DATA

Table 1–Baseline Blood Pressure

Systolic pressure

(mm Hg)

Diastolic pressure

(mm Hg)

Mean arterial pressure

(mm Hg)

121 64 78

Table 2–Blood Pressure

Response to Cold

Systolic pressure

(mm Hg)

Diastolic pressure

(mm Hg)

Mean arterial pressure

(mm Hg)

137 68 83

Table 3

Condition Heart rate

(bpm)

Time

(s)

Resting heart rate 72.01

Maximum heart rate 80.32 60.07

Rebound heart rate 72.01 20 seconds

Data Analysis1. Describe the trends that occurred in the systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial

pressure, and heart rate with cold stimulus. How might these responses be useful in a “fight or

flight” situation?

When the cold stimulus was added the systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial

pressure, and heart rate went up. In addition to the emotional discomfort we feel when faced with

a stressful situation or introduced to an uncomfortable stimulus, our bodies react by releasing

stress hormones (adrenaline and cortisol) into the blood. These hormones prepare the body for

the "fight or flight response" by increasing the heart rate and blood pressure.

2. As a vital sign, blood pressure is an indicator of general health. A high blood pressure

(140/90 or higher) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and strokes. Collect the systolic

and diastolic pressures for the class and calculate the average for each. Rate the class average

blood pressure using the follow scale:

Blood Pressure Category

140/90 or higher High

120–139/80–89 Pre-hypertension

119/79 or below Normal

114/69 - on average our class’s blood pressure is normal

3. How long after immersion did your heart rate reach its maximum value? Explain the

physiologic mechanism that led to this change in heart rate.

After about 20 seconds of submerging her foot into the ice water, Anna Lee’s heart rate reached

its maximum value of 80.32 bpm. The physiologic mechanism that led to this change in heart

rate was when her foot was submerged into the water there was decrease circulation to her foot,

which caused stress.

4. Describe the changes in heart rate that occurred after the maximum value. How can you

explain the minimum heart rate value? How would you explain the heart rate variations seen in

the remainder of the experiment?

After Anna Lee’s foot was submerged into the ice water her heart rate reached its maximum at

20 seconds. Her heart rate when resting, before submerging her foot, was 72.01 bpm. This

would explain why 20 seconds after reaching her maximum heart rate it returned to 72.01 bpm.

5. How long after the maximum heart rate did it take to arrive at your rebound heart rate? What

can you say about the relative speed of physiologic response to a stimulus vs. the speed of

mechanisms that are designed to maintain homeostasis?

After reaching the maximum heart rate was reached it took about 20 seconds to arrive at the

rebound heart rate.

6. If the heart rate is too slow there is inadequate blood pressure to maintain perfusion to the

brain. This can lead to loss of consciousness (fainting). Keeping in mind the autonomic nervous

system responses that you observed in this experiment, explain the sequence of events that

results in a severely frightened person fainting.

DATA:

Table 1–Baseline Blood

Pressure

Systolic pressure

(mm Hg)

Diastolic pressure

(mm Hg)

Mean arterial pressure

(mm Hg)

Pulse

(bpm)

119 65 75 76

Table 2–Blood Pressure

After Exercise

Systolic pressure

(mm Hg)

Diastolic pressure

(mm Hg)

Mean arterial pressure

(mm Hg)

Pulse

(bpm)

137 73 94 115

Table 3–Heart Rate

Condition

Resting heart rate (bpm) 97.01

Maximum heart rate (bpm) 154.8

Recovery time (s) 35

DATA ANALYSIS

1. Describe the trends that occurred in the systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial

pressure and pulse with exercise. Assume that the stroke volume increased from 75 mL/beat to

100 mL/beat. Use this information and the change in pulse with exercise to calculate the change

in cardiac output (stroke volume × heart rate) that occurred per minute.

- - The systolic pressure was higher than the diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure,

and pulse. The diastolic pressure and mean arterial pressure was around the same numbers.

But the pulse became higher that it originally was on the baseline.

The change in cardiac output is 5,800.

2. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic pressure (peak pressure during active

contraction of the ventricles) and diastolic pressure (the pressure that is maintained even while

the left ventricle is relaxing). Describe the change in pulse pressure seen with exercise. Which

component of the blood pressure is most responsible for this change?

- your pulse pressure rises during exercise because your heart rate increases and you begin to

breath harder. Cardiology is the component of the blood pressure that is the most responsible

for the change of someone’s pulse pressure with exercise.

3. A change in pulse pressure can be seen in a variety of medical conditions. What would you

expect to happen to the pulse pressure in the following examples?

(a) In atherosclerosis there is a hardening of the arterial walls.

- your pulse pressure widens.

(b) A damaged aortic valve does not seal properly and allows blood to flow back into the

ventricle during diastole.

- Pulse pressure begins to fall when there is aortic valve insufficiency.

4. Normal resting heart rates range from 55−100 beats per minute. What was your/the

subject’s resting heart rate? How much did your/the subject’s heart rate increase above resting

rate with exercise? What percent increase was this?

- The subjects resting heart rate was 76 bpm. The subjects heart rate increased by 39 bpm

with exercise. The heart rate increased by 51%.

5. How does your/the subject’s maximum heart rate compare with other students in your

group/class? Is this what you expected?

Other students heart rates were pretty close to our subjects heart rate. I expected them to

be about the same because all the subjects are the same age and were testing heart rate

under the same conditions.

6. Recovery time has been shown to correlate with degree of physical fitness. How does

your/the subject’s recovery rate compare to that of your classmates? Is this what you expected?

-Our subjects’ recovery rate was slightly shorter than other groups because our subject is a

softball player; therefor she is in better shape. This is the result that I expected because she

works out more often than the subject in other groups.

7. Congestive heart failure is a condition in which the strength of contraction with each beat

may be significantly reduced. For example, the ventricle may pump only half the usual volume of

blood with each beat. Would you expect a person with congestive heart failure to have a faster or

slower heart rate at rest? With exercise?

-I would expect someone with congestive heart failure to have a faster heart rate both at rest and

when exercising, because the muscle is not as powerful so the heart will have to pump more

quickly to compensate for the loss in pressure.

8. Medications are available which can slow the heart or speed it up. If a patient complains of

feeling poorly and has a heart rate of 120 beats per minute, should you administer a medicine to

slow the rate?

-Yes, you should attempt to slow the patients’ heart rate, because a normal heart rate should be

between 50 and 100 at rest and the patients heart rate is at 120.