artificial-intelligence/)
Link