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![Page 1: Exploiting the Observations and Measurements Standard for interoperability in the Earth Sciences and beyond Lesley Wyborn Simon Cox.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062719/56649edf5503460f94bef609/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Exploiting the Observations and Measurements Standard for interoperability in the Earth Sciences and beyond
Lesley Wyborn Simon Cox
![Page 2: Exploiting the Observations and Measurements Standard for interoperability in the Earth Sciences and beyond Lesley Wyborn Simon Cox.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062719/56649edf5503460f94bef609/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Science relies on observations
• Provides evidence & validation• Involves sampling
• This paper is about a domain-independent terminology and information-model
• Raises the question of who is coordinating Geoscience standards
• also of ensuring geoscience standards integrate with related disciplines: chemistry, physics, hydrology etc
![Page 3: Exploiting the Observations and Measurements Standard for interoperability in the Earth Sciences and beyond Lesley Wyborn Simon Cox.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062719/56649edf5503460f94bef609/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
A key driver: Our Science is changing
From small scale siloed
studies
To Integration on a global
scale
AtomMolecule
Mineral
Rock
Outcrop
Section
Mountain
Continent
Planet
Source: Office of Integrative Activities NSF
![Page 4: Exploiting the Observations and Measurements Standard for interoperability in the Earth Sciences and beyond Lesley Wyborn Simon Cox.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062719/56649edf5503460f94bef609/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Observations
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Back to basics: What is “an Observation”
• Observation act involves a procedure applied at a specific time• The result of an observation is an estimate of some property• The observation domain is a feature of interest at some time
• [0..*] locations may be of interest, associated with the procedure and feature of interest
![Page 6: Exploiting the Observations and Measurements Standard for interoperability in the Earth Sciences and beyond Lesley Wyborn Simon Cox.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062719/56649edf5503460f94bef609/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Examples
• The 7th banana weighed 270gm on the kitchen scales this morning
• The attitude of the foliation at outcrop 321 of the Leederville Formation was 63/085, measured using a Brunton on 2006-08-08
• Specimen H69 was identified on 1999-01-14 by Amy Bachrach as Eucalyptus Caesia
• The image of Camp Iota was obtained by Aster in 2003
• Sample WMC997t collected at Empire Dam on 1996-03-30 was found to have 5.6 g/T Au as measured by ICPMS at ABC Labs on 1996-05-31
• The X-Z Geobarometer determined that the ore-body was at depth 3.5 km at 1.75 Ga
• The simulation run on 2004-09-09 indicated that the pressure in the hanging-wall at 618 Ma was reduced 4 MPa
![Page 7: Exploiting the Observations and Measurements Standard for interoperability in the Earth Sciences and beyond Lesley Wyborn Simon Cox.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062719/56649edf5503460f94bef609/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
In “pictures”
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Generic pattern for observation data
An Observation is an action whose result is an estimate of the value of some property of the feature-of-interest, obtained using a specified procedure
Where’s the “location”?
In the feature-of-interest, reconciling remote and in-situ observations
Observation
+ samplingTime+ resultTime [0..1]+ procedureOperator [0..1]+ parameter [0..*]+ resultQuality [0..1]
Any{n}
PropertyType
AnyFeature Process
resultobservedProperty
1
propertyValueProvider
0..*
featureOfInterest1
generatedObservation
0..*
procedure1
![Page 9: Exploiting the Observations and Measurements Standard for interoperability in the Earth Sciences and beyond Lesley Wyborn Simon Cox.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062719/56649edf5503460f94bef609/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Domain profile
• feature of interest
• Feature-type taken from a domain-model(e.g. GeoSciML)
• observed property
• Belongs to feature-of-interest-type
• procedure
• Standard procedures, suitable for the property-type
Observation
+ samplingTime+ resultTime [0..1]+ procedureOperator [0..1]+ parameter [0..*]+ resultQuality [0..1]
Any{n}
PropertyType
AnyFeature Process
resultobservedProperty
1
propertyValueProvider
0..*
featureOfInterest1
generatedObservation0..*
procedure1
![Page 10: Exploiting the Observations and Measurements Standard for interoperability in the Earth Sciences and beyond Lesley Wyborn Simon Cox.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062719/56649edf5503460f94bef609/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Sampling features
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Proximate vs ultimate feature-of-interest
Ultimate (“project”) thing of interest not directly or fully accessible
1. Proximate feature of interest embodies a sample design• Rock-specimen samples an ore-body or geologic unit• Well samples an aquifer• Profile samples an ocean/atmosphere column• Cross-section samples a rock-unit
2. Sensed property is a proxy• e.g. want land-cover, but observe colour
Sampling designs are common
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Sampling featuresDomain feature type
Observation
SamplingFeature
+ samplingTime [0..1]+ parameter [0..*]
AnyFeature
relatedObservation
0..*
Intention
sampledFeature
SamplingPoint
Specimen
+ materialClass+ samplingMethod [0..1]+ samplingLocation [0..1]+ size [0..1]+ currentLocation [0..1]
SpatiallyExtensiveSamplingFeature
SamplingCurve
+ length [0..1]
SamplingSurface
+ area [0..1]
SamplingSolid
+ volume [0..1]
Station
Section
MapHorizonMineLevel
Mine
Traverse
Borehole
Traverse
0..*Complex
relatedSamplingFeature 0..*
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Specimens and “outcrops”
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Motivation for developing a common model
• Cross-domain data discovery and fusion• Re-usable service interfaces
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Governance
![Page 16: Exploiting the Observations and Measurements Standard for interoperability in the Earth Sciences and beyond Lesley Wyborn Simon Cox.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062719/56649edf5503460f94bef609/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Development and validation of O&M
• Developed in the context of • Geochemistry/Assay data• Sensor Web Enablement – environmental and remote sensing
• Subsequently applied in• Water resources/water quality• Oceans & Atmospheres • Natural resources• Taxonomic data• Geology field data
• Status• OGC RWG Adopted Specification in late 2007• ISO Standard – 2008-9?• Adopted as a key aspect of GeoSciML
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
• need information transfer standards for• Geochemistry • Geochronology• Geophysics• Geodesy• Seismology• Hydrogeology• Marine• Ecology • Biogeology
• But need to coordinate these standards (including ontologies) to avoid uncontrolled growth of YAML (Yet Another Markup Language)
http://www.datastrategyjournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=1
Application to other science disciplines
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Standard Describes Governance Type
Chemical ML Molecules, atoms, isotopes IUPAC
Info
rm-
atio
n
GeoSci ML Earth materials IUGS:CGI
Geography ML Location, time, people OGC & ISO
Te
chn
ical
Observations & Measurements
Observation patterns and processes
OGC (& ISO)
Sensor MLSensor and instrument metadata
OGC
If we can leverage Chemical ML for geochemistry, can we leverage physics standards for geophysics, and so on…..?
An example of reuse (beg, borrow & steal)
GA Geochronology Data Transfer Model:
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
• GeoUnions• IUGS, International Union of Geological Sciences (CGI - GeoSciML)• IUGG, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (Commission for Data)• IUSS, International Union of Soil Sciences • IGU, International Geographical Union• INQUA, International Union for Quaternary Research• ISPRS International Union for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
• Not GeoUnions• International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (Chemical ML)
• International Hydrographic Organization (S-57, MarineML)
• WMO (BUFR, Metar, Hydrology?)
• Maybe we need ICSU, CODATA, SCID for coordination and governance
• March 2008 Rome workshop
• 21 representatives from Geoscience agencies
Governance and coordination for data exchange standards?
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
http://www.seegrid.csiro.au
A Starting Point for Collaboration: SEEGrid TWIKI
• Solid Earth & Environment community web site
• Started in 2003
• 15 communities now
• In 2007 – 48,264 unique visits– 1,170,567 hits– 52.52GB download
• AppSchemas web
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Thank you
Exploration & MiningSimon CoxResearch Scientist
Phone: +61 8 6436 8639Email: [email protected]: www.csiro.au/em
Contact UsPhone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176
Email: [email protected] Web: www.csiro.au
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Procedure vs. observedProperty
• observedProperty supports discovery by observation users• “show me all the observations of temperature and wind-speed”
• procedure provides strict definition• “how was that value obtained?”
• …or provider-centric discovery• “show me all the data collected by instrument X”
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Some properties vary within a feature
• colour of a Scene or Swath varies with position• shape of a Glacier varies with time• flow at a Station varies with time• rock density varies along a Borehole
• Variable values may be described as a Function on some axis of the feature
• Corresponding Observation/result is a Function • If domain is spatio-temporal, also known as coverage or map
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CSIRO 33rd IGC August 2008
Variable property coverage valued result
«FeatureType»PointCov erageObserv ation
«FeatureType»Observ ation
«FeatureType»DiscreteCov erageObserv ation
CV_DiscreteElementCov erage
«FeatureType»ElementCov erageObserv ation
CV_DiscreteTimeInstantCov erageCV_DiscretePointCov erage{n}
CV_Coverage
CV_DiscreteCov erage{n}
«FeatureType»TimeSeriesObserv ation
result
result result result