Exploration & ExpansionExploration & Expansion

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Section 1 Section 1

Essential Question:Essential Question:

What ideas and technologies from the Reformation led to the Age of

Exploration and what political, social, and economic changes

occurred to those areas explored and the countries exploring them?

Learning Target:Learning Target:

What new ideas and technologies helped cause

the Age of Exploration?

What Sparked all this exploring?What Sparked all this exploring?Aka (Age of Exploration)Aka (Age of Exploration)

• Discovery & innovation were encouraged during the Renaissance

• Europeans wanted to discover new lands and new trade routes

Motivation to ExploreMotivation to Explore• Searching for wealth

– Spices, silk, perfume, & jade– Brought from China

• Fame & glory• Spread their faith

– Introduce new people to Christian teachings

• Curiosity – People intrigued by those people who had

explored before

Advances in TechnologyAdvances in Technology• Created in Europe during the Renaissance• Chinese & Muslims• Astrolabe – calculate position in the sea based

on the position of the stars & horizon• Compass – indicated north• Deep-draft ships

– Rode lower in the water– Could withstand heavier waves– More cargo space

• Caravel – light, fast sailing ship– Steered with a rudder

at back of ship– Triangular sails that

could be turned to catch the wind

– Could be equipped with weapons

Essential Question:Essential Question:

What ideas and technologies from the Reformation led to the Age of

Exploration and what political, social, and economic changes

occurred to those areas explored and the countries exploring them?

Learning Target:Learning Target:

What explorers played a key role in the age of exploration & what

effects came from their exploration?

The PortugueseThe Portuguese• Portugal – 1st country explore on large scale

• Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry)– Supporter of those who wanted to explore– Sent explorers to different parts of the world

• West – islands in the Atlantic• South – West coast of Africa

– Ultimate goal was to find water route around Africa to India

• Bartolomeu Dias– First European to sail around tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

• Vasco da Gama– Successfully made it

to India– Helped discover trade

ports along African coast

The SpanishThe Spanish• Christopher Columbus

– Financed by King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella

– Believed he could sail west & reach China

– Reached the Caribbean after 2 months at sea

• Columbus thought he’d reached India

• Made 3 return trips in his lifetime

• Amerigo Vespucci– Realized that Columbus was wrong and had actually

discovered a new land• America

• Vasco Nunez Balboa– Led expedition across Panama– First European to see the Pacific Ocean

• Ferdinand Magellan– 1519 leaves with 5 ships, 250 men– Killed in the Philippines by Natives– Sept. 8 – 18 survivors reach Spain again

• First people to circumnavigate the world

English ExplorersEnglish Explorers• John Cabot

– Sailed to the eastern coast of Canada– Fleet of ships disappeared on 2nd trip

• Sir Francis Drake– Explored west coast (California)– Tried to find northern route, got too cold,

turned west– 2nd man to circumnavigate the world

• Henry Hudson (1607)– Wanted to find N.E. passage around Europe

French

• Jacques Cartier (1534)– Searching for N.W. passage around

America’s– Claimed land around St. Lawrence river (New

France) Canada

Dutch

• Henry Hudson (1609)– Looking for N.W. passage– Explored the NY river & Husdon Bay

Conquest & ColoniesConquest & Colonies

Chapter 2 Sec. 2Chapter 2 Sec. 2

Essential Question:Essential Question:

What ideas and technologies from the Reformation led to the Age of

Exploration and what political, social, and economic changes

occurred to those areas explored and the countries exploring them?

Learning Target:Learning Target:

What colonies were established during exploration and what

countries explored these new territories?

Settling in the new worldSettling in the new world

• Spain was one of the first to establish successful settlements

• Caribbean Islands– Introduced encomienda system

• (def.) colonist is given land and Native Americans to work it for him

• Colonists were required to teach natives about Christianity

• Effects of encomienda system– Natives were overworked & mistreated– Diseases spread – small pox, tuberculosis,

measles

MexicoMexico• Hernan Cortes

– Conquistador• (def.) Spanish military

leader that fought against the natives of the America’s

• Moctezuma II – Emperor of Aztec’s– Ruled much of Mexico– Unpopular with those he had

conquered

• Spanish advantages– Metal weapons– Heavy armor– Guns– Horses

• Cortes captures Moctezuma– Moctezuma dies during attack– After several months Aztec’s are defeated

PeruPeru• Francisco Pizarro

– Conquistador– Wanted to claim so of the

famous wealth of the Incans for himself

• Atahualpa – Incan Ruler– Agreed to meet with Pizarro

(1532)– Incans had just suffered

through a smallpox epidemic

• Pizarro demands that Atahualpa accepts Christianity

• Wants empire handed over to Spain– Gave Pizzaro a lot of gold, silver

• Atahualpa refuses to hand over empire, taken prisoner

• Atahualpa is killed and Spanish take over the Incan empire

Controlling the coloniesControlling the colonies• Spain now controls a huge amount of land in the

Americas• Viceroys chosen by the king to control parts of

colonies for the king• Spanish colonies economy is based on mining of

gold and silver– Native Americas used as mine labor

• Bartolomé de Las Casas – priest that worked to have treatment of Natives reformed– Suggested replacing them with imported African

slaves

New FranceNew France

• French established colonies in modern day Canada

• Found expensive trade goods to send back to Europe– Fish– Furs (fox, lynx, otter, etc.)

• Only sent a small group of traders to the colonies instead of many colonists

• 1682 Rene-Robert La Salle– Canoed down the entire Mississippi River to

the Gulf of Mexico– Claimed Mississippi region for France, named

Louisiana after King Louis XIV

The Dutch & New NetherlandThe Dutch & New Netherland

• New Netherland – only large Dutch colony in North America – Located on Hudson River valley– Island of Manhattan bought from natives and

re-named New Amsterdam (New York city)

• http://www.kunstpedia.com/blogs?Page=3

• http://www.answers.com/topic/new-amsterdam

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manhattan_1942.jpg

ManhattanManhattan

1609 vs. 20091609 vs. 2009

The EnglishThe English• 1607 – first colony,

Jamestown in established– 80%of settlers died

during the 1st winter

• 1620 – Pilgrims arrive from England– Plymouth,

Massachusetts

British vs. FrenchBritish vs. French• English colonists trying to settle in French

territory in upper Ohio River valley• 1754 – war breaks out

– Natives help fight on each side– “French & Indian War”

• After much fighting the British take Canada & all French territory east of the Mississippi

• War costs Britain $45 billion (est.), which they try to re-coup by taxing the colonists

New Patterns of TradeNew Patterns of Trade

Chapter 2 Sec. 3Chapter 2 Sec. 3

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

• (def) – widespread exchange of plants, animals and disease.

• Plants and animals develop differently depending on where they are.

• New foods– Europe – potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes,

turkey– Americas – coffee, oranges, rice, wheat, beef

• Horses (beasts of burden) introduced to Americas

Effects of Columbian ExchangeEffects of Columbian Exchange

• New foods helped provide nutrition and promote better health– China’s population grows rapidly with

introduction of corn

• Eating habits and foods changed when new food was introduced

• 1/3 of all food crops grown around the world are American crops

New DiseaseNew Disease• Small pox, measles, influenza, malaria

killed millions of Native Americans

• ½ of Santo Domingo killed by small pox

• Population of Central Mexico drops 30% in the first 10 years after contact with Europeans

MercantilismMercantilism• (def.) a nations strength depends on its wealth

– Can build strong militaries– Can expand influence

• Fixed amount of wealth (gold/silver) in the world, in order to possess more, you must take it

• Favorable balance of trade – selling more goods to a country than you are buying from them1. Placing tariffs on imports2. Encourage exporting more expensive goods

• Gov’t offered subsidies for companies to start businesses

3. Control access to raw materials (wool, metal, etc.)

Impact of colonizationImpact of colonization

• Colonies only seen to benefit the home country– Colonists restricted to who they could sell to

• Cities and towns in Europe grow as more companies are started– Wealthy class of businessmen was created

CapitalismCapitalism

• Business is privately owned and run for a profit

• As demand for a product increases so does the price

Business owners become more

wealthy

Invest more money in their businesses

Business can supplymore people and sell

more goods $$$

• Joint-stock companies – sold ‘shares’ of a company to raise money to make the company bigger and better

• British East India Company – 1600– Wanted to import more spices from Asia

• Virginia Company – 1607– Estab. First successful English colony

(Jamestown, VA)