Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both...

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Experimental Results on QCD What’s Next? Albert De Roeck CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Antwerp University Belgium Davis University USA May 13 2013

Transcript of Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both...

Page 1: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

Experimental Results on QCD

What’s Next?

Albert De Roeck

CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Antwerp University Belgium

Davis University USA

May 13 2013

Page 2: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

QCD

QCD plays a major role in basically every topic under discussion at this Symposium. For precision physics, or discovery physics we need to understand the role of QCD corrections: QCD is all around us at the LHC

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6 out of 7 LHC experiments publish data on QCD topics…

Soft QCD Dynamics

Particle production & fragmentation Correlations, possible new effects Forward energy measurements

Diffractions, events with rapidity gaps

Elastic, diffractive and total cross sections Exclusive Higgs production?

Perturbative QCD

Jet production Jet substructure Extraction of αs

The structure of the proton Low-x studies

Topics in this Presentation

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QCD at Recent Colliders

Precision measurements of the proton structure at HERA

Precision measurements at the Z factory LEP

QCD studies at the hadron collider Tevatron

Summary on αs Results

Page 5: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

Soft QCD Dynamics

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Understanding Soft Collisions

Z μμ event from 2012 data with 25 reconstructed vertices

Pile-up 2012!! Much more in 2015+

Z μμ

Most collisions at the LHC do not involve a hard scattering scale: these are so called soft collisions. They make up most of a “minimum bias” event sample

Detailed studies of multi-particle production in pp Monte Carlos tunes, eg for describing the pile-up

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Event Types and Underlying Event

…Not always easy to classify individual events

Elastic Scattering

Single diffraction

Double diffraction

Non-diffraction

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Elastic/Total pp Cross Section

Future: High beta measurements for Coulomb-Nuclear interference, ALFA

Q1: More precise EL/TOTAL data needed at lower energies, ie 2 TeV?

TOTEM = Roman Pots + Forward Detectors TOTEM uses the same IP as CMS (IP5) EPL 101 21004 (2003)

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Diffractive Cross Sections

Single diffraction Double diffraction

Q2: Importance of precise SD and DD measurements? (needs special run@HE)

arXiv:1208.4968

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Understanding Particle Production

Q3: Should we organize a (or a few) more Universal Tunes of the MCs?

Single particles, multiplicities etc. vs phenomenological models…

LHC detectors are excellent and complementary for such studies

Multiplicities

Density at η=0 Λ/Λbar

p/pbar Φ/ρ+

Φ

Φ/ρ+ω

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Underlying Event Studies

An important systematic effect for precision measurements, eg top mass All central detectors have made measurements in the ‘transverse’ region:

Q3: Should we organize a (or a few) more Universal Tunes of the MCs (bis)?

Measure the particle flow in transverse region as function of the hard scale

7 TeV

900 GeV

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Double Parton Scattering

Example: angular correlations study of W+ 2jet events: The fraction of the cross section attributed to DPS= 0.08 ± 0.01 (stat.) ± 0.02 (sys.)

Basic process

DPS

DPS can be important for searches where after cuts only a few events remain…

Q4: How well do we control DPS at the LHC energies?

Difference between the transverse momenta of the two jets (pT > 20 GeV)

arXiv:1301.6872

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Correlations Between Produced Particles

Select high multiplicity events

Study the correlation between

two charged particles in the

angles φ (transverse):

Δφ and θ (longitudinal): Δθ

A new phenomenon

in the ‘stronge force’?

Multiple interactions?

Glass condensates?

Hydrodynamic models?

…

η= -ln tanθ/2

Q5: Understanding the “Ridge” in pp collisions? New/additional measurements?

JHEP 1009 (2010) 091

All events High multiplicity events

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Forward Particles Measurements LHCf uses the same Interaction Point as ATLAS (IP1) LHCf has forward detectors at zero degrees seen from the IP (140 away

from the IP): Measure the forward photons/pions for cosmic ray studies

DESY-PROC-2012-03

Forward gamma measurement compared to Monte Carlos for Cosmic Ray studies No model reproduces the data well !!

Q6: LHC data connection with cosmic rays?

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Future Option: CMS + TOTEM?

Since end of 2011: “Common data taking of CMS with TOTEM”

T2 (TOTEM) + CASTOR (CMS) RP (TOTEM) + Central Di-jet (CMS)

T2 CASTOR

+14m

CMS PAS FSQ-12-026

CMS central energy flow with TOTEM T2 tag

CMS PAS FSQ-12-026

CMS TOTEM

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Exclusive Higgs Production High Precision Spectrometer at 240/420m from the interaction point

M = O(1.0-2.0) GeV tan = 40,

60 fb-1

H->bb decay with suppressed background Cross section ~ 10 fb (SM) to ~ 100 fb (MSSM) Mass resolution ~ 1-2% via protons CP analyzer via azimuthal pp correlations

Needs detectors at 240/420m Discussed in ATLAS & CMS

H->bb

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Hard Scattering

Perturbative QCD

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Strong Interaction: Jets Production!

Jets of particles emerge after a high energy parton-parton scattering In this event more than 60% of the full proton-proton energy ends up in jets

Study the strong force using jet production

Di-jet invariant mass = 5.15 TeV (R=1.1 jets)

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Early Measurements of Multi-jets

A six jet event

Jet Multiplicity distribution Early 2010 data…

Multi-jet distribution in good agreement with theory - LO matrix elements plus matched parton showers - apart from normalization

Eur.Phys.J. C71 (2011) 1763

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Inclusive Jet Production (7 TeV)

• Check conclusions: D=0.4 and 0.6?

Agreement with NLO calculations over the full range, up to 2 TeV jets The anti-kT jet algorithm is used in most studies. The ‘cone’ chosen for this algorithm is different for ATLAS and CMS -> no direct comparison possible ATLAS uses R=0.4 and R=0.6

Phys.Rev. D86 (2012) 014022

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Inclusive Jet Production (7 TeV)

…and CMS uses R=0.5 and R=0.7…

Q7: Can we convince the experiments to use the same R in future studies…?

arXiv:1212.6660

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Inclusive Jet Production (8 TeV)

Agreement with NLO calculations over the full range, up to and beyond 2 TeV jets

CMS-PAS-SMP-12-012

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Inclusive Jet Production

Comparison with NLO calculations with the data in some detail, for different proton structure function parameterizations.

Q8: Jet uncertainties dominated by energy scale uncertainties. Can we improve experimentally?

Deviations for highest y range?

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Jets Measurements at Two Energies

Data from proton-proton collisions at 2.76 TeV and 7 TeV

Some systematics ~ cancel in the ratio

arXiv:1304.4739

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Azimuthal Correlations Between Jets

Azimuthal correlations between the two most leading jets are sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad.

Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain searches at the LHC!!

PRL 106 (2011) 172002

PRL 106 (2011) 172002

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The Dark Matter Connection

Searches for mono-jets (mono-photons) can be used for Direct searches for Dark Matter (DM) -> Spin dependent and spin independent cross sections of DM with matter

Similarly some SUSY searches with compressed spectra rely on ISR, for the for trigger: AMSB with semi-stable gauginos arxiv:1202.4847 (ATLAS)

Q9: Do we control ISR well enough so that we can rely on it for searches?

Effective contact interaction approach

Collider searches are very competitive!!

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Are Quarks Elementary Particles?

Quarks remain elementary particles after these measurements

Measurement of the production angle of the jet with respect to the beam High Energy Rutherford Experiment

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Vector Boson+Jets and Top+Jets

Good description by theory for both processes Important backgrounds for searches, eg for SUSY searches

High statistics and precision at the LHC allows for W/Z+jets and top+jets studies

arXiv:1304.7098

Z+jets

Lepton+jets channel

top+jets

CMS-PAS-12-018

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Z,W + b-jet Production

W+1 b-jet cross section on the high side W+2 b-jets cross section agrees with prediction

Excellent b-tagging in the experiments allows for further more sophisticated measurements such as associated b-jet production Also Z+b results

Gluon splitting issues?

W+b jets

Z+b jets

CMS preliminary

arXiv:1302.2929

CMS-PAS-SMP-13-004

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Parton Distributions

• Parton distributions (PDFs) are an essential ingredient of the LHC program

• Several PDFs available at NNLO: ABM, MSTW, CT, NNPDF, HERAPDF,…

• Studied within the experiments in PDF groups, and across experiments with

the fitters in PDF4LHC

PDFs groups provide central values and error envelopes that differ -> different choice of data used as input, different TH treatment especially for heavy flavors,…

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PDF Precision Impact LHC Physics

J. Rojo DIS’13

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PDF Precision

W, Z data included Top quark data included W+c data to tag s-quark ->strangeness supp. ~0.5

Precision on Higgs cross section from PDFs (and αs )

Q10: What is the ultimate precision on PDFs? Now and in future?

Include LHC data! (wish list in appendix)

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3-jet to 2-jet Cross Section Ratios

This measurement is sensitive to the fundamental QCD parameter αs

Di-jets within the range of 420 - 1390 GeV, pT of all jets larger than 150 GeV

Q11: How precise can we extract αs at the LHC or elsewhere?

World average

arXiv:1304.7498

ATLAS prelim: ATLAS-CONF-2013-041

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Start from Cambridge-Aachen FAT jets and apply jet “pruning” to find sub-jets Many methods being developed to analyse the jet substructure: grooming->

mass drop filtering, trimming, pruning…

New Directions: Boosted Jets & Substructure

Example: Boosted top events with b-jet and two merged jets from the W

Analyse boosted/merged jets

arXiv:0802.2470

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Detailed QCD Jet-structure Studies

• Detailed QCD jet studies such as substructure grooming

are important to get:

• Deeper insight into pQCD evolution in jets

• To perform searches for New Physics in a new way

kT splitting scale Subjet multiplicity Jet width

arXiv:1203:4606 CMS-QCD-10-41

Page 36: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

Low-x Studies at the LHC

High energy of the LHC allows to access regions of low Bjorken-x Detector coverage to large |η| is important! Typical measurements:

Low mass Drell-Yan, Jpsi…

Prompt photon production

Jet production with large rapidity

QCD Dynamics studies: DGLAP: Dokshitzer, Gribov, Lipatov, Altarelli Parisi

BFKL: Balitskii, Fadin, Kuraev, Lipatov

Page 37: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

Low-x: Mueller-Navelet Jet Studies

Look at correlations between jets -with pT> 35 GeV- at large rapidity distance Proposed in the early ‘90’s to as sensitivity test to BFKL and DGLAP evolution

central + forward jet azimuthal correlation vs Δy

No model describes all these measurements very well

Q12: Do we need more dedicated measurements on low-x QCD effects

Δy

CMS-PAS-FSQ-12-002

Page 38: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

Future Facilities Future possible hadron and lepton colliders will be excellent QCD explorers High luminosity (1034-1035) and/or energy lepton-hadron colliders?

->Dedicated facilities include the LHeC (Europe) and EIC (US) projects

ep: 60 GeV x 7000 GeV

ep: 30 GeV x 250 GeV (max)

Q13: Do we need a new high intensity electron-proton machine in future?

αs to a precision of 0.0001

Page 39: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

• Heavy flavor production

• Event shape events

• Hard diffraction

• Exclusive processes, particles with heavy flavors

• Many results on multi-particle production, cumulants, etc

• Correlations, such as Bose Einstein ones

• Hard scattering results produced photons

• Top mass precision issues

• Drell-Yan studies

• QCD coherence effects

• Jet shape and structure analyses

• Tools & calculations, higher orders,…

Many Topics not Covered Today…

Page 40: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

Conclusion

The LHC has provided a wealth of QCD results. QCD globally ok for the

bulk of the LHC data. The statistics & high energy allow to explore more

extreme phase space corners.

Questions collected during this presentation:

• Understanding of the soft QCD dynamics -particle production, diffraction, correlations, DPS,…- useful for particle physics, cosmic rays… Are more dedicated LHC measurements needed? Boundary between pQCD and non-pQCD? More global MC tune effort needed?

• What dedicated pQCD measurements do we can we still make at the LHC to explore QCD further: Jet substructure, low-x region, very high pT, very forward measurement? QCD scales?

• How precise can we/do we need extraction of the PDFs and αs? What are the limitations? Can eg jet studies @ LHC add information? >NNLO?

• Do we control QCD radiation, especially ISR well enough to rely fully on that for analyses, eg trigger, to be used for searches & boosted objects?

• A future high luminosity/energy QCD ep machine??

Page 41: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

Backup

Page 42: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

W+b-jet Production

W+1 b-jet cross section on the high side W+2 b-jets cross section agrees with prediction

Q1: Understanding of the associated b-production -- just a MC issue?

Excellent b-tagging in the experiments allows for further more sophisticated measurements such as associated b-jet production Also Z+b results

Gluon splitting Issues?

Page 43: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

Jet Substructure

Page 44: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

Jet systematic errors

Page 45: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

Top Differential Cross Sections

…thanks to the amount of top quarks produced at the LHC

Page 46: Experimental Results on QCD · 2018. 11. 15. · sensitive to the QCD radiation in the event, both initial and final rad. Initial state radiation (ISR) became very important for certain

Top+ jet production


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