Expert Systems and Solutions

8/6/2019 Expert Systems and Solutions

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/expert-systems-and-solutions 1/12

EXPERT SYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS

48, North Street, Aranarai, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India. Email ID: [email protected],

Phone: 9345276362,9865129743,

Embedded Energy Saver

Energy conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy

demand per capita, and thus offsets the growth in energy supply

needed to keep up with population growth. This reduces the rise in

energy costs, and can reduce the need for new power plants, and

energy imports. The reduced energy demand can provide more

flexibility in choosing the most preferred methods of energy

production. This project focuses on Energy conservation by using

sensors to sense person coming in & going out of the room or a

specific area. Sensors are also used to detect the ambient light &

accordingly turn ON bulbs at the required intensity.The circuit consists

of Micro Controller 8951/8952, IR sensor for detecting people entering

or leaving the room, LDR for detecting the ambient light, ADC for

converting the LDR output into digital value & giving to the controller &

a TRIAC for Turning ON/OFF & changing the bulbs intensity.

Automatic Meter Reading

Automatic meter reading, or AMR, is the technology of automatically

collecting data from water meter or energy metering devices (water,

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



gas, and electric) and transferring that data to a central database for

billing and/or analyzing. This saves employee trips, and in the case of

estimates, billing can be based on actual consumption rather than on

an estimate based on previous consumption, giving customers better

control of their use of electric energy, gas usage, or water

consumptionIn this all meters are connected serially to a central

computer where the meter reading is received & saved in its database.

Moreover if the bill is not paid in time the power can be cut off from the

central computer & upon receiving the bill the power can be restored

within a minute. The circuit consists of a current transformer for

sensing the current, whose o/p is given to ADC the digital data from

the ADC is read by the controller, the controller then calculates the

current consumed & accordingly increases the meter reading. This is

displayed on LCD. The controller is also connected to the central

computer using MAX 232 & can switch ON & OFF the power of the

house using a relay. An EEPROM is used to save the last meter reading

in case of power failure.

4. Patient Monitoring System

It is required to monitor the patient’s temperature, heartbeat & if the

temperature increases above certain level injection has to be given.

Our system does the same a sensor is used to monitor the patient’s

temperature; if the temperature goes above a certain level a



predefined amount of medicine is given. And an indication is given to

inform the doctor that injection has been given. A microcontroller is

used to get the patients temperature & display it on LCD. The amount

of medicine to be injected is entered through the keypad & also

displayed on LCD.

RAILWAY COACH AUTOMATION

The temperature of an AC coach is maintained. During summer the

Cold air is blown in to decrease the temperature of the coach & during

the winter hot air is blown to increase the temperature to maintain the

Coach Temperature within the specified limit. Two motors are used for

this purpose Motor 1 is used to blow the cold air & Motor 2 is used to

Blow the hot air inside the coach. The temperature is sensed using

LM35 as a temperature sensor whose output is given to ADC & then to

the Micro Controller. LCD is used to display the current temperature as

well as the temperature set point & the Motor Status. A compressor is

also used to circulate the air within the compartment. We will monitor

the current used by the compressor using a Current Transformer if the

current is above or below a specific limit the compressor can be said to

be faulty & need replacement. This is also indicated on the LCD.

7. DYNAMIC TRAFFIC CONTROL & MANAGEMENT



One of the most pressing problems faced by people in large cities &

towns is the congestions of roads leading to those seemingly

inadvertent traffic jams. Most of the signals are pre timed i.e. the

signal duration is fixed so even if there is less traffic on one of the

roads the signal duration remains the same. Sensors are used to

determine the traffic on a road & accordingly change the duration of

the signal. Moreover all the signals are connected to a central

computer where a database is maintained of traffic at different time

during the day which can be helpful in traffic analysis & city

management. Three Sensors are placed on each road of a crossroad,

the output of the sensors are given to microcontroller (8951/8952), the

controller then calculates the timing of each signal according to the

traffic on each road. This data is also sent to the PC using MAX232,

where a database is maintained.

8. PICK AND PLACE ROBOT

Automatic Robotic arms are used in manufacturing industries at places

where it is hazardous for humans to work or where very fast, precise &

repetitive work needs to be done.Three motors will be used for picking

up (pickup point) & placing (drop point) the object. IR sensors will be

used to detect if an object has arrived at the pickup point, then the

robotic arm will move & pick up the object & move towards the drop

point. Another IR sensor is used to check if any object is there at the



drop point if so an alarm will be sounded until the object at drop point

is removed. As soon as the object is removed, the object in the robotic

arm is placed & the arm goes back to initial position.8951/8952

microcontroller is used over here which checks the sensor input &

controls the motors. The circuit consist of three motors & their

corresponding drivers. Two IR transmitters & receivers for detecting

the objects at pickup & drop point.

9. Smart Power Grid

The electrical grid is an interconnected system of power plants, power

lines, wires, etc. moving and delivering electricity from power plants to

end users. Also referred to as a transmission and distribution (T&D)

network, today’s grid faces challenges to keep pace with the modern

digital economy and information age, which require higher load

demands, uninterruptible power supplies, and other high-quality, high-

value services. Micro Controller is placed at intervals to detect the

power usage as well as the power consumption at that point. All these

controllers are connected together & information like voltage & current

consumed is then sent serially to a central computer. If there is a

problem in one area then that area can be cut off temporarily from the

central computer. Moreover parameters such as transmission power

loss, power consumption during different time of the day & power theft

can also be detected.Each sensing unit will consists of a current



transformer for sensing the current, whose o/p is given to ADC the

digital data from the ADC is read by the controller, the

controller(8951/8952) is connected to the central computer using

DS75176 which is used for multipoint communication. The sensing unit

also contains relays which are used to divert power or cut off power in

specific area.

BLACK BOX FOR VEHICLE

Lot of the time drivers drive above limit or over heat the engines thus

decreasing the vehicles performance considerable. Moreover accidents

occur due to over speeding & are on rise especially amongst the

youngsters so parents need to keep a watch on them. Black box for

vehicle does the same it checks if the vehicle RPM is above limit & if so

logs the RPM along with the time at which the speed limit has been

crossed & the number of time the vehicle was above the speed limit.

Moreover it checks the engine temperature & if the temperature is

above limit a buzzer is sounded. The device is then connected to the

PC where the speed logs can be seen.

Microcontroller (8951/8952) is the heart of the project, the controller

gets the pulses from the sensor & calculates the vehicle’s RPM. LM35 is

used as temperature sensor, the voltage o/p of the sensor is given to

ADC, and the controller gets the reading from the ADC. An EEPROM is

used to store the logs as well as the RPM & temperature set point. A



RTC is used to keep the time so that the exact time of over speeding

can also be logged.MAX232 is used to communicate with the PC.

11. AQUARIUM AUTOMATION

Fishes are very sensitive to changes in temperature & surround

lighting. In this project we maintain the temperature of the aquarium,

the time at which the lights should be turned ON/OFF & the duration of

oxygen motor. For this three relays are required one each for heater

(temperature control), light & the Oxygen Motor. LM 35 is used as the

temperature sensor for sensing the waters temperature, ADC 0808 is

used to convert the LM 35’s output into digital value for the controller.

RTC (Real Time Clock) is used for real time according to which the Bulb

& the Oxygen motor is turned ON/OFF. A LCD is used to display the

temperature as well as the time for turning ON & OFF the lights & the

blower motor. The timing can be changed using a keypad & is then

stored in the ROM area of the RTC. A battery backup is provided so

even in case of power failure the real time is not corrupted.



12. Automated Pet Feeder

As pet lovers, we understand that the responsibilities of life sometimes

inhibit pet owners from properly caring for their pets. Pet care should

be fun, not burdensome, and so our goal with this project was to assist

owners with pet care by providing a system that automates diet

management.

A controller is used to activate a mechanical assembly using which a

fixed amount of food is dispensed from the feeder unit after a specific

duration the amount of food being dispensed as well as the time after

which the food has to be dispensed can be entered using a keypad. A

memory is used to save this setting.

13. INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

Energy conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy

demand per capita, and thus offsets the growth in energy supply



needed to keep up with population growth. This reduces the rise in

energy costs, and can reduce the need for new power plants, and

energy imports. The reduced energy demand can provide more

flexibility in choosing the most preferred methods of energy

production.

In any city “STREET LIGHT” is one of the major power consuming

factors. Most of the time we see street lights are ON even after sunrise

thus wasting lot of energy. Over here we are avoiding the problem by

having an automatic system which turns ON & OFF the street lights at

given time or when the ambient light falls below a specific intensity. All

streetlights are connected to a central computer from where the time

at which the lights are to be turned ON/OFF can be set. An LDR is used

to check if the lights have turned ON or not. This status is then sent to

the central computer. Thus even the blown out lights can be detected.

Each controller has an LDR which is used to detect the ambient light.

We can operate the system in two modes the MANUAL MODE & AUTO

MODE. In MANUAL MODE the lights are TURNED ON/OFF from the

central computer. In AUTO mode if the ambient light is below a specific

value the lights are turned ON.

.



GREEN HOUSE AUTOMATION

Greenhouses are often used for growing flowers, vegetables & fruits

plants. The closed environment of a greenhouse has its own unique

requirements, compared with outdoor production. Pests and diseases,

and extremes of heat and humidity, have to be controlled, and

irrigation is necessary to provide water. Significant inputs of heat and

light may be required, particularly with winter production of warm-

weather vegetable.A micro controller will be used to control the basic

parameters of the green house. An LDR will be used to measure the

light intensity, Temperature sensor will be used to get the temperature

& timely irrigation will be provided by turning ON the Motors at specific

intervals. LCD will display the current temperature & light intensity.

EEPROM will be used to save the temperature set point, the light

intensity values & the time at which Motor has to be turned ON. RTC

(Real Time Clock) will be use to get the real time & according to time

the controller will turn ON & OFF the Motor. The setting for the

temperature, light & Motor ON/OFF time is done through PC.



16. MULTI CHANNEL LOGIC ANALYZER

A logic analyzer is an electronic instrument that displays signals in a

digital circuit that are too fast to be observed and presents it to a user

so that the user can more easily check correct operation of the digital

system. They are typically used for capturing data in systems that

have too many channels to be examined with an oscilloscope. Isolation

will be provided between the controller & the input signal in So that the

controller will not be damaged due to any high voltage spike. The logic

signals at different channels will be sent serially to the PC using

MAX232. VB side software on the PC will then display the logic levels

on the screen. This data can be stored in the PC & can be seen any

time.

18. SCADA APPLICATION

SCADA is the abbreviation for Supervisory Control And Data

Acquisition. The term SCADA usually refers to centralized systems

which monitor and control entire sites, or complexes of systems spread

out over large areas (on the scale of kilometres or miles). Most site

control is performed automatically by remote terminal units. A PLC

may control the temperature of a furnace through part of an industrial



process, but the SCADA system may allow operators to change the set

points for Temperature, and enable alarm conditions, such as loss of

flow and high temperature, to be displayed and recorded.

19. DCS APPLICATION

A distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control system usually of

a manufacturing system, process or any kind of dynamic system, in

which the controller elements are not central in location (like the

SCADA) but are distributed throughout the system with each

component sub-system controlled by one or more controllers. The

entire systems of controllers are connected by networks for

communication and monitoring.A DCS typically uses custom designed

processors as controllers and uses both proprietary interconnections

and protocols for communication. Input & output modules form

component parts of the DCS. The processor receives information from

input modules and sends information to output modules. Elements of a

distributed control system may directly connect to physical equipment

such as switches, pumps and valves.

Expert Systems and Solutions

Documents

Transcript of Expert Systems and Solutions