Explain

In your own words in the notes section below, explain what has happened with redistricting in each of these 4 examples.

EXPLAIN

“One Man, One Vote”

1. What does “one person, one vote” mean?

2. What was the ruling in the following cases:a. Baker v. Carr (1962)

b. Gray v. Sanders (1963)

c. Reynolds v. Sims (1964)

i. What did the Court not limit/define?

3. Prior to Reynolds, why would states like Alabama and Tennessee not redistrict?

4. What is the significance of using total population in cities with high numbers of nonvoters?

5. Who are the plaintiffs Texas law in Evenwel v. Abbott?a. What is their argument?

6. What is the possible effect of the case?

2nd method of redistricting abuse:

• VRA (1965) sought to increase minority representation in Congress

• Little changed, so VRA amended in 1982 to encourage states to create majority-minority districts to create black and Hispanic districts

Can states draw new congressional districts with race in mind?

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

• Background:– After 1990 Census, NC received additional seat (12)– NC submitted congressional district map to U.S. Attorney, Janet

Reno – Reno and Justice Dept. required NC to reconfigure districts due

to only 1 majority black district • Result: I-85 District

• Case:– NC residents challenged plan as violation of equal protection

clause—districts drawn with race in mind, violate their rights

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

• Ruling: – redistricting in North

Carolina to create a majority-minority district was unconstitutional because it was racial gerrymandering & it violated whites’ equal protection under the law.

– The deliberate segregation of voters into separate districts on the basis of race violates their constitutional right to participate in a “color-blind” electoral process.