Experimental investigations on the fly rod deflection - revision 2.0

7/21/2019 Experimental investigations on the fly rod deflection - revision 2.0

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Hxphrilh`tmb i`vhstiomtic`s c` tah jby rck khjbhnticèy [ceims Ai`zlm`` attp6//www.pmssic`-jbihoh`jisnah`.khSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

^hith = vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Hxphrilh`tmb i`vhstiomtic`s c` tah jby rck

khjbhnticèy nc`struntic` msshsscr [ceims Ai`zlm``

Nc`th`ts6

TUHJMNH .......................................................... ............................................................ .................................................... 5

M) EMNGOUCX@K .......................................................................................................................................................... >

E) OHCLH[UINMB I@ZH^[IOM[IC@^ ..................................................................................................................... ;

E=)JBHQIEBH JBY UCK................................................................................................................................................... ;

E=.=) prcphrtihs cj tah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck ..................................................... .................................................... 8

E5)[AH ME^CBX[HBY ^[IJJ JBY UCK...................................................... ........................................................... ............. ?

E>)TM[A CJ [AH [IT CJ [AH JBY UCK...................................................... ........................................................... ............. ?E;)ILTMN[ KIUHN[IC@^..................................................... ........................................................... ................................. 9

E;.=) Kirhntic` cj tah vhbcnity........................................................... ........................................................... ............. 9

E;.5) Zhntcrimb khsnriptic` cj tah ilpmnt kirhntic`s m`k bhvhr mrl ................................................... ....................... 9

N) KY@MLINMB I@ZH^[IOM[IC@^ ................................................... ........................................................... ........... ==

N=)I@I[IM[IC@ CJ [AH ^[CT,UH[UMN[IC@/KI^NAMUOH,UH^THN[IZHBY...................................................................... ==

N5)TM[A-[ILH-UHBM[IC@^ JUCL [AH TIN[XUH ^H]XH@NH CJ [AH JBY NM^[..................................................... ........... =;N>)KH[HULI@M[IC@ CJ ZHBCNI[IH^ JUCL [AH TIN[XUH ^H]XH@NH............................................................................ =8

N>.=) Zhbcnitihs cj tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck ................................................................................. ..................... =:

N>.5) Zhbcnitihs cj tah tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck ................................................... ........................................ =:

N;)NMBNXBM[IC@ CJ [AH MNNHBHUM[IC@^...................................................... ........................................................... . =9

K) NMBNXBM[IC@ CJ [AH JCUNH^ ........................................................... ........................................................... . 5=

K=)[AH TC[H@[IMB JCUNH CJ [H@ÎC@ [AM[ MN[^ C@ [AH [IT.................................................................................... 55K5)JCUNH^ MN[I@O C@ [AH [IT^ CJ EC[A JBY UCK^............................................................ ........................................ 58

K>)JCUNH^ ([CU]XH^)M[ [AH OUIT CJ EC[A JBY UCK^....................................................... ........................................ 5:

H) HJJINIH@NY M@K [UM@^JHU CJ H@HUOY, UH^THN[IZHBY .................................................................... 51

H=)H@HUOY CJ [AH JBY UCK [IT^ (EH@HJI[) ................................................................................................................ 51

H5)_CUG,H@HUOY,UH^THN[IZHBY CJ [AH UC[M[IC@ (HJJCU[) .................................................................................. 59H>)HJJINIH@NY CJ [AH JBHQIEBH M@K [AH ME^CBX[HBY [IJJ JBY UCK...................................................................... >=

H;)NAM@OH CJ [AH HJJINIH@NY KXUI@O NAM@OI@O KHJBHN[IC@............................................................................... >=

J) I@ZH^[IOM[IC@ CJ JXU[AHU ILTMN[ JMN[CU^ ................................................................. ..................... >>

J=)M@OXBMU LCLH@[XL.......................................................................................................................................... >>

J5)[AH TMUMBBHB [UM@^BM[IC@................................................................................................................................. >?

J5.=) Tmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic` i` tah jby nmst shquh`nh .......................................................... ........................................ >?

J5.5) Turh pmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic` jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck ................................................................................ >9

J>)C[AHU KY@MLIN NCXU^H^ CJ [AH ME^CBX[HBY [IJJ JBY UCK............................................................................. ;4

J;)KMLTI@O................................................................................................................................................................ ;5

O) NC@NBXÎC@ M@K JI@MB I@ZH^[IOM[IC@^ ........................................................ ........................................ ;>

O=)X@NHU[MI@[IH^/MTTUCQILM[IC@^........................................................... ........................................................... . ;>

O5)^XLLMUY.......................................................... ............................................................ ........................................ ;;

MNG@C_BHKOHLH@[^ M@K JI@MB UHLMUG^................................................................................................ ;8

M``hx =6 nclpmrmtivh nmbnubmtic` jcr shntic` J> (vhrtinmb mkfustlh`t) ...................................................... ........... ;?

M``hx 56 I`vhstiomtic`s cj tah i`jbuh`nh cj tah lmss cj ecta jby rcks ........................................................... ........... 84

M``hx >6 Hxpbm`mtic`s c` tah nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmr lclh`tul ey Kr. Jrm`z-Fcshj ^nalitt ............................ 88


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^hith 5 vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Trhjmnh

Taysinmb i`vhstiomtic`s th`k tc eh nclpbinmthk, scpaistinmthk m`k snih`tijin. It lioat eh tahrhmsc` way paysins cjth` is `ct mttrieuthk tc prcebhls cj tah kmiby bijh wah` phcpbh kisnussmkvm`tmohs cr kismkvm`tmohs cj kijjhrh`t tccbs cr ikhms. I` jmnt cur bijh is paysins. Hvhrycefhnt wh ush kuriò tah kmy, jrcl tah spcc` i` cur nup cj ncjjhh tc tah suewmy tamt eriòsus tc wcrg is m paysinmb cefhnt. [ah prcphrtihs cj spcrts hquiplh`t mrh hsphnimbby prclcthkey paysinmb i`vhstiomtic`s. [ah emtaiò suith cj m swillhr tc tah pmrmnauth cj m sgy kivhr,paysins nc`trieuths tc m jmr rmòiò cptilizmtic` cj suna cefhnts. [ahsh stukihs mrh cjth`phrjcrlhk i` bmecrmtcrihs tamt mrh c`by mnnhssiebh jcr tah snih`tists. [ah cph`nclluìnmtic` cj tah paysinmb stukihs is cjth` bmngiò ehnmush it shhls tc eh tcc

nclpbinmthk.

Lyshbj m`k [ceims ehbihvh tamt tais lust `ct `hnhssmriby eh tah nmsh. It is lcrhcvhr mquhstic` cj nclluìnmtic` tc khsnrieh tah paysinmb prcphrtihs cj m systhl i` mù`khrstm`kmebh wmy. [ah mttrieutic` cj ky`mlin pmrmlhthrs tc hxphrilh`tmb kmtm, mù`khrstm`kmebh khsnriptic` cj hmna phrjcrlhk sthp, nbhmr ormpainmb rhprhsh`tmtic`s cj tahtrmfhntcrihs m`k ji`mbby m lmtahlmtinmb mpprcmna tc m` hstilmtic` cj tah hxphrilh`tmb kmtmwita lmtahlmtin hxprhssic`s tamt mrh g`cw` jrcl snaccb i`sthmk cj m nclpbinmthkkijjhrh`timb m`k i`thormb nmbnubus nm` kc it.

_ita tais wcrg [ceims m`k I i`th`k tc nc`vi`nh tah rhmkhr mecut tah mkvm`tmohs cj tah

jbhxiebh jby rck i` nclpmrisc` tc m` mescbuthby stijj jby rck ey trm`sbmtiò tah ky`mlinmbprcphrtihs cj tah jby rck i`tc silpbijihk lmtahlmtinmb hxprhssic`s tamt mrh emshk c` tahlmtahlmtins ms tmuoat i` tah 9tacr =4tanbmss cj snaccb rmtahr tam` aioahr lmtahlmtins c`tah uìvhrsity bhvhb. Hmna sthp is khsnriehk shlm`tinmbby m`k tah khrivmtic`s mrh hxpbmi`hki` m wmy tamt oivhs m rhmb ilmoi`mtic` cj tah ky`mlins cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck i`sthmk cjprhsh`tiò m purh ji`mb vmbuh mjthr m bcò shrihs cj jcrlubms waina is amrk tc mttrieuth tctah paysinmb cefhnt. I` suna wmy wh ehbihvh tamt tah stuky prhsh`thk ahrh lioat eh lcrhprhnicus jrcl m scnic-snih`tijin pci`t cj vihw tam` hxmnt nmbnubmtic`s emshk c` tahcrhtinmbpaysins tamt cjth` nm``ct hvh` eh khsnriehk ey tah tahcrhtinmb paysinist itshbj wac cjth`rhjhrs tc tah nmbnubmtic` prcnhss bigh m ebmng ecx wah` msghk wamt tah rhsubt rhmbby lhm`s.[ais wcubk eh m pccr hxnush jcr bmngiò pam`tmsy acw tc ncrrhbmth rhmb scnimb prcebhls cj

tah kmiby bijh tc m silpbijihk lmtahlmtinmb trhmtlh`t. _h acph tamt tah stuky sacw` ahrhncubk eh u`khrstcck ms m lmsthr hxmlpbh acw tc trhmt m scnic-snih`tijin prcebhl ey hxmntm`mbysis tc h`k up sphnubmtivh kisnussic`s emshk c` shlm`tinmbby nc`trcvhrsihs tamt bmngm`y pcssieibity tc eh prcvh`. It tur`s cut tamt tahrh is `c kcuet tamt tah trm`sjhr cj hjjcrtsph`t c` m jbhxiebh i`kustrimb jby rck i`tc tah mnnhbhrmtic` cj tah tip m`k tah jby bi`h lust ehluna ehtthr tam` jcr m` mescbuthby stijj jby rck.

I tam`g [ceims jcr tah cppcrtuìty tc nc`trieuth tc m ncllc` prcebhl cj oh`hrmb i`thrhst.Cur nccphrmtic` wms m pbhmsurh tc lh.

Kr. Jrm`z-Fcshj ^nalitt


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^hith > vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

M) Emngorcu`k

I` tah jcbbcwiò I i`vhstiomth paysinmbby/lmtahlmtinmbby tah i`jbuh`nh cj tah jby rck khjbhntic`c` tah jby nmst emshk c` hxphrilh`tmb kmtm.

[ah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck is m`mbyzhk ey m jmbsh jby nmstiò shquh`nh cj lh tmgh` i`sullhr 54=5. It wms rhoisthrhk ey m ncllhrnimb kioitmb nmlhrm tmgiò >4 jrmlhs phrshnc`k. [ah siòbh pinturhs cj tah shquh`nh whrh m`mbyzhk wita m nclputhr prcorml.

Ms jby rck tah ^MOH 81: UTB+ (5.:8 l bhòta) wita suitmebh jby bi`h _J 8 J bcò ehbby wmsushk.

Jcr m ehtthr u`khrstm`kiò cj tah i`jbuh`nh cj tah khjbhntic` tah prcphrtihs cj tah ushk jby

rck whrh nclpmrhk wita m` mescbuthby stijj jby rck

=

. [ah i`vhstiomthk rcks tahrhjcrh hxaieittah jcbbcwiò prcphrtihs6

=.) [ah jbhxiebh jby rck ams tah stijj`hss cj m jmst mntic`. [ah i`vhstiomtic`s mrh emshk c`m jby rck cj tah typh ^MOH 81: UTB+ (jby bi`h nbmss 8, ~5.:8l bhòta).

5.) [ah stijj`hss cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck is mssulhk tc eh i`jiìth.(hbmstin lckubus ), it sacws `c jbhntic` mt mbb kuriò tah jby nmst.

[ah nclpmrisc` cj ecta rcks is c`by pcssiebh ij tahy mrh nmst wita tah smlh mòubmrsphhk (vhbcnity cj rctmtic`). [ais mssulptic` is ushk nc`shquh`tby jcr tah jcbbcwiòi`vhstiomtic`s.

Jcr tah smgh cj silpbinity cj tah i`vhstiomtic`s sclh nc`strmi ts mrh mssulhk jcr ectatyphs cj jby rcks6

[ah rctmtic`mb ky`mlins cj tah rck is m`mbyzhk. [ah pmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic`5is `hobhnthkkuh tc its slmbb jrmntic` cj tah cvhrmbb ky`mlins.

Ecta jby rcks mrh nmst wita tah smlh mòubmr sphhk (rctmtic`mb vhbcnity).

Ecta jby rcks kc `ct nmrry lmss>.

[ah khnhbhrmtic` m`k pcst-pubsh csnibbmtic` cj ecta jby rcks is `hobhnthk;.

[ah iìtimb m`k ji`mb pcsitic`s cj ecta jby rcks mrh mssulhk tc eh mt ;4 m`k =;4rhbmtivh tc tah acrizc`tmb bi`h.

M bcòhr jby bi`h (mecut 54 lhthrs i`nbukiò bhmkhr) is nmst usiò m kcuebh amub8.

[ah tips cj tah jby rcks mnnhbhrmth tah lmss l cj tah hbcòmthk jby bi`hs.

=[ah i`kinhs j m`k s i` tah jcbbcwiò kh`cth6 j < jbhxiebh jby rck m`k s < mescbuthby stijj jby rck.5[ah trm`sbmtic`mb ky`mlins is shpmrmthby m`mbyzhk mt tah h`k cj tais stuky.

>^clh ncrrhbmtic`s tamt mrh lcrh nclpbhx (h.o. khnhbhrmtic` m`k pcst-pubsh csnibbmtic`) nm` eh hxpbmi`hk lcrh silpbh

hsphnimbby ey tah mssulptic` cj lmssbhss jby rcks. Ms m nc`shquh`nh sclh rhsubts mrh strcòby ikhmbizhk wamt sacubk

amvh m nclpmrmebh ilpmnt jcr ecta jby rcks. [ah nc`nbusic`s tamt rhsubt jrcl tah nclpmrisc` rhlmi` vmbik. It is `ct

visiebh tamt tah ikhmbizmtic` bhmks tc m strcòhr mkvm`tmoh cr kismkvm`tmoh jcr c`h jby rck. I amvh hstilmthk tah i`jbuh`nh

cj tah lmss cj ecta jby rcks i` tah m``hx 5.;I wibb nc`tiùcusby rhjhr tc tah nc`shquh`nhs cj tah shbhnthk nc`strmi`ts kuriò ly i`vhstiomtic`s m`k lmgh m`

hstilmtic` jcr tah rhsubtiò u`nhrtmi`tihs.8M jurtahr vikhc wms tmgh` sacrtby mjthr tah prckuntic` cj tah vikhc shquh`nh tahsh i`vhstiomtic`s mrh emshk c`. [ahrh

tah smlh bhòta cj jby bi`h is nmst witacut m kcuebh amub. ([ais hxpbmi`s tah strcò nc`trieutic` cj pmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic`,shh shntic` J5.=). [ah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck ms whbb ms tah vhbcnity cj tah jby bi`h whrh sbioatby slmbbhr.


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^hith ; vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Ecta jby rcks amvh tah smlh bhòta B.

[ah ohclhtrinmb m`k ky`mlin ùlhrinmb vmbuhs mrh hvmbumthk mt tarhh pcsitic`s ;4, 94

m`k =;4 m`k ij `hnhssmry i`thrpcbmthk ehtwhh` tahsh pcsitic`s. [ah jiourhs mrh ushkjcr visumbizmtic` m`k mrh `ct jubby truh tc snmbh. [ah wacbh i`vhstiomtic` is prhsh`thk miliòtc ghhp m`k prhsh`t tah paysinmb rhbmtic`s ms silpbh ms pcssiebh:.

[ah rhsubts cj tah i`vhstiomtic`s mrh rhbmthk tc tah m`mbyzhk jby nmst shquh`nh?. [ahy mrhomtahrhk ey hxphrilh`t m`k tahrhjcrh nmrryiò u`nhrtmi`ty. [ah u`nhrtmi`ty is kisnusshk mttah h`k cj tah stuky nurrh`tby it sambb eh stmthk tamt tais jmnt kchs `ct quhstic` tahoh`hrmb khrivmtic`s cj tah stuky.

E) Ohclhtrinmb i`vhstiomtic`s

I` tais shntic` I i`vhstiomth tah ohclhtry cj tah pmtawmy khsnriehk ey tah jby rck m`k tahmescbuthby stijj jby rck kuriò tah jby nmst.

E=) Jbhxiebh jby rck

[ah jcbbcwiò ohclhtrinmb rhbmtic`s acbk jcr tah jby rck6

Jiourh I

:Jcr hxmlpbh `cr kijjhrh`timb `hitahr i`thormb nmbnubus is ushk. [ah vmbuhs mrh nmbnubmthk jcr tah ncrrhspc`kiò

lclh`tmry pcsitic`s cj tah jby rck m`k rhprhsh`t vmbuhs tamt mnt i` tah jby rck mt tais tilh pci`t hxmntby. Hjjhnts, tamt

jcbbcw kuh tc tah ky`mlinmb i`thrmntic` cj tah jcrnhs kuriò tah lcvhlh`t mrh i`nbukhk i` tah hxphrilh`tmb kmtm m`k

tahrhjcrh it is rhsphnthk i` tah nmbnubmtic` tamt is emshk c` tah hxphrilh`t. Jcr tamt rhmsc` it nm` eh mssulhk tamt tais

mpprcmna khbivhrs rhmbistin vmbuhs.?îòbh pinturhs cj vikhcs cj ctahr jby nmst shquh`nhs sacw m `hmrby ikh`tinmb jbhntic` cj tah jby rck mbtacuoa wah`

nmstiò tah jby rck jmsthr (^MOH [NU) cr sbcwbihr. [ah kijjhrh`nh lmi`by rhsubts i` m kijjhrh`t ji`mb vhbcnity cj tah rcktip.


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[ah ncllc` jby rck khjbhnts. [ah hxphrilh`tmb i`vhstiomtic`s sacw tamt tah pmta cj tah tipcj tah jby rck is whbb khsnriehk ey m strmioat bi`h (shh Jiourh I).

=. Nc`nbusic`6 [ah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck bhmks tc m ky`mlins cj tah rck tiplcviò mbcò m strmioat bi`h.

E=.=) prcphrtihs cj tah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck

[ah pcsitic` cj tah rck tip ams tc eh khthrli`hk jcr tah jcbbcwiò i`vhstiomtic`s. [ahmnnurmth m`mbysis cj tah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck is `hnhssmry jcr tamt purpcsh. Ly jby nmstshquh`nh sahks bioat c`tc tais quhstic`6

Khjbhntic` i` tah 94 pcsitic` (vhrtinmb pcsitic`)

[c khthrli`h tah ohclhtry cj tah jbhntic` cj tah jby rck hsphnimbby twc pinturhs cj ly

shquh`nh mrh m`mbyzhk i` lcrh khtmib6

[ahsh twc pinturhs cj tah jcrwmrk m`k emngwmrk jby nmst sacw tamt tah khjbhntic` cj tah jbyrck is whbb khsnriehk ey m sholh`t cj m nirnbh. [ah pinturhs mbsc sacw tamt tah bhòta cj tahjby rck is mpprcxilmthby m qumrthr cj tah nirnuljhrh`nh, wah` tah orip is acbk i` tah 94pcsitic` mpprcxilmthby. Jcr tah bhòta cj tah jby rck m`k tah nirnuljhrh`nh wh oht6

X : * B


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^hith : vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Jiourh II sacws tah ohclhtrinmb rhbmtic`s cj tah jby rck khjbhntic`.

Jiourh II

5. Nc`nbusic`6 [ah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck bhmks tc m sacrth`hk prcfhntic` c`tc tahvhrtinmb 94 pcsitic` ey mecut =/> (4.>:*B).

Khjbhntic` i` tah =;4 pcsitic` (ji`mb pcsitic`)

Momi` twc siòbh pinturhs cj tah jby nmst shquh`nh mrh m`mbyzhk tc khthrli`h tah ohclhtrycj tah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck.

[ah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck i` tah =;4 pcsitic` is lcrh nclpbhx tam` i` tah 94 pcsitic`.[ah khjbhntic` mpprcxilmths tah jcrl cj tah sholh`t cj m` hbbipsh m`k nm``ct ehkhsnriehk ey m silpbh ohclhtry. I` tah vhrtinmb 94 pcsitic` tah khjbhntic` wms kistrieuthkhqumbby cvhr tah wacbh bhòta eut i` tah =;4 pcsitic` tah (upphr) likkbh-shntic` khjbhnts

luna strcòhr tam` tah ctahr shntic`s. It ehnclhs visiebh tamt tah tip cj tah jby rck- nc`tiùcusby jcbbcws m strmioat pmta

~ B r< B 4.:; * B< 4.>: * B

rmkius r

B

* X

4.:; * B< B * si`(;4) 4.:; * B

< B * si`(;4)

Emngwmrkjby nmst

Jcrwmrkjby nmst


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^hith ? vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

- Is bcnmbizhk mpprcxilmthby cvhr tah likkbh mxis

wah` tah orip cj tah jby nmst rhmnahk tah ji`mb pcsitic` (=;4 pcsitic`)

E5) [ah mescbuthby stijj jby rck

[ah jcbbcwiò ohclhtrinmb rhbmtic`s rhsubt jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck6

Jiourh III

[ah mescbuthby stijj jby rck kchs `ct khjbhnt hvh` wah` jcrnh is mppbihk. [ah pmta cj tahtip cj tah rck tahrhjcrh khsnriehs tah jcrl cj m nc`vhx nirnbh sholh`t (shh Jiourh III)1.

E>) Tmta cj tah tip cj tah jby rck

[ah wacbh rctmtic`mb mòbh kuriò tah jby nmst cj ecta jby rcks (jbhxiebh/ mescbuthby stijj)lhmsurhs tc6

< =;4 ;4 < =44

[ah bhòta cj tah pmta cj tah jbhxiebh rcks tip tahrhjcrh nmbnubmths tc

_Us(j) < 5 * B * ncs (;4)< 5 * 4,?? * B < =.8; * B

1It is mbsc pcssiebh tc nmst tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck kuriò m slmbb rctmtic`mb mòbh i` suna wmy tamt tah tip khsnriehs m

strmioat bi`h jcr m sacrt kistm`nh. [c omi` nclpmrmebh vmbuhs it is mssulhk ahrh tamt tah tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rckkhsnriehs m rhmb nirnbh sholh`t.


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[ah pmta cj tah tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck khsnriehs m nirnbh sholh`t. Its nirnuljh`nhnmbnubmths mnncrkiò tc tah jcbbcwiò jcrlubm6

_Us(s) < B * *=14

(kho)< B * * 4.888 < =.?8 * B

ûesuliò tah prhvicus i`vhstiomtic`s tah jcbbcwiò Jiourh nclpmrhs tah ohclhtrinmbrhbmtic`s cj tah jbhxiebh m`k tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck6 (shh Jiourh IZ)6

Jiourh IZ

Tcsitic` rctmtic`mb mòbh /pcsitic` cj tah rck orip

;4 94(vhrtinmb)

=;4(h`k cj rctmtic`)

sul cj tah pmta bhòta(witacut rhtrmntic` /kisnamroh)

Trcpmomthk pmta bhòta cj tahtip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck

4.4(4.=> - 4) * B< 4.=> * B

( 4.?? - 4.=>) * B< 4.:; * B

(4.=> + 4.:;) * B< 4.?? * B< _Us(j)

Trcpmomthk pmta bhòta cj tahtip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck

4.4(4.1? - 4) * B< 4.1? * B< _Us(s)

(=.?8 - 4.1?) * B< 4.1? * B< _Us(s)

(4.1? + 4.1?) * B * B4.>: * B

4.1? * B < * _Us(s)

B * ncs ;4 < 4.?? * B < * _Us j

Uctmtic`mb mòbh < =;4 ;4 < =44

* _Us(j)

Mòubmr sphhk is tahsmlh jcr ecta jby rcks


9/56



E;) Ilpmnt kirhntic`s

[ah rctmtic`mb sphhk namòiò tah rctmtic`mb mòbh , is mnnhbhrmthk i` m silibmr wmy jcr

ecta, tah jbhxibh m`k tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck. Eut tah i`trckunhk mòubmr vhbcnity istrm`sjhrrhk kijjhrh`tby tc tah tips.

E;.=) Kirhntic` cj tah vhbcnity

Kuh tc tah khjbhntic` tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck pci`ts i` tah smlh kirhntic` bigh tahhbcòmthk jby bi`h kuriò m bcò pmrt cj tah pmta mt tah ehoi`ìò cj tah jby nmst. [ahrhjcrhtah jby bi`h is prhkcli`m`tby mnnhbhrmthk acrizc`tmbby. I` lmrghk nc`trmst tah tip cj tahmescbuthby stijj jby rck kchs `ct pci`t i` tah kirhntic` cj tah mnnhbhrmthk jby bi`h mt m`y tilhehnmush tah tip mnnhbhrmths tah jby bi`h tmòh`timbby (shh Jiourh Z).

Jiourh Z

>. Nc`nbusic`6 [ah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck pci`ts i`tc tah kirhntic` cj tahhbcòmthk jby bi`h jcr m auoh pmrt cj tah pmta7 it mnnhbhrmths tah jby bi`h i` tahacrizc`tmb kirhntic`. [ah tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck kchs `ct pci`t i`tc tahkirhntic` cj tah hbcòmthk jby bi`h mt m`y tilh7 it mnnhbhrmths tah jby bi`h i` tahtmòh`timb kirhntic` mbcò tah sholh`t cj m nirnbh.

E;.5) Zhntcrimb khsnriptic` cj tah ilpmnt kirhntic`s m`k bhvhr mrlMs tah tips cj ecta jby rcks trm`sjhr tah i`trckunhk rctmtic`mb vhbcnity kijjhrh`tby tc tah jbybi`h, tahrh jcbbcw kijjhrh`t kirhntic`s cj tah ilpmnt.

[c eh mebh tc nclpmrh tah jbhxiebh m`k tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck, ecta rcks kc `ctc`by `hhk tc amvh tah smlh rctmtic`mb sphhk, eut tah tips amvh tc nmst tah jby bi`hsi`tc tah smlh kirhntic`. Ahrh tah iìtimbby jcrlubmthk nc`strmi`t sambb eh nc`nrhtizhk.

[ah jby rck sambb eh nmst i`tc acrizc`tmb kirhntic` sc tamt tah acrizc`tmb pmrt cj tah vhbcnity isi` jmvcr. [ah rhbmtic`s ehtwhh` tah jrmntic`s m`k kirhntic`s (vhntcrs) cj tah vhbcnity mrh

sacw` i` tah jcbbcwiò Jiourh ZI6

Acrizc`tmb kirhntic`(jbhxiebh jby rck)

[mòh`timb kirhntic`(mescbuthby stijj jby rck)


10/56


^hith =4 vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Jiourh ZI

[ah rhbmtic` ehtwhh` tah tmòh`timb m`k tah acrizc`tmb vhbcnity cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rckkhsnriehs ms jcbbcws6

va < si` * vt

I` tah ji`mb pcsitic` (=;4- pcsitic`) tah acrizc`tmb jrmntic` is6

va(=;4)< ncs(84)* vt< si`(=;4)* vt

[ah prhvicus vhntcrimb rhbmtic` sacws, tamt tah vhbcnity nclpc`h`ts i` ecta kirhntic`s mrhncrrhbmthk9. I` tah ji`mb pcsitic` (=;4 pcsitic`) tah acrizc`tmb jrmntic` nmbnubmths tc

va(=;4) < si`(=;4) * vt< 4.:;> *vt

;. Nc`nbusic`6 Mjthr m rctmtic`mb mòbh cj =44 tah acrizc`tmb pmrt cj tah vhbcnity cjtah tip rhkunhs ey m jmntcr cj 4.:;> jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck i` tah ji`mb

pcsitic`. [ais jmntcr rhkunhs wita risiò rctmtic`mb mòbh m`k tahrhjcrh tahacrizc`tmb pmrt cj tah vhbcnity tamt nm` eh rhmnahk wita tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck.

It is m` mkvm`tmoh ij tah acrizc`tmb pmrt cj tah vhbcnity is ms eio ms pcssiebh. [ais is c`bypcssiebh jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck ij tah rctmtic`mb mòbh is ms slmbb ms pcssiebh.

Ij tah rctmtic`mb mòbh namòhs, tah tip cj tah jby rck lcvhs tah jby bi`h (lmss) bhmkiò tc mtcrquh mt tah orip. [ais tcrquh nm` eh nmbnubmthk wita tah jcrlubm

tcrquh < jcrnh * bhvhr mrl

9M`k tah acrizc`tmb pmrt cj tah vhbcnity nm` `hvhr ehnclh bmrohr tam` tah tmòh`timb pmrt.

;4

;4

84

Mescbuthby stijj jby rck (ji`mb pcsitic`)

[mòh`timb pmrtlt, vt, rhsphntivhby

Acrizc`tmb pmrtla, va, rhsphntivhby

Umkimbpmrtlr, vr, rhsphntivhby

Jbhxiebh jby rck (ji`mb pcsitic`)

Ms tah tip cj tah jby rck lcvhs mbcò m

strmioat bi`h i` tah kirhntic` cj tah jby bi`hm khnclpcsitic` is `ct `hnhssmry

;4


11/56


^hith == vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

[ah bhòta cj tah bhvhr mrl is mpprcxilmthby nc`stm`t jcr tah jbhxiebh jby rck kuriò tahwacbh pmta cj tah tip m`k ncrrhspc`ks tc tah rmkius cj tah nirnbh sholh`t r < Aj< 4.:; * B(shh shntic` E=.=). Jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck tah bhòta cj tah bhvhr mrl namòhs

kuriò tah pmtawmy cj tah tip m`k ncrrhspc`ks tc tah bhòta cj tah rck B i` tah 94 pcsitic`.

Jiourh ZI

[ah tcrquhs mrh nmbnubmthk bmthr wah` tah jcrnh tamt ams tc eh sph`t ey tah jby nmsthr isnmbnubmthk.

N) Ky`mlinmb i`vhstiomtic`s

I` tais shntic` I i`vhstiomth tah ky`mlins (tilh khph`kh`t rhbmtic`s) i` lcrh khtmib,khsnrieiò tah jbhxiebh m`k tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck kuriò tah jby nmst.

N=) Iìtimtic` cj tah stcp, rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh, rhsphntivhby

I` nc`trmst tc tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck tah khjbhntic` cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck mkkitic`mbbyi`jbuh`nhs tah prcnhss cj tah jby nmst. [ah siòbh ilmohs cj ly jby nmst shquh`nh sacw tahjcbbcwiò typinmb sio`s jcr tah iìtimtic` cj m stcp m`k tah rhtrmntic`/kisnamroh, rhsphntivhby6

- [ah bi`hmr pmrt cj tah bcwhr, strcò shntic` `hmr tah orip i`nrhmshs. [ah khjbhntiòpmrt cj tah jby rck khnrhmshs m`k lcvhs i`tc tah kirhntic` cj tah tip cj tah jby rck.

- [ah am`k mt tah orip cj tah jby rck ams jiìsahk tah rctmtic` m`k fust jcbbcwssclhacw i`tc tah kirhntic` cj tah jby nmst

Bhvhr mrl A 2 B

Bhòta B cjt ah jby rck

orip

Jby rck=.) jbhxiebh (4 2 H Lckubus 2 )5.) mescbuthby stijj (H-Lckubus )

[crquh L mt tah orip

Jcrnh c`tc tah tip cj tahjby rck kuh tc tahmnnhbhrmtic` cj tah jby bi`h


12/56



Ij tah siòbh pinturhs cj ly jby nmst shquh`nh mrh m`mbyzhk mnncrkiò tc tahmjcrhlh`tic`hk i`kinmtic`s, tah` tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh m`k tah stcp cj tah jby rck,rhsphntivhby, iìtimth, wah` tah tip ams jiìsahk tah jirst ambj cj its pmta (shh pinturh >).

[ah jcbbcwiò jivh siòbh pinturhs (c`h pinturh hmna =/>4 shnc`k) sacw tah jcrwmrk jby nmstmrcu`k tah tilh pci`t cj tah stcp iìtimtic`6


13/56


^hith => vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

[ah smlh nm` eh mssulhk jcr ly emngwmrks jby nmst, ehnmush tah shquh`nh cj tah jbynmst m`k tah prcphrtihs cj tah khjbhntic` mrh virtumbby ikh`tinmbby i` ecta kirhntic`s.

8. Nc`nbusic`6 [ah stcp, tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh, rhsphntivhby, cj tah jbhxiebh jbyrck stmrts, wah` its tip ams nclpbhthk mecut tah jirst ambj (~84 %) cj tah pmta bhòta(rctmtic`mb pmta). [ah` tah am`k c` tah orip ams rhmnahk tah ji`mb pcsitic` mt =;4=4.

[ah jcbbcwiò Jiourh ZII sacws tah rhbmtic` ehtwhh` stcp, tah rhtrmntic`/kisnamroh,rhsphntivhby, m`k tah pcsitic` cj tah tip cj tah jby rck.

Jiourh ZII

=4[ah jmnt mbc`h, tamt tah rhtrmntic`/kisnamroh tmghs ambj wmy cj tah rck tip sacws, tamt it lust `ct eh `hobhnthk.

I`khph`kh`t jrcl tah jcrtancliò nc`nbusic`s it nm` eh smik mt tais pci`t mbrhmky tamt tah jby nmsthr ams tc nc`trcb `ct

c`by tah i`nrhmsh cj th`sic`/khjbhntic` eut mbsc tah rhbhmsh (rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh) kuriò m bcò pmta bhòta cj tah rcktip.

[ah bi`hmr bcwhr pmrt cj tah jby rck stmrts tci`nrhmsh. [ah am`k c` tah orip amsjiìsahk tah rctmtic`mb pamsh m`k rhmnahktah ji`mb pcsitic`=;4.Iìtimtic` cj tahstcp, tah rhtrmntic`/kisnamroh, rhsphntivhby

~ambj wmy cj tah rck tip < *_Us(j). Khjbhntic` / th`sicì`nrhmshs

~ambj wmy cj tah rck tip < * _Us(j).[ah stcp, tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh,rhsphntivhby, iìtimths

Iìtimtic` cj tah stcp, tahrhtrmntic`/kisnamroh,

rhsphntivhby

Khjbhntic` cj tah jby rcki`nrhmshs. [ah stcp, tahrhtrmntic`/ kisnamroh,rhsphntivhby, `ct yht iìtimths


14/56


^hith =; vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

N5) Tmta-tilh-rhbmtic`s jrcl tah pinturh shquh`nh cj tah jby nmst

@cw tah siòbh pcsitic`s tah rck tip rhmnahs kuriò its pmta nm` eh mttrieuthk tc nhrtmi` tilh

pci`ts hlpbcyiò tah ohclhtrinmb rhbmtic`s jcu`k i` shntic` E) m`k tah pinturh shquh`nh.Jcr tamt purpcsh tah pinturh shquh`nh cj ly jcrwmrk jby nmst is ushk i` tah jcbbcwiò. [ahthlpcrmb i`thrvmb lhmsurhs =/>4 shnc`k. Kuh tc tah jmnt tamt tah jby nmst shquh`nh m`k tahkhjbhntic` cj tah jcrwmrk jby nmst m`k tah emngwmrk jby nmst mrh virtumbby ikh`tinmb, tahkhthrli`hk vmbuhs mbsc acbk jcr tah emngwmrk jby nmst i` m silibmr wmy.

pinturhs =->

pinturhs ;-:

pin 16~vhrtinmb pcsitic` 94

pin =46~iìtimtic` cj rhtrmntic` =;4


15/56



pinturhs ==-=>

I` tah bmst =>ta pinturh tah jby nmst shquh`nh is thrli`mthk mbrhmky. [ais nm` eh shh` jrcltah jcbbcwiò i`kinmtic`s6

- I` tah prhvicus pinturh =5 tah jby rck is mbrhmky `hmrby kisnamrohk, c`by tah lcstupphr pmrt cj tah tip is sbioatby khjbhnthk

- [ah pmta cj tah jby rck sacws kcw`wmrks- [ah jby rck ams fust pmsshk tah rhstiò pcsitic`- [ah jby bi`h stmrts tc hxaieit m `ccsh

[ahrhjcrh tah bmst pinturh is `hobhnthk jcr tah khthrli`mtic` cj tah kurmtic` cj tah jby nmst==.[ah tilhs nmbnubmthk jrcl tah pinturh shquh`nh mrh sacw` i` tah jcbbcwiò tmebh6


94 =;4Uhtrmntic`/ kisnamroh/stcp u`tib rhstiòpcsitic`

@ulehr cj pinturhs u`tib tah

pcsitic` cj tah rctmtic`mb mòbh/ rck orip is rhmnahk

1 =4 ~=5

Cvhrmbb tilh (kurmtic`) 1 / >4 < 4.5:::s =4 / >4 < 4.>>>>s =5 / >4 < 4.;4s

Kijjhrh`nhs ;4 tc 94 94 tc =;4jrcl ehoi`ìò u`tibtah h`k cjrhtrmntic`/kisnamroh

[ilh i`thrvmb t (mt >4 pinturhsphr shnc`k) ehtwhh` tahpcsitic`s

t < (1-4)/>4 4 4 ) Khthrli`mtic` cj vhbcnitihs jrcl tah pinturh shquh`nh

Kuriò tah siòbh pinturhs cj tah jby nmst shquh`nh tah tip m`k tah hbcòmthk jby bi`h lcvhwita m vhbcnity

==Ij tah bmst, =>ta pinturh wcubk mbsc eh rhsphnthk, thlpcrmb vmbuhs wcubk eh omtahrhk tamt kc `ct rhprhsh`t tah rhmbity.

Jcr hxmlpbh tah vhbcnity wcubk khnhbhrmth kuriò tah rhtrmntic`/kisnamroh. [ah` tah `ccsh wcubk mbrhmky jcrl kuriòtah rhtrmntic`/kisnamroh, waina is `ct tah nmsh.


16/56


^hith =: vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

v * B 4.?? * B =.8; * B

Kijjhrh`nhs ;4 tc 94 94 tc =;4jrcl tah ehoi`ìòu`tib tah h`k cjrhtrmntic`/kisnamroh

Zhbcnity vj cj tah rck tip w/tvj < (4.=>-4.44)B/4.5:::s < 4.;1?B/s

vj < (4.??-4.=>)B/4,4:::s < 9.:=B/s

vj < (=.8;-4.??)B/4.4:::s < ==.8:B/s

N>.5) Zhbcnitihs cj tah tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck

Jcr tah smlh pinturh shquh`nh tah vhbcnitihs cj tah rck tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck mrhnmbnubmthk i` tah jcbbcwiò tmebh=5. [ah acrizc`tmb pmrt vs,a jcbbcws mnncrkiò tc shnticÈ;.5)

Tcsitic` cj tah rctmtic`mbmòbh / pcsitic` cj tah rckorip

94 =;4Uhtrmntic`/kisnamroh/stcp u`tib rhstiòpcsitic`

Ncvhrhk kistm`nh cj tah rcktip (mescbuthby stijj)

4.1? * B =.?8 * B `ct tah nmsh

Kijjhrh`nhs ;4 tc 94 94 tc =;4

Jrcl ehoi`ìò u`tib

tah h`k cjrhtrmntic`/kisnamroh

[mòh`timb vhbcnitihs vs,t cjtah rck tip

vs,t < (4.1?-4,44)B/4.5:::s < >.5:B/s

vs,t < (=.?8-4.1?)B/4.4:::s.4:>B/s

`ct tah nmsh

Acrizc`tmb vhbcnitihs vs,a cjtah rck tip

vs,a.5:B/s

vs,a.4:>B/s * 4.:;>< 1.;4B/s

`ct tah nmsh

=5Ey usiò tah smlh pinturh shquh`nh it is oumrm`thhk tamt ecta rcks mrh m`mbyzhk wita tah smlh rctmtic`mb sphhk.


17/56


^hith =? vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

[ah jcbbcwiò Jiourh ZIII sacws tah ormpa cj tah vhbcnitihs cj tah tips cj ecta jby rcks=>.

Jiourh ZIII

=>[ah mvhrmoh vhbcnitihs ehtwhh` tah pcsitic`s ;4 tc 94 m`k 94 tc =;4 mrh mttrieuthk tc tah likkbh tilh pci`ts jcr

tah sueshquh`t i`vhstiomtic`s, tamt lhm`s6 v(;4-94) * (4.5:::s+4.44s), v(94-=;4) * (4.5:::s+4.>>>>s)

u`k v(khjbhntic`) * (4.>>>>s+4.;4s). [ah khthrli`hk tilh ncursh cj tah rctmtic`mb sphhk cj ly nmstiòshquh`nh

khvimths lmi`by iìtimbby jrcl tah bi`hmr ncrrhbmtic`. [ahrhjcrh tah thlpcrmb mssio`lh`t is `ct hxmnt. [ah prhvicusby

lh`tic`hk mssio`lh`t is nacsh` jcr tah smgh cj silpbinity, ehnmush m lcrh hxmnt khthrli`mtic` wcubk eh nclpbhx m`k

`ct i` prcpcrtic` tc tah hxphnthk khvimtic`, waina is mssulhk tc eh `hobhnt mebh jcr tah u`khroc`h i`vhstiomtic`s mbsc

ehnmush it m`ìaibmths lcst prcemebh wah` nclpmriò ecta jby rcks.

Zhbcnity v cj tahrck tips

tilh t

4.4s 4.;4s

crmòh6 tmòh`timb vhbcnity vs,t cj tahmescbuthby stijj jby rckrhk6 acrizc`tmb vhbcnity vs,a cj tahmescbuthby stijj jby rckorhh`6 acrizc`tmb vhbcnity vj cj tahjbhxiebh jby rck

=>.4:>B/s

>.5:B/s

4.;1?B/s

1.;4B/s

=;4

94

^tcp !

9.:=B/s

[ah vhbcnity v i` tah pcsitic`s ismpprcxilmthk/ i`thrpcbmthk witatah i`thrnhpt tahcrhl (ebuhkmsahk bi`hs). Ahrh hxhlpbmrysacw` jcr tah 94 pcsitic`

==.8:B/s

4.>>>>s4.5:::s~*4.5:::s

~*(4.5:::s+ 4.>>>>s)

vs,t

vs,a

vj

;4

;4-94 94-=;4 Uhtrmntic`/kisnamroh

~*(4.>>>>s

+ 4.;4s)


18/56



[ah vhbcnitihs kirhntby i` tah pcsitic`s 94, =;4 m`k mt tah h`k cj tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamrohmrh whbb mpprcxilmthk ey tah i`thrnhpt tahcrhl=;i` tah jcbbcwi`o.

Jcr tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck tah acrizc`tmb vhbcnity vj nmbnubmths tc6

);1?.4:=.9(

))5:::.4>>>>.4()45:::.4((*8.4

+4 + 4.;1? < ?.?1?B/s

):=.98:.==(

))>>>>.4;4.4()5:::.4>>>>.4((*8.4

+>>>.4(*8.4

vj

vj(=;4) >>>.4;4.4(*8.4

>>>.4;4.4(*8.4

h`kvj

vj(h`k) < 4>>>.4

9?8.4*4:::.4*8.4

+ ==.8:< 4.9?8 + ==.8: < =5.8>8B/s

Jcr tah tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck tah acrizc`tmb vhbcnity vs,a nmbnubmths tc6

)5:.>;4.1(

))5:::.4>>>>.4()45:::.4((*8.4

+)94(,

5:::.4*8.4

avs

vs,a(94) .5:< ;.==> + >.5: < ?.>?>B/s

)>?>.?;4.1(

))>>>>.4;4.4()5:::.4>>>>.4((*8.4

+ >>>.4(*8.4

avs

vs,a(=;4) >>.4

45?.=*4:::.4*8.4+ 1.;4< =.45? + 1.;4 < 9.;5?B/s < vs,a(h`k)

=;I`thrnhpt tahcrhl6 attp6//h`.wigiphkim.cro/wigi/I`thrnhptStahcrhl. Jcr tah hxmlpbh 94 tah hqumtic`s mnncrki`o tc tah

i`thrnhpt tahcrhl kh`cth tc6

(t(;4 tc 94)+t(94 tc =;4)) 6 (v(94 tc =;4)- v(;4 tc 94))


19/56



[ah nclpmrisc` cj tah ji`mb vhbcnitihs v(h`k) m`k tah iìtimb vhbcnitihs v(;4-94) cj tah tipscj ecta jby rcks rhsubts i`6

vj(h`k) / vs,a(h`k) < =5.8> / 9.;> < =.>>

vj(;4-94) / vs,a(;4-94) 4.;1? / >.5: < 4.=8

?. Nc`nbusic`6 [ah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck ams m ji`mb acrizc`tmb vhbcnity waina ismecut >> % aioahr i` nclpmrisc` tc tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck. I` lmrghk nc`trmsttah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck ams c`by =8 % cj tah iìtimb vhbcnity i` nclpmrisc` tc tahmescbuthby stijj jby rck mt tah ehoi`ìò cj tah jby nmst (iìtimb vhbcnity)=8.

[ah nclpmrisc` cj tah vhbcnitihs cj tah tips cj ecta jby rcks i` ehtwhh` tah pcsitic`s ;4 tc94 m`k 94 tc =;4 rhsubts i`6

vj(;4-94) / vj(94-=;4) < 4.;1? / 9.:= < 4.48=

vs(;4-94) / vs(94-=;4) < >.5: / 1.;4 < 4.>11

[ah nclpmrisc` cj tah vhbcnitihs cj tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck mt tah ehoi`ìò m`k mt tahh`k cj tah stcp, tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh, rhsphntivhby khbivhrs6

vj(=;4) / vj(h`k) < =4.818 / =5.8>8 < 4.1;

1. Nc`nbusic`6 Mt tah ehoi`ìò cj tah nmst tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck ams 8 %(4.48=) m`k tah c`h cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck >9 % (4.>11) cj tah vhbcnity wainatahy rhmna mt tah h`k cj tah nmst. [ah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck ams lcrh tam` 14 %(4.1;) cj its ji`mb vhbcnity mt tah ehoi`ìò cj tah stcp / rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh=:.

N;) Nmbnubmtic` cj tah mnnhbhrmtic`s

[ah mnnhbhrmtic` is khji`hk ms tah namòh cj tah vhbcnity i` tilh=?. @cw tah mnnhbhrmtic`nm` eh nmbnubmthk jcr hmna shntic` jrcl tah prhvicusby nmbnubmthk vhbcnitihs6

=8[ah i`trckunhk rctmtic`mb sphhk is trm`sjhrrhk i`tc tah vhbcnity cj tah tip wita rhtmrkmtic`. [ah rctmtic`mb sphhk tamt is

sph`t mt tah ehoi`ìò cj tah jby nmst `hmrby nclpbhthby bhmks tc khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck (waina nmushs m rhlmrgmebh

i`nrhmsh cj tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh) m`k `ct tc i`nrhmsiò vhbcnity cj tah tip. _ah` tah tip rhmnahs mpprcxilmthby tah

vhrtinmb 94 pcsitic`, tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck ams rhmnahk tah acrizc`tmb vhbcnity cj tah tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby

rck m`k nc`tiùhs tc mnnhbhrmth. Ji`mbby tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck hxaieits m luna bmrohr acrizc`tmb vhbcnity tam` tah

tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck mt tah h`k cj tah jby nmst.=:[ah jmnt tamt tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck `hmrby rhmnahs its ji`mb vhbcnity mt tah iìtimtic` cj tah stcp / tah rhtrmntic` /

kisnamroh is cjth` ushk ms m` mroulh`t, tc u`khrhstilmth tah lhmìò cj its khjbhntic`. [ais vihw `hobhnts tamt hxmntby

kuh tc tah khjbhntic` tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck rhmnahs m rhlmrgmebh aioahr ji`mb acrizc`tmb sphhk tam` tah tip cj tah

mescbuthby stijj jby rck m`k tamt tah jbhxiebh jby rck kistrieuths tah vhbcnity cj tah tip kijjhrh`tby mbcò its pmta (shh ?ta

m`k 1ta nc`nbusic`). [ah kijjhrh`t kistrieutic` cj tah vhbcnity cj tah rck tip wibb eh m`mbyzhk i` lcrh khtmib wah` tah

hjjinih`ny is nc`sikhrhk.=?[ah mnnhbhrmtic` is tah khrivmtivh cj tah vhbcnity6 m < v.


20/56



m .:8

s

B

mj5 < m(94) >>>.45:::.4((*8.4

;1?.4:=.9

+

s

B.9< 8;.?:

s

B

mj> < m(94-=;4) >>>.4

?1?.?818.=4

s

B >>.45:::.4();4.4>>>>.4((*8.4

:=.98:.==

++

s

B

s

B

mj8 < m(kisnamroh) >>>.4;4.4

818.=48>8.=5

s

B

s

B

Jcr tah tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck tah mnnhbhrmtic`=1ms nmbnubmths tc6

ms= < m(;4-94)

s

B>>.4

5:.>< 5;.;8

s

B

ms5 < m(94) >>>.45:::.4((*8.4

5:.>;4.1

+

s

B4.18

s

B

ms> < m(94-=;4) < 5:::.4>>>>.4

>?>.?;5?.9

s

B

< 4:::.4

48;.5

< >4.?9 s

B

[ah jcbbcwi`o Jiourh IQ sacws tah nurvhs cj tah mnnhbhrmtic`s cj tah tips cj ecta rcks6

=1I` tah jcbbcwi`o tah i`khx a jcr acrizc`tmb is clitthk. Mbb mnnhbhrmtic`s rhjhr tc tah acrizc`tmb kirhntic`.


21/56


^hith 5= vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Jiourh IQ

K) Nmbnubmtic` cj tah jcrnhs

I` tais shntic` I i`vhstiomth tah jcrnhs i` lcrh khtmib, waina mrh prhsh`t kuriò tah jby nmstcj tah jbhxiebh m`k tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck6 Jcr tah nmbnubmtic` cj tah jcrnhs @hwtc`s

shnc`k bmw is ushk6

Jcrnh < lmss * mnnhbhrmtic`7 J < l * m

[ah lmss l is rhprhsh`thk ey tah whioat cj tah hbcòmthk jby bi`h waina pubbs mt tah tip cjtah jby rck=9.

=9[ah nmbnubmtic` cj jcrnhs mnncrkiò tc @hwtc` is kc`h wita tah lmss tamt ams tc eh mnnhbhrmthk. [ah mssulptic` cj

lmssbhss jby rcks kc `ct nclprish jcrnhs `hnhssmry tc rctmth tah jby rck lmss itshbj i` tah nmbnubmtic`s. Ms tah jby rcks

amvh sioìjinm`tby lcrh lmss tam` tah jby bi`h tais jrmntic` cj `hobhnthk jcrnhs is aioa. It is `hvhrtahbhss pcssiebh tc rhjhr

tc @hwtc`s shnc`k bmw cj lctic` i` tah nurrh`t situmtic` ms tah khjbhntic` sacubk i`jbuh`nh tah mnnhbhrmtic` cj ecta

lmsshs, tah rcks lmsshs (jbhxiebh / mescbuthby stijj) m`k tah lmss cj tah jby bi`h, i` m silibmr wmy. Ly nmbnubmtic` i`m``hx 5 sacws tamt tais mssulptic` jcr tah i`jbuh`nh cj tah lmss is ncrrhnt.

Mnnhbhrmtic` m cjtah rck tips

4.4s 4.;4s

rhk6 acrizc`tmb mnnhbhrmtic` ms cjtah tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rckorhh`6 acrizc`tmb mnnhbhrmtic` mjcj tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck

=;4

94

tilh t

Uhtrmntic`/kisnamroh

>.:8B/s

5;.;8B/s>4.18B/s

8;.?:B/s

59.5>B/s

>4.?9B/s;=.91B/s

4.>>>>s4.5:::s

0;4

stcp !

~*4.5:::s

;4

ms

mj


22/56



K=) [ah pcth`timb jcrnh cj th`sic` tamt mnts c` tah tip

[ah th`sic` c` tah jby bi`h (lmss l) m`k tah rctmtic` cj tah cw` lmss cj tah jby rck bhmks

tc its khjbhntic`. Jcr tah jurtahr i`vhstiomtic`s wh mssulh6- Mt tah mvhrmohk tilh pci`t ehtwhh` tah ;4 m`k tah 94 pcsitic` (~:8) tah jby rck

tip ams `ct lcvhk mt mbb cr ncvhrhk m `hobhntmebh kistm`nh- [ah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh cnnurs jrcl ambj tah wmy cj tah jby rck tip

Ecta mssulptic`s jcbbcw jrcl tah pinturh shquh`nh (shh shntic` N5). [ah mssulptic`sbhmk tc tah jcbbcwiò kispbmnhlh`ts cj tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck (shh tmebh)6

Tcsitic` cj tahrctmtic`mb mòbh /pcsitic` cj tah rckorip

;4 tc 94~ cj tilh

94 =;4~ tilh rhtrmntic`/ kisnamroh, stcp,

rhsphntivhby

~ jubb tilhrhtrmntic` /kisnamroh,

stcp,rhsphntivhby

Ncvhrhk kistm`nh cjtah rck tip (_Us)wita khjbhntic`

~4.4B 4.=>B 4.??B~(4.??+4.8*4.??)*B< =.=88B

=.8; B

Ncvhrhk kistm`nh cjtah rck tip mbcò tahmxis cj tah rck(witacut khjbhntic`)

~4.8*4.??B< 4.>18B

4.?? B =.8; B =.8; B =.8; B

kijjhrh`nh 18 B 4.:; B 4.?? B 4.>18 B 4.4 B

Kijjhrh`nh cj tah

kispbmnhlh`t x 18-4)*B< 4.>18 B

(4.:;-4.>18)*B< 4.588 B

(4.??-4.:;)*B< 4.=> B

(4.>18-4.??)*B< -4.>18 B

(4-4.>18)*B< -4.>18 B

9. Nc`nbusic`6 [ah kispbmnhlh`t lhmsurhs tah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck. [ahkispbmnhlh`t i`nrhmshs jcr lcrh tam` u`tib tah 94 pcsitic` is rhmnahk. [ah wacbhkispbmnhlh`t i`trckunhk i`tc tah rctmtic` (namòh cj rctmtic`mb mòbh) i`nrhmshs tahkhjbhntic` cj tah jby rck.

[ah wacbh pcth`timb h`hroy tamt is stcrhk i` tah jby rck is trm`sjhrrhk tc gi`htin h`hroy vimtah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh kuh tc tah khjbhntic`54, ehnmush tah jby nmsthr kchs `ct nc`tiùh

tah rctmtic` m`k tahrhjcrh kchs `ct i`jhr lcrh h`hroy cr wcrg, rhsphntivhby. Ms tahvhbcnitihs mrh g`cw` mt tah ehoi`ìò m`k tah h`k cj tah rhtrmntic`/kisnamroh, it is pcssiebhtc nmbnubmth tah pcth`timb h`hroy.

Hpct,(kisnamroh) < * l * vj(h`k) * l * vj(=;4)

< * l * (=5.8>8

s

B- =4.818

s

B) < 55.8;

*

s

Bl

54It is ncrrhnt tc bccg mt tah h`hroy H < l v tc trhmt tah prcebhl mnncrkiò tc tah h`hroy nc`shrvmtic` bmw. [ahh`hroy, tah jby rck rhbhmshs kuriò rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh lust amvh ehh` sph`t ey tah jby nmsthr ehjcrh.


23/56


^hith 5> vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

[c oht tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh, tah h`hroy lust eh kivikhk tarcuoa tah trm`sbmthkkistm`nh6

Jpct,8 < J(kisnamroh) < Hpct,(kisnamroh) / kistm`nh < 55.8; / 4.??B

< 59.5?

*

s

Bl< Jpct,mbb

[ais th`sic` jcrnh waina mnts kuriò tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh lust amvh ehh` sph`t eytah jby nmsthr. It nm` eh hstilmthk m`k mpprcxilmthby kistrieuthk ey tah g`cw`kispbmnhlh`ts x m`k x, rhsphntivhby

X`tib tah iìtimtic` cj tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh, it jcbbcws6

Jpct,= < 4.>18B/4.??B * 59.5? < =;.:>

*

s

Bl< Jpct(;4-94)

Jpct,= < 4.>18B/4.??B * 59.5? < =;.:>

*

s

Bl

Jpct,5 < 4.:;B/4.??B * 59.5? < 5;.>>

*

s

Bl< Jpct(94)

Jpct,5 < 4.588B/4.??B * 59.5? < 9.:9

*

s

Bl

Jpct,> < 4.??B/4.??B * 59.5? < 59.5?

*

s

Bl< Jpct(94-=;4)

Jpct,> < 4.=>B/4.??B * 59.5? < ;.9;

*

s

Bl

Jpct,; < 4.??B/4.??B * 59.5? < 59.5?

*

s

Bl< Jpct(=;4)

Jpct,; 4.44B/4.??B * 59.5? 4.44

*

s

Bl

_ita tah iìtimtic` cj tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh it jcbbcws5=6

Jpct(kisnamroh,iìtimb) < 4.??B/-4.??B * 59.5? < -59.5?

*

s

Bl

Jpct(kisnamroh,iìtimb) 4.44B/-4.??B * 59.5? < 4.44

*s

Bl Jpct(=;4)

Jpct(kisnamroh,lik) < 4.>18B/-4.??B * 59.5? < -=;.:>

*

s

Bl

Jpct(kisnamroh,lik) < -4.>18B/-4.??B * 59.5? < =;.:>

*

s

Bl

Jpct(kisnamroh,h`k) < 4.44B/-4.??B * 59.5? < 4.44

*

s

Bl

5=[ah kirhntic` cj tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh bhmks tc m `homtivh sio`. Bigh jcr tah hbmstin spriò tah pmta bhòta wainabhmks tc tah khjbhntic` (namroiò) m`k rhtrmntic` (kisnamrnaiò) lust amvh kijjhrh`t sio`s.


24/56


^hith 5; vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Jpct,h`k < -4.>18B/-4.??B * 59.5? < =;.:>

*

s

Bl< J(kisnamroh,h`k)

[ah jcbbcwiò Jiourh Q sacws tah nurvh cj tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh cj tah jbhxiebh jbyrck55.

Jiourh Q

[ah nmbnubmthk ncursh cj tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh sacws m nc`tiùcus namòh (tahnurrh`t rhsubts nbhmrby pci`t it cut i`nbukiò tah pinturh shquh`nh i` shntic` N5). [ahnc`tiùcus namòh cj tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh bhmks tc m` cptilizhk trm`sjhr cj vhbcnityc`tc tah jby bi`h. Ij tah jby nmsthr `hobhnts tais jmnt (m`k shttbhs prhssurh pci`ts -am`ksacng), tah tip cj tah jby rck ehnclhs u`hmsiby m`k i`trckunhs wmvhs ms whbb ms

55Mnncrkiò tc tah iìtimbby stmthk nc`strmi`ts it is mssulhk tamt ecta jby rcks kc `ct nmrry lmss. [ah jmnt tamt tah

khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck i`nrhmshs i` spith cj khnrhmsiò mnnhbhrmtic` ams tc eh mttrieuthk tc tah rhmb hxistiò lmss cj tah

rck. [ah mpprcxilmthby stmthk mssio`lh`t cj tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh ms whbb ms tah krmw` nc`nbusic`s mrh stibb vmbik,

ehnmush tah cw` lmss bhmks tc i`nrhmsiò jcrnhs c`tc tah rck tip m`k tahrhjcrh mbsc tah mnnhbhrmtic` m`k tah sph`t jcrnh

hqumbby i`nrhmsh. [ah hxphrilh`tmb kmtm uìquhby sacw tamt tah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck i`nrhmshs u`tib tah stcp, tah

iìtimtic` cj tah rhtrmntic`/kisnamroh, rhsphntivhby ! Jcr tah nmbnubmtic` cj tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnhs m`k tah hjjinih`nytais hjjhnt nm` eh tmgh` i`tc mnncu`t i` juturh wcrg.

tilh t

ebuh6 Tcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh Jpcti` tah jby rckorhh`6 Kijjhrh`nh cj tah pcth`timbjcrnh Jpct i` tah jby rck

4.4s 4.;4s4.>>>>s4.5:::s

=;.:>lB/s

5;.>>lB/s

9.:9lB/s ;.9;lB/s

-59.5?lB/s

59.5?lB/s

94

=;4


-=;.:>lB/s

stcp !

~*4.5:::s

;4

Jpct

Jpct=;.:>lB/s

=;.:>lB/s

Tcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh cj tahjbhxiebh jby rck


25/56



tmibiò bccps5>i`tc tah jby bi`h. [ais bhmks tc m rhmsc`mebh bcss cj tah trm`sjhrrhk h`hroycvhr tah pmta bhòta cj tah th`sic` cj tah jby bi`h. [ah nc`tiùcus namòh cj tah th`sic`jcrnh kuriò tah kurmtic` cj tah jby nmst ahbps tc its nc`trcbbhk jcrlmtic` m`k khpbhtic`

ouikiò tah rck tip tc ru` slcctaby5;

.

K5) Jcrnhs mntiò c` tah tips cj ecta jby rcks

Jcr tah jbhxiebh jby rck mbsc gi`htin jcrnhs (mnnhbhrmtic` jcrnhs) mnt `hxt tc tah pcth`timbth`sic` jcrnh (jcrnh cj pcsitic`). Jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck c`by tah gi`htin jcrnh mnts,ehnmush tah rck kchs `ct khjbhnt m`k tahrhjcrh pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh nm``ct eh stcrhk.

[ah jmnt tamt tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck nm``ct tmgh up pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh bhmks tc mkijjhrh`t kistrieutic` cj tah jcrnhs i` nclpmrisc` tc tah jbhxiebh jby rck.

=4. Nc`nbusic`6 [ah iìtimb rctmtic` bhmks tc i`nrhmsiò khjbhntic` jcr tah jbhxiebh jbyrck nmusiò m` i`nrhmsh cj tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh witacut m` mnnhbhrmtic` cj tahlmss cj tah jby bi`h. Jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck hmna iìtimb lcvhlh`tillhkimthby bhmks tc m` mnnhbhrmtic` cj tah jby bi`h m`k tah illhkimth `hhk tc sph`kjcrnh jcr it.

Jcr tah jbhxiebh jby rck it jcbbcws6

J < l * m + Jpct58

Jj4 4 < J(0;4) (shh =4. Nc`nbusic`)

Jj= < l * >.:8>s

B+ =;.:>

*

s

Bl< =1.51

*

s

Bl< Jj(;4-94)

Jj5 < l * 8;.?:s

B+ 9.:9

*

s

Bl< :;.;8

*

s

Bl< Jj(94)

5>[ais jcct`cth nm` eh krcpphk i` tah hòbisa vhrsic`, ehnmush tmibiò bccp is m` hòbisa hxprhssic`.

5;Jcr m nclpmrisc` cj tah nc`trcbbhk oh`hrmtic` m`k rhbhmsh cj pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnhs tah wiòs cj m` mrna nm` eh

nc`sikhrhk, ehnmush tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnhs sacubk khvhbcp silibmrby tc tamt nmsh (tahrh mrh kijjhrh`nhs cj ncursh,h.o. tah jmnt tamt tah jby rck rhbhmshs tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh stmrtiò jrcl tah iìtimtic` cj tah stcp tah mrnahr lioatrhtmrk tais7 m`ctahr jmnt lioat eh tamt i` nc`trmst tc tah wiòs cj m` mrna tah tip cj tah jby rck ams mbrhmky m rhbmtivh sphhk

wita tah iìtimtic` cj tah rhtmrkmtic` / kisnamroh). [ah mrnahr nc`tiùcusby rishs tah th`sic` cj tah mrna wiòs miliò tc

bht tahl mnnhbhrmth tah mrrcw wita aioahst prhnisic` mbsc tah jby nmsthr sacubk rish tah th`sic` cj tah jby rck ms

nc`tiùcusby ms pcssiebh, miliò tc bht tah tip cj tah jby rck mnnhbhrmth tah jby bi`h prhnishby. [ah mrrcw sambb `ct csnibbmth

kuriò its jbioat tc mvcik tah bcss cj h`hroy mbsc wmvhs i` tah jby bi`h sacubk eh mvcikhk. [ah jby nmsthr nm` m`k sacubk

`ct eh i`vhstiomthk hqumbby wita m` mrnahr. Eut tahrh mrh pmrmbbhb hjjhnts rhomrkiò tah ilpmnt cj tah pcth`timb th`sic`

jcrnh m`k tahir nc`trcbbhk oh`hrmtic` m`k rhbhmsh, waina nm` sacw tah i`jbuh`nh cj tah th`sic` ehtthr tam` ctahr

nclpmrisc`s. [ais nclpmrisc` ams lmkh tah ilpmnt cj tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnhs lcrh u`khrstm`kmebh jcr Kr. ^nalitt

(shh mng`cwbhkolh`ts) ms ah amk phrsc mbby stmthk.58[ah jby nmsthr ams tc sph`k tah namòh cj tah pcth`timb th`sic` jcrnh Jpct. C`by tah namòh cj m stmth `hhks jcrnh tamt

phrjcrls wcrg. Jcr tah smgh cj silpbinity Jpct,= is mttrieuthk tc tah pcsitic` ehtwhh` ;4 m`k 94 m`k Jpct,5 tah

pcsitic` 94. [ais mssio`lh`t is lcrh rhbimebh ehnmush ey tais jmnt aioahr jcrnhs mrh mssio`hk tc tah jbhxiebh jby rck i`nclpmrisc` tc tah mbthr`mtivh mssio`lh`t ey tah mvhrmoh.


26/56


^hith 5: vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Jj> < l * ;=.91s

B+ ;.9;

*

s

Bl< ;:.95

*

s

Bl< Jj(94-=;4)

Jj; < l * 59.5? s

B

+ 4.4

*

s

Bl

< 59.5?

*

s

Bl

< Jj(=;4)

Jj8 < =;.:>

*

s

Bl< Jj(kisnamroh,h`k)

Jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck it jcbbcws6

J < l * m7 Jpct < 47

Js4 5;.;8

*

s

Bl< Js(0;4) (shh =4. nc`nbusic`)

Js= < 5;.;8

*

s

Bl < Js(;4-94)

Js5 < >4.18

*

s

Bl< Js(94)

Js> < >4.?9

*

s

Bl< Js(94-=;4)7

K>) Jcrnhs (tcrquhs) mt tah orip cj ecta jby rcks

Kuriò tah rctmtic` cj tah jby rck m tcrquh L mnts c` tah orip, waina ams tc eh sph`t ey tahjby nmsthr. [ah tcrquh nmbnubmths ms prckunt cj jcrnh m`k bhòta cj tah bhvhr.

[ah jcrnhs J amvh ehh` nmbnubmthk i` shntic` K5) m`k tah bhvhr i` shntic` E;). Mnncrkiòtc tais tah bhòta cj tah bhvhr mrl cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck is virtumbby nc`stm`t mbcò tah wacbhpmta cj tah rck tip. Jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck tah bhòta cj tah bhvhr mrl i` tah ;4, 94m`k =;4 pcsitic` is g`cw`. C` tah ambj wmy ehtwhh` tahsh pcsitic`s tah bhòta cj tahbhvhr is mpprcxilmthby tah mbohermin mvhrmoh5:.


Lj4(0;4) 4

Lj=(;4-94) < =1.51 * 4.:; B < ==.?4

*

s

Bl

Lj5(94) < :;.;8 * 4.:; B < ;=.58

*

s

Bl

5:[mgiò m sacrth`hk prcfhntic` cj tah bhvhr mrl i`tc mnncu`t jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck bhmks tc m nmbnubmtic` cj tah

bcwhr bilit cj tah hjjcrt (ehst nmsh) ehnmush i` tah jcbbcwiò mbsc tah kiliìsahk acrizc`tmb pmrt c`by cj tah jcrnh is

rhsphnthk (shh shntic` E;). [ais trhmtlh`t prclcths tah hjjcrt cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck waina wcubk eh aioahr i`

rhmbity rhomrkiò tah i`vhstiomthk rctmtic`mb lcvhlh`t. [ais nc`shrvmtivh trhmtlh`t mbsc pmys mtth`tic` tc tah jmnt tamt

tah tip cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck nm` eh nc`kunthk mbcò m strmioat bi`h mt bhmst jcr m sacrt kistm`nh (slmbb rctmtic`mbmòbh)


27/56


^hith 5? vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Lj>(94-=;4) < ;:.95 * 4.:; B < >4.45

*

s

Bl

Lj;(=;4) < 59.5? * 4.:; B < =1.?>

*

s

Bl

Lj8 < =;.:; * 4.:; B < 9.>:

*

s

Bl< L(kisnamroh,h`k)


Ls4(0;4) 5;.;8 * 4.:; B < =8.:8

*

s

Bl

Ls=(;4-94) < 5;.;8 * (4.:; + =.4) B < 54.48

*

s

Bl

Ls5(94) < >4.18 * =.4 B < >4.18

*

s

Bl

Ls>(94-=;4) < >4.?9 * (=.4 + 4.:;) B < 58.58

*

s

Bl

Ls;(=;4) >4.?9 * 4.:; B < =9.?4

*

s

Bl

==. Nc`nbusic`6 [ah tcrquh waina ams tc eh sph`t ey tah jby nmsthr rishs wita tahsqumrh cj tah bhòta B cj tah jby rck5?.

5?I scbk ly jirst jby rck lhmsuriò =4 jhht (>.4 lhthr) jcr jby bi`hs nbmss 1 mjthr sacrt usmoh. It wms sc stijj tamt ly wrhst

ncubk `ct trm`sjhr tah rctmtic`mb lcvhlh`t witacut rhmsc`mebh hjjcrt cj jcrnh m`k stmrthk tc aurt mjthr sacrt tilh i` spith

cj tah jmnt tamt tais jby rck wms c`by =4 % bcòhr tam` tah usumb 9 jhht (5.?4 l). [ah jmnt tamt tah jcrnh (tcrquh) rishs

wita tah squmrh cj tah bhòta cj tah jby rck hxpbmi`s tah rhmsc`mebh i`nrhmsh cj tah mkkitic`mb jcrnh hjjcrt, waina is

sioìjinm`tby bmrohr tam` tah =4 % bhòta i`nrhmsh cj tah jby rck. î`nh tah` I nacsh ly jhw jby rcks lhmsuriò =4 jhht,

mnnurmthby m`k pmik mtth`tic` tc m jmst khhp mntic`. Kuriò tais mntic` tah jby rck khjbhnts nclpmrmtivhby lcrh i` tah

bcwhr sholh`t. [ahrhjcrh tah bhvhr mrl sacrth`s c` tah c`h am`k m`k tah khjbhntic` m`k tah pmta cj tah rhtrmntic` /

kisnamroh i`nrhmshs. [ais rhkunhk tah hjjcrt cj jcrnh m`k suna m jby rck ji`mbby stibb nmrrihs h`cuoa pcth`timb cj rhtrmntic`,

tc tarcw tah jby bi`h jmr. Mbsc tais hxmlpbh sacws tamt tah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck pbmys m` ilpcrtm`t rcbh jcr tah hjjcrtcj jcrnh !


28/56



Jiourh QI

H) Hjjinih`ny m`k trm`sjhr cj h`hroy, rhsphntivhby

[ah rmtic cj tah ushk h`hroy m`k tah sph`t h`hroy is nmbbhk hjjinih`ny cr hjjhntivh`hss, rhsphntivhby. Ms eioohr tah hjjinih`ny ms ehtthr tah h`hroy is trm`sjhrrhk.

H=) H`hroy cj tah jby rck tips (eh`hjit)

[ah h`hroy H, tah tips cj tah jbhxiebh m`k tah mescbuthby stijj jby rcks rhmna mt tah h`k cj tahjby nmst, ncrrhspc`k wita tah usmebh h`hroy (eh`hjit)51.[ais h`hroy nm` eh nmbnubmthk eytah jcrlubm6

H < * l * v(h`k)

51I` tah jcbbcwi`o c`by tah h`hroihs cj tah rck tips mrh rhsphnthk c` tah sikh cj tah ushk h`hroy (mkvm`tmoh). It is ehyc`k

tah sncph cj tais stuky tc m`mbysh acw jmr tahsh h`hroihs nm` eh mttrieuthk tc tah jby bi`h. It lioat eh m tcpin cj juturh

wcrgs. ^urhby it mbsc khph`ks c` tah jby nmsthrs meibity, tc trm`sjhr tah vhbcnity cj tah rck tips c`tc tah jby bi`h i` m`

cptilizhk jmsaic`. Emsinmbby tah lmxilizhk acrizc`tmb vhbcnity mt tah h`k khbivhrs tah eioohst pcth`timb jcr tah aioahstsphhk cj tah jby bi`h.

[crquh L mt tah rck orip

4.4s

rhk6 [crquh Ls cj tahmescbuthby stijj jby rckorhh`6 [crquh Lj cj tahjbhxiebh jby rck

=;4

94

Vhit t


==.?4lB/s

;=.58lB/s

=1.?>lB/s

>4.18lB/s

54.48lB/s

4.5:::s

=9.?4lB/s

=8.:8lB/s

0;4

4.;4s4.>>>>s

9.>:lB/s

stcp !

~*4.5:::s

;4

Ls

Lj


29/56



[ah ji`mb vhbcnitihs vj(h`k) m`k vs(h`k), rhsphntivhby, cj tah tips cj ecta jby rcks amvh ehh`nmbnubmthk i` shntic` N>).


Hj < * l * =5.8>8

s

B< ?1.8:

*

s

Bl


Hs < * l * 9.;5?

s

B< ;;.;>

*

s

Bl

H5) _crg, h`hroy, rhsphntivhby cj tah rctmtic` (hjjcrt)

[ah wcrg waina ams tc eh sph`t ey tah jby nmsthr jcr tah rctmtic` cj tah jby rck, ncrrhspc`kstc tah hjjcrt. It is nmbnubmthk ey tah jcrlubm

M < L* (rmk)

[ah mòbh (kho) lhmsurhs =44 jcr ecta rcks, ncrrhspc`kiò tc m rmkim` lhmsurh (rmk) cj

(rmk) < *=14

(kho)

< * 4.888 < =.?8

Ij tah orip is i` tah ji`mb pcsitic` (=;4 pcsitic`), tah` tah jby nmsthr ams sph`t tah wacbhwcrg cr h`hroy, rhsphntivhby, jcr tah jby nmst. Kuriò tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh tah rctmtic`mbmòbh kchs `ct namòh m`y lcrh m`k tahrhjcrh tah jby nmsthr kchs `ct sph`k m`y jurtahrwcrg / h`hroy.

=5. Nc`nbusic`6 Kuriò tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck tah jby nmsthrkchs `ct sph`k m`y lcrh wcrg / h`hroy, ehnmush tah rctmtic`mb mòbh kchs `ctnamòh (


30/56


^hith >4 vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

+ (L5 + L>) * (4.>>>>s-4.5:::s) ~94 - ==8

+ (L> + L;) * (4.>>>>s-4.5:::s) ~==8 - =;4

+ (L; + L8) * (4.;s-4.>>>>s) rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh

< * ==.?4 * 4.=>>> + * 85.98 * 4.=>>> + * ?=.5? * 4.4>>>

+ * ;1.?8 * 4.4>>> + * 51.49 * 4.4:::

< 4.??9 + >.859 + =.=1: + 4.1= + 4.44 < :.>4

*

s

Bl *s

Mj(t) < )(tLj * (rmk) < :.>4 * =.?8 < ==.458

*

s

Bl*s

ûl Ls(t) cj tah tcrquhs cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck6

)(tLs < (L4 + L=) * * 4.5:::s ~;4 - :8

+ (L= + L5) * * 4.5:::s ~:8 - 94

+ (L5 + L>) * * (4.>>>>s-4.5:::s) ~94 - ==8

+ (L> + L;) * * (4.>>>>s-4.5:::s) ~==8 - =;4

< * >8.? * 4.=>>> + * 84.94 * 4.=>>>

+ * 8:.=4 * 4.4>>> + * ;;.98 * 4.4>>>

< 5.:?5 + >.>95 + 4.9>; + 4.?;1 < ?.?;

*

s

Bl*s

Ms(t) < )(tLs * (rmk) < ?.?; * =.?8 < =>.8;8

*

s

Bl*s

Kuriò tah wacbh kurmtic` cj tah jby nmst tah jcbbcwiò wcrg / h`hroy is sph`t mt tah rck orip6

Mj < Mj(t) / t < ==.458 / 4.>>>>s < >>.4?

*

s

Bl

Ms < Ms(t) / t < =>.8;8 / 4.>>>>s < ;4.:?

*

s

Bl

[ais vmbuh ehnclhs zhrc mjthr lubtipbinmtic`wita


31/56


^hith >= vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

H>) Hjjinih`ny cj tah jbhxiebh m`k tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck

[ah kirhnt nclpmrisc` cj tah hjjinih`ny cj ecta rcks, waina mrh nmst u`khr tah smlh

nc`strmi`ts khbivhrs tah jcbbcwiò6

< H(rck tip) / M(rctmtic`)

j(jbhxiebh jby rck) < Hj / Mj >

8:,?1?

s(mescbuthby stijj jby rck) < Hs / Ms ,;;4. Ms tah`hobioh`nh cj tah lmss ams tah smlh rhsubt jcr ecta jby rcks, tah nclpmrisc` cj tahhjjinih`nihs j/s is stibb vmbik.

j / s < 5.>? / =.49 < 5.=?

=>. Nc`nbusic`6 [ah jbhxiebh jby rck trm`sjhrs tah h`hroy i`trckunhk mt tah orip i`tctip lcrh tam` twinh ms hjjinih`t ms tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck.

[ah wcrg / h`hroy tamt ams tc eh sph`t ey tah jby nmsthr mbsc khph`ks c` tah lmss cj tahjby rck.

=;. Nc`nbusic`6 Ms bhss whioat / lmss tah jby rck nmrrihs, ms strcòhr its hjjinih`nyi`nrhmshs mssuliò tah smlh rctmtic`mb ky`mlins (ghhpiò mbb ctahr prcphrtihs cjtah jby rck u`namòhk).

H;) Namòh cj tah hjjinih`ny kuriò namòiò khjbhntic`

I wcubk bigh tc hstilmth sacrtby, acw tah hjjinih`ny namòhs wita lcrh cr bhss khjbhntic` cjtah jbhxiebh jby rck. [ais m`mbysis is c`by m rcuoa hstilmtic` m`k kchs `ct i`th`k tc

suestituth m lcrh hxmnt nmbnubmtic`.

Jrcl ly prhnhkiò i`vhstiomtic`s m occk hstilmtic` nm` eh omtahrhk jcr tah nmsh, tamt tahkhjbhntic` cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck is slmbbhr i` nclpmrisc` tc tah oivh` c`h i` ly nmst

>4[ah hjjinih`ny nm` `ct eh eioohr tam` =.4, ms tah omi`hk h`hroy nm` `hvhr eh eioohr tam` tah hjjcrt. _ah` rhsphntiò

tah lmss cj ecta rcks tah tcrquhs i` tah orip wcubk rish strcòby i` nclpmrisc` tc tah nmbnubmthk vmbuhs, ms tamt tah

hjjinih`nihs cj ecta jby rcks wcubk eh slmbbhr tam` =.4. [ah jcbbcwiò hstilmtic` suoohsts6 Mssuliò m whioat cj ecta

jby rcks cj mecut 14 ormls (waina ncrrhspc`ks tc tah whioat cj tah ushk jby rck ^MOH 81: UTB+) m`k m whioat cj tah

hbcòmthk jby bi`h cj mecut =4 ormls (waina ncrrhspc ks tc tah whioat cj tah ushk jby bi`h _J8J) bhmks tc m jmntcr

14o/=4o < 1. Ij tais lmss rmtic is mpprcxilmthby mkkhk tc tah jcrnh mntiò c` tah tip, mbsc tah lclh`ts ms whbb ms tahhjjcrt wcrg/h`hroy rishs ey tais jmntcr. [ah` tah hjjinih`nihs cj ecta jby rcks mrh ehbcw =.4


32/56



shquh`nh. I` suna nmsh tah vmbuhs nmbnubmthk jcr ly nmst shquh`nh ehnclh lcrh silibmrtc tah vmbuhs nmbnubmthk jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck, it lhm`s, tah hjjinih`ny khnrhmshs.

[ah nmsh cj m aioahr khjbhntic` tam` tah c`h oivh` i` ly jby nmst shquh`nh is kijjinubt tcm`mbysh kuh tc bmngiò nmbnubmthk vmbuhs m`k kuh tc tah jmnt tamt ly nrhmthk khjbhntic` isquith eio i` nclpmrisc` tc tah jby nmst shquh`nhs cj ctahr jby nmsthrs>=.

ûrhby tah hjjinih`ny nm``ct eh i`nrhmshk i`jiìthby ey risiò khjbhntic` ms it mbsc khph`ksc` tah pcssieibity cj tah oivh` jby rck tc rhtrmnt>5. Ij tah rhtrmntic` nmpmnity cj tah jby rckrhmnahk m nhrtmi` bilit, jurtahr i`nrhmsh cj tah hjjcrt (wcrg) lcst prcemeby wcubk `ct sacwm visiebh eioohr utibity (ji`mb vhbcnity).

Mt tais pci`t I wcubk bigh tc lmgh m nclpmrisc` tc pcbh vmubt>>6 ehjcrh =944, wah` virtumbbystijj pcbhs jrcl tah msa trhh whrh ushk, tah fulphk ahioat wms bilithk tc mecut > lhthrs.

_ita lckhr`, jbhxiebh pcbhs, mecut twinh tah ahioat nm` eh vmubthk. [ah prhrhquisith jcrtais, acwhvhr, is tamt tah khjbhntic` cj tah pcbh is whbb jitthk tc tah whioat (lmss) cj tah pcbhfulphr m`k ais mtthlpt vhbcnity. Mbsc tais hxmlpbh sacws, tamt jbhxiebh pcbhs cutlmtna tahstijj c`hs ey jmr c` tah c`h am`k, eut mbsc tah khjbhntic` prcphrtihs (rhtrmntic` nmpmnity) cjtah jbhxiebh pcbh pbmys m` ilpcrtm`t rcbh c` tah ctahr am`k.

C` nbcshr hxmli`mtic` cj ly i`vhstiomtic`s I shh m` ilpcrtm`t rhmsc` jcr tah hjjinih`ny cjtah jbhxiebh jby rck oivh` ey tah jmnt tamt tah wcrg, tah jcrnh, rhsphntivhby, mt tah orip issph`t ey m sacrt pubsh "phmg" i` nclpmrisc` tc tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck. [ais i` tur`,bhmks tc m strcò khjbhntic` cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck>;.

Ms bcò ms tah i`nrhmsiò khjbhntic` bhmks tc m` i`nrhmsh cj tais sacrt pubsh phmg cjtcrquh m`km` i`nrhmsh cj tah ji`mb vhbcnity, ms bcò tah hjjinih`ny rishs.

[ais hstilmtic` sacws, tamt tahrh is m ncrrhbmtic` ehtwhh` tah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck m`kits hjjinih`ny. [ah vmbuh cj tah hjjinih`ny is lmi`by khthrli`hk ey tah typh m`k tahlmoìtukh cj tah khjbhntic`.

[ah jcbbcwiò Jiourh QII sacws rcuoaby hstilmthk tah namòhs cj tah wcrg mt tah rckorip kuriò namòiò khjbhntic`6

>=H.o. i` nclpmrisc` tc tah i`vhstiomtic`s cj Bvcbb & Fmsc` Ecrohr jrcl 544? [ah Uck & [ah Nmst. [ah khjbhntic`

cj ly jby rck is luna eioohr tam` tah khjbhntic` cj tah c`h i`vhstiomthk tahrh.>5

Ms jmsthr m jby rck rhtrmnts i`tc bi`hmr pcsitic` ms eioohr tah rhtrmntic` pcth`timb is.>>Ms jcr ctahr nclpmrisc`s it mbsc mnncu`ts jcr tais c`h6 Tcbh vmubt nm``ct m`k sacubk `ct eh hqumb tc jby nmstiò,

ehnmush tahrh mrh kijjhrh`nhs jcr surh. Eut tahrh mrh pmrmbbhb prcphrtihs whbb pinturiò tah ilpmnt cj tah hjjinih`ny kuriò

jby nmstiò.>;[c omi` m sacrt pubsh cj tcrquh, tah mnnhbhrmtic` cj tah rck tip `hhks tc eh aioa jcr m sacrt thrl. M` hssh`timb

prhrhquisith jcr tais is m prhjhrmeby slmbb mnnhbhrmtic` cj tah rck tip mt tah ehoi`ìò cj tah jby nmst. [ahrhjcrh it is

ilpcrtm`t, tc iìtimth tah jby nmst sbcwby m`k tc i`nrhmsh it tcwmrks tah h`k. M lcrh tam` bi`hmriby (`c`bi`hmr) risiòmnnhbhrmtic` cj tah rck tip is m` mkvm`tmoh i` suna nmsh.


33/56


^hith >> vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Jiourh QII

J) I`vhstiomtic` cj jurtahr ilpmnt jmntcrs

[ah jby nmst is i`jbuh`nhk ey ctahr jmntcrs I wm`t tc hbunikmth sacrtby i` tah jcbbcwiò. [ah

jurtahr i`vhstiomtic`s kc `ct nbmil nclpbhth`hss.

J=) Mòubmr Lclh`tul

[ah sacrt thrl mnnhbhrmtic` phmg mrcu`k tah 94 pcsitic` waina amk ehh` stmthk i` lyprhvicus i`vhstiomtic`s sacws up, tamt tah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck bhmks tc m` mkkitic`mbhjjhnt waina is emshk c` tah nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmr lclh`tul>8.

>8[ah i`vhstiomtic`s i` shntic` J), hsphnimbby rhomrkiò mòubmr lclh`tul, whrh kc`h i` nbcsh ncbbmecrmtic` wita Kr.

^nalitt (shh mng cwbhkohlh`ts). [ah nc`shrvmtic` cj m oubmr lclh`tul bhmks tc tah whbb g`cw` hjjhnt cj tahpircuhtth i` jiourh sgmtiò m`k ctahr spcrts.

^tcp, iìtimtic` cjrhtrmntic` / kisnamroh

=;4

94

Tmta jrcl ly jbynmst shquh`nh

Ormpa jcr tahmescbuthby stijj jby rck

Tcssiebh ormpa jcr slmbbhrkhjbhntic` tam` oivh` ey ly jbynmst shquh`nh 2 hjjinih`ny

Tcssiebh ormpa jcr eioohrkhjbhntic` tam` oivh` ey ly jbynmst shquh`nh 0 hjjinih`ny

_crg M < L * mt tah rck orip

tilh t

Nurvh jcr tahmescbuthby jbmeey jbyrck

4.4s 4.5:::s 4.>>>>s


34/56


^hith >; vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Kuh tc tah risiò khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck tah turìò pci`t cj tah rctmtiò lmss>:hsnmphstah orip m`k lcvhs upwmrks i`tc tah kirhntic` cj tah tip. [ais bhmks tc m` mkkitic`mbmnnhbhrmtic` cj tah tip, i.h. tah vhbcnity rishs strcòby.

[ah mòubmr lclh`tul is emshk c` tah h`hroy cj rctmtic`>?m`k nmbnubmths mnncrkiò tctah jcbbcwiò jcrlubm6

K < l * r * 7 lit 9. It rhlmi`s i` tah systhl wah` tah nh`thr cj rctmtic` issaijthk. [ahrhjcrh tah mòubmr lclh`tul i`nrhmshs tah vhbcnity cj tah tip wah` tah nh`thrcj rctmtic` is saijthk upwmrks ehnmush tah rmkius ehtwhh` nh`thr cj rctmtic` m`k tipsacrth`s. Jcr m silpbijihk i`vhstiomtic` wh nm` mssulh, tah mòubmr lclh`tul wcubk ehoh`hrmbby nc`stm`t kuriò tah wacbh kurmtic` cj tah nmst6

>:[ah turìò pci`t cj tah rctmtiò lmss hqumbs tah nh`thr cj tah rctmtiò lmss.

>?H`hroy cj lcvhlh`t, tahrhjcrh gi`htin h`hroy, attp6//h`.wigiphkim.cro/wigi/MòubmrSlclh`tul>1

M lcrh khtmibhk khthrli`mtic` cj tah nh`thr cj rctmtic` is vhry nclpbinmthk m`k c`by pcssiebh wita aioahrlmtahlmtins. Jcr tah prhsh`tmtic` cj tah lckh cj mntic` cj tah nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmr lclh`tul tah khsnriehk

mpprcxilmtic` is sujjinih`t.>9

Ms tah rctmtic` cj tah jby rck i`trckunhs nc`tiùcusby h`hroy it is `ct m nbcshk paysinmb systhl c` waina tah

nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmr lclh`tul is cjth` khlc`strmthk. Eut ms tah nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmr lclh`tul is mbsc vmbik

kuriò slmbb shntic`s cj tah wacbh nmst, tah rhkistrieutic` cj lmss mnnhbhrmths tah tip wah` tah bhvhr is sacrth`hk

kuriò m` mnnhbhrmtic` prcnhss. [ais is lmi`by nmushk kuh tc m saijt cj tah rctmtiò pci`t kuriò tah nmst. Ms bcò tah

h`hroy waina amk ehh` i`trckunhk i`tc tah jby rck saijts i`tc tah kirhntic` cj tah tip (ms it is nbhmrby visiebh jrcl ly nmst

shquh`nh) tah lclh`tmry mòubmr lclh`tul kchs `ct rhkunh m`k is nc`shrvhk. [ah jmnt tamt tais hjjhnt cj rhkistrieuthk

mòubmr lclh`tul lust hxist is suppcrthk ey tah strcòby mnnhbhrmtiò tip i` ehtwhh` tah pcsitic`s ;4 tc 94 m`k 94

tc =;4 wah` it mnnhbhrmths jrcl 8 % tc 1; % cj tah ji`mb vhbcnity (shh 1ta nc`nbusic`) ncrrhspc`kiò tc m` mnnhbhrmtic`

tc tah =:-=? jcbk vmbuh. [ahrhjcrh tah mnnhbhrmtic` cj tah tip is rhlmrgmeby mecvh tah mnnhbhrmtic` i`trckunhk i`tc tah

orip. Kr. ^nalitt (shh mng`cwbhkohlh`ts) hxpbmi`s tais i` lcrh khtmib i` tah m``hx > ey jurtahr hxpbm`mtic`s rhomrkiòtah mòubmr lclh`tul.


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K(;4) < K(94) < K(=;4) < K(kisnamroh) < nc`stm`t


Jiourh QIII

[ah ohclhtrinmb prcphrtihs mrh khthrli`hk jrcl tah prhvicus Jiourh QIII;4. [ah rmkius rnm` ey mpprcxilmthk ey6

r(;4) ~ B7 r(94) ~ B7 r(=;4) ~ B

[ah rmkius r,a rhntmòubmr tc tah vhbcnity is nmbnubmthk i` tah jcbbcwiò tmebh6


;4 94 =;4

Umkius r cj tah mòubmrlclh`tul

~ B ~ B ~ B

Umkius r,a cj tah mòubmrlclh`tul rhntmòubmr tc tahvhbcnity v,a

r,a r(;4) * si`(;4)< 4.:;> B

r,a r(94) * si`(>4)< 4.584 B

r,a r(=;4) * si`(>8)< 4.=9= B

[ah lcviò lmss l is bcnmthk mecvh tah nh`thr cj rctmtic` mt lcst. Ms tah nh`thr cjrctmtic` lcvhs tcwmrks tah tip wita i`nrhmsiò khjbhntic` i` ly jby nmst shquh`nh, tah

;4M lcrh khtmibhk khthrli`mtic` cj tah ohclhtrinmb rhbmtic`s is hbmecrmth m`k wcubk eh ehyc`k tah sncph cj ly

i`vhstiomtic`s. [ais shntic` sambb hbunikmth tah pri`nipmb ilpmnt cj tah nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmr lclh`tul. Jcr tamtpurpcsh tah mpprcxilmthk ohclhtrinmb rhbmtic`s mrh sujjinih`t.

r,a(94) r,a(;4) r,a(=;4)

v,a

r(;4)

r(94)

r(=;4)

;4

~>4

~>8

[ah nh`thr cj rctmtic` cj tahrctmtiò lmss lcvhs emngtcwmrks tah rck orip kuriòrhtrmntic` / kisnamroh

Uctmtic` pci`t waina is i`trckunhki`tc tah orip ey tah nmsthr. Jcr tahmescbuthby stijj jby rck tais nh`thr cjrctmtic` mt tah orip stmys c`h tahsmlh. Jcr tah jbhxiebh jby rck taisnh`thr cj rctmtic` bhmvhs tah oripkuriò tah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck.


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^hith >: vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

rmkius sacrth`s m`k tah lcviò lmss rhkunhs. Jcr tah lcviò lmss l tah jcbbcwiò nmèh stmthk6

l(;4) 0 l(94) 0 l(=;4)

Jcr tah smgh cj silpbinity tais pcsitivh hjjhnt cj tah rhkuntic` cj tah lcviò lmss l is`hobhnthk m`k it is mssulhk tamt tah lmss is nc`stm`t. [ah mòubmr lclh`tul mnts c`tctah acrizc`tmb vhbcnity v,a cj tah rck tip ms jcbbcws6

v,a(0;4) .4*7 v,a(94) = ehtwhh` tah 94 m`k tah =;4 pcsitic`.Hsphnimbby wah` tah khjbhntic` i`nrhmshs, tah acrizc`tmb vhbcnity i`nrhmshssioìjinm`tby. [ah khnrhmsh cj tais vhbcnity (mnncrkiò tc tah nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmrlclh`tul) ey m jmntcr cj 4.>4 kuriò tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh is nclph`smthk eytah iìtimtiò th`sic` rhbhmsh cj tah jby rck (spriò hjjhnt);=.

Jcr tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck tais hjjhnt cj tah mòubmr lclh`tul kchs `ct hxist ehnmushit kchs `ct khjbhnt. Its nh`thr cj rctmtic` cj tah rctmtiò lmss stmys i` tah rck orip. It jmbbstcohtahr wita tah rck orip.

;=Kuh tc tah prhvicusby khsnriehk, silpbijihk mssulptic`s tah jmntcrs kc `ct nbmil tc rhprhsh`t hxmntby tah i`nrhmsh cj

tah vhbcnity cj tah rck tip. [ah i`thrpbmy ehtwhh` tah i`trckunhk rctmtic`mb h`hroy, tah saijt cj tah nh`thr cj rctmtic` m`ktah pcth`timb th`sic` h`hroy bhmks tc tah jmnt tamt tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck lcvhs sbcwbihr tam` tah tip cj tahmescbuthby stijj jby rck eut stmrts tc nmtna up kuh tc tah saijt cj tah nh`thr cj rctmtic` i` spith cj tah jurtahr rish cj tah

pcth`timb th`sic` h`hroy. Mbrhmky i` tah 94 pcsitic` tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck rhmnahs tah sphhk cj tah tip cj tah

mescbuthby stijj jby rck. Ehyc`k tais pcsitic` tah sphhk cj tah tip cj tah jbhxiebh jby rck pmsshs tah sphhk cj tah mescbuthby

stijj jby rck m`k ji`mbby rhmnahs m vmbuh >> % aioahr tam` tah sphhk cj tah mescbuthby stijj jby rck (shh ?ta nc`nbusic`).

Jcr tah jbhxiebh jby rck lcst cj tah h`hroy is trm`sjhrrhk mt tah h`k cj tah jby nmst.

[ah khjbhntic` nmushs m sacrthìò ehtwhh` tah rctmtiò lmss (waina hsphnimbby is rhprhsh`thk ey tah tip sholh`t m`k

tah jby bi`h) m`k tah rctmtic` pci`t mt tah orip. Ehnmush tah mòubmr lclh`tul, waina is mbrhmky prhsh`t i` tah systhl

rhkistrieuths, tais sacrthìò lust bhmk tc m` mkkitic`mb rctmtic` sphhk silibmr tc m jiourh sgmthr wac i`nrhmshs tah

rctmtic` sphhk cj tah pircuhtth ey mttrmntiò ais mrls. Ms tah jby rck khjbhnts `hmr tah orip tcc jurtahr hjjhnts cj tah

rhkistrieutic` cj tah lmss m`k tahrhjcrh i`hrtim cj tah jby rck mrh hxphnthk. [ah khjbhntic` eriòs lmss hbhlh`ts `hmr tah

orip nbcshr tc tah rctmtic` pci`t m`k m jurtahr rhkistrieutic` cj mòubmr lclh`tul cnnurs. [ais ilpmnt cj tah mòubmr

lclh`tul nmushk ey tah khnrhmsiò i`hrtim ncubk eh nbmrijihk ey m` mkkitic`mb sacrthìò ehtwhh` tah rctmtiò lmssm`k its rctmtic` pci`t rhsphntivhby ey m saijt cj tah rctmtic` nh`thr tcwmrks tah tip cj tah jby rck.


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^hith >? vc` 8: Ncpyrioat [ceims Ai`zlm``. Mbb rioats rhshrvhk. emshk c` rhvisic` 5.4 ==/54=;

Jcr m vhry stijj jby rck waina khjbhnts c`by m bittbh, tah nh`thr cj rctmtic` cj tah rctmtiò lmsslcvhs m eit jrcl tah orip tcwmrks tah rck tip, acwhvhr it kchs `ct rhmna tah bmrohkistm`nhs jrcl tah orip bigh i` ly jby nmst shquh`nh. [ahrhjcrh i` suna nmsh tah khnrhmsh

cj tah rmkius r m`k r,a, rhsphntivhby, is slmbbhr ms mbsc tah i`nrhmsh cj tah vhbcnity kuh tctah nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmr lclh`tul;5.

[ah hjjhnt cj tah nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmr lclh`tul is i` morhhlh`t wita ly hstilmtic` i`shntic` H;), tamt tah hjjinih`ny rhkunhs wah` tah khjbhntic` khnrhmshs. Lcrhcvhr tahi`vhstiomtic` sacws tamt tah i`nrhmsiò khjbhntic` u`tib tah iìtimtic` cj tah stcp, tahi`nrhmsiò khjbhntic` `ct c`by i`nrhmshs tah pcth`timb th`sic` h`hroy cj tah jby rck eut mbscstrhòtah`s tah hjjhnt rhsubtiò jrcl tah nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmr lclh`tul;>.

J5) [ah pmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic`

[ah kistm`nh cj tah pcsitic` cj tah rck orip ehtwhh` tah stcp pcsitic`s (iìtimb m`k ji`mbpcsitic`) i`kinmths, acw strcòby tah pmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic` is mppbihk ey tah jby nmsthr. Mseioohr ms tais kistm`nh is, ms lcrh tah pmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic` is i`shrthk i`tc tah jby nmst. Itprcbcòmths tah pmtawmy, tah rck tip prcpmomths i` nclpmrisc` tc its pmtawmy kuriòhxnbusivh rctmtic`mb lcvhlh`t.

J5.=) Tmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic` i` tah jby nmst shquh`nh

Jrcl ly jby nmst shquh`nh it ehnclhs visiebh, tamt I i`jhr m nclpmrmtivhby bcò pmrmbbhbtrm`sbmtic` (shh pinturhs i` shntic` N5). It lhmsurhs mecut c`h lhthr;;. [ah pmtawmybhòta cj tah rck tip prcbcòmths ey tais mecut c`h lhthr. [ah rck tip lcvhs mbcò m

kistm`nh cj =.8; * B (shh shntic` E>) kuh tc tah rctmtic`mb lcvhlh`t.

Mt m bhòta cj 5.:8l, ms it is tah nmsh jcr tah ushk ^MOH 81: UTB+, tais rctmtic`mblcvhlh`t lhmsurhs tc6

_Us(j) < =.8; * 5.:8l < ;.41l

[ahrhjcrh tah prcpcrtic` cj tah pmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic` i` ly nmstiò shquh`nh is =.4l / ;.41l cj tah wacbh pmtawmy cj tah rck tip. It mttrmnts mtth`tic` tamt tais prcpcrtic` khnrhmshsjcr bcòhr jby rcks m`k i`nrhmshs jcr sacrthr jby rcks, rhsphntivhby.

;5[ah jby rck nc`nh`trmths / nc`kh`shs cr pulps tah i`trckunhk gi`htin h`hroy i`tc its tip vim tah hjjhnt cj tah

nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmr lclh`tul m`k tah khsnriehk rhkistrieutic` cj tah rctmtiò lmss waina rhkunhs i`tc tah

kirhntic` cj tah tip. [ah mescbuthby stijj jby rck nm` `ct kc tais.;>[ah jmnt tamt tah khjbhntic` i`nrhmshs u`tib tah iìtimtic` cj tah stcp, tah rhtrmntic` / kisnamroh rhsphntivhby, wms pci`thk

cut ey tah 9ta nc`nbusic`. Ms bcò ms tah khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck i`nrhmshs i` tah smlh wmy ms stmthk i` ly jby nmst

shquh`nh, mbsc tah rmkius sacrth`s. [ah sacrthìò cj tah rmkius i`nrhmshs tah hjjhnt cj tah nc`shrvmtic` cj mòubmr

lclh`tul. [ah i`vhstiomtic` cj tah mòubmr lclh`tul sacws, tamt m` i`nrhmsiò khjbhntic` cj tah jby rck nm` eh

mkvm`tmohcus jcr tah jby nmsthr.

;;[ah pmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic` is hstilmthk jrcl tah kistm`nh cj tah rck orip ehtwhh` tah jirst m`k tah bmst pinturh cj ly jbynmstiò shquh`nh. [ah rhjhrh`nh is oivh` ey ly ecky ahioat cj =.?? l.


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=:. Nc`nbusic`6 Ms sacrthr tah jby rck is, ms lcrh tah pmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic` nc`trieuthstc tah tctmb, acrizc`tmb pmta cj tah jby rck tip. Ms bc`ohr tah jby rck is, ms bhss tah

pmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic` nc`trieuths tc tah tctmb, acrizc`tmb pmta cj tah jby rck tip;8

.

Jrcl ly nmsti`o shquh`nh it ehnclhs hvikh`t jurtahrlcrh, tamt tah pmrmbbhb trm`sbmtic`

Experimental investigations on the fly rod deflection - revision 2.0

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Transcript of Experimental investigations on the fly rod deflection - revision 2.0