WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION

MEMBER OF GROUP:Hadi Winarno (2007-32-248)Dhinnar Kharisma A (2008-32-165)Yongky S.AN (2008-32-219)Moh. Abdul Manaf (2008-32-244)Achmad Djalil (2008-32-308)

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCHIntervention Research:

- Experimental ResearchNon-Intervention Research:

- Correlation Research- Survey Research

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

An experiment research is a research situation where at least one independent variable, called the experimental variable, is deliberately manipulated or varied by the researcher.

The purpose of experimental research is to study cause and effect relationships.

VARIABLEIndependent Variable

experimental or treatment variable (it is the cause)

Dependent Variable/Measured Variableis what is measured to assess the effects of the independent variable

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

INSTRUMENT tools researchers use to collect

data for research studies (alternatively called “tests”)

The types of instruments:

2. Affective Instruments3. Projective Instruments

1. Cognitive Instruments

COGNITIVE INSTRUMENTS Measure an individual’s attainment in

academic areas typically used to diagnose strengths and weaknesses.

Types of cognitive instruments:

achievement testsprovide information about how well the test takers have learned what they have been taught in school

aptitude testsmeasure the intellect and abilities not normally taught and often are used to predict future performance

AFFECTIVE INSTRUMENTSMeasure characteristics of

individuals along a number of dimensions and to assess feelings, values, and attitudes toward self, others, and a variety of other activities, institutions, and situations.

TYPES OF AFFECTIVE INSTRUMENTS: attitude scales

self-reports of an individual’s beliefs, perceptions, or feelings about self, others, and a variety of activities, institutions, and situations

values testsmeasure the relative strength of an individual’s valuing of theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, and religious values

personality inventoriesan individual’s self-report measuring how behaviors characteristic of defined personality traits describe that individual

PROJECTIVE INSTRUMENTS Measure a respondent’s feelings or

thoughts to an ambiguous stimulus

Primary type of projective test:

associational testsparticipants react to a stimulus such as a picture, inkblot or word onto which they project a description.

TWO ISSUES IN USING INSTRUMENTS

2. Reliability: the degree to which the instrument consistently measures what it purports to measure

1. Validity: the degree to which the instrument measures what it purports to measure

VALIDITY

Types of validity

2. Criterion-related validity

3. Construct validity

1. Content validitythe degree to which an instrument measures an intended content area.

an individual takes two forms of an instrument which are then correlated to discriminate between those individuals who possess a certain characteristic from those who do not

a series of studies validate that the instrument really measures what it purports to measure

RELIABILITY

TYPES OF RELIABILITY...

2. Equivalence (“equivalent forms”):

1. Stability (“test-retest”):

3. Internal consistency (“split-half” reliability with Spearman-Brown correction formula , Kuder-Richardson and Cronback’s Alpha reliabilities, scorer/rater reliability):

the degree to which two scores on the same instrument are consistent over time

the degree to which identical instruments (except for the actual items included) yield identical scores

the degree to which one instrument yields consistent results