Experiences with University-Industry and...

Experiences with UniversityExperiences with University--Industry and Industry and Government Consortia at UC Berkeley Government Consortia at UC Berkeley ——

A Story of Three CentersA Story of Three CentersJan M. Rabaey, Donald O. Pederson Distinguished ProfessorJan M. Rabaey, Donald O. Pederson Distinguished Professor

Director Gigascale Silicon Research Center Co-Director Berkeley Wireless Research Center

University of California at Berkeley

TU Berlin, April 13, 2005

Why Centers Are Formed?Why Centers Are Formed?

• To accomplish a specific mission– Bring a team of researchers together for a limited

period of time

• To cross boundaries between disciplines– Traditional academic infrastructure is not well

equipped for multi-disciplinary research

• To create a critical mass in funding– A broader vision and agenda raises fund-raising to

another level

• To create higher visibility

Three Case StudiesThree Case Studies• The Berkeley Wireless Research Center

(BWRC)– A focused research center between Berkeley and

industry

• The Gigascale System Research Center– A focused multi-university research center

• The Center for Information Technology Research in Support of Society (CITRIS)– A multi-disciplinary Center of Centers

Berkeley Wireless Berkeley Wireless Research CenterResearch CenterA UniversityA University--Industry Industry Collaborative Center Collaborative Center

http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu

• Participating Members:– Intel Corporation

– STMicroelectronics– Infineon Technologies

– Hitachi Ltd

– Sun Microsystems– Cisco Systems

– Agilent Technologies

• Associate Members:– Cadence Design Systems– Ericsson Radio Systems– Atmel Corporation– Qualcomm Incorporated– Philips Research– NEC Corporation– Samsung Electronics– Conexant Systems– Xilinx Incorporated– Fujitsu Laboratories

• Government Contracts: DARPA, NSF, ONR, MARCO, MURI

• 60 Graduate Students, 11 Faculty• 11,000 ft2, Downtown Berkeley, 1 block from campus • Operational since Feb.1999

Berkeley Wireless Research CenterBerkeley Wireless Research CenterA Partnership of UC Researchers, Industry, and Government

BWRC Operating ModelBWRC Operating Model• Members Participate

– Best of academic and industrial research– Resident researchers, part of research team

• Research Focus– Pre-competitive: >5 years out– Explore challenges and opportunities for

Future Integrated Wireless Systems– Understand tradeoffs between various implementation architectures

with respect to performance, power and cost• Open IP

– Results move quickly to the Public Domain: http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/

• Realistic prototype/test environment– Realize proof-of-concept prototypes using rapid design

flow from algorithm to implementation– STMicroelectronics and IBM foundry

• 130 nm moving to 90 nm CMOS and SiGe BiCMOS

The BWRC Research AgendaThe BWRC Research Agenda

Range

Dat

a R

ate

1m 10m 100m 1km 10km

1Kb

10Kb

100Kb

1Mb

10Mb

100Mb

Cellular (WAN)

3G Cellular

2.5 G Cellular

802.11 (LAN)

802.1a

Bluetooth (PAN)

Sensor networks

Metropolitan

Zigbee (PAN)

The Wireless ArenaThe Wireless Arena

More bit/secMore bit/secThe quest for spectral capacity• Improving spectral utilization: MIMO• Exploring new spectrum: 60 GHz• Overlaying spectrum: UWB• Re-cycling spectrum

The quest for spectral capacityThe quest for spectral capacity• Improving spectral utilization: MIMO• Exploring new spectrum: 60 GHz• Overlaying spectrum: UWB• Re-cycling spectrum

PicoRadioubiquitous wireless• Ultra-low cost• Ultra-low power • Small size

PicoRadioPicoRadioubiquitous wirelessubiquitous wireless• Ultra-low cost• Ultra-low power • Small size

Cheaper bitsCheaper bits

Meso-scale low-cost wireless transceivers for ubiquitous wireless data acquisition that• are fully integrated

–Size smaller than 1 cm3

• minimize power/energy dissipation– Limiting power dissipation to 100 µW

enables energy scavenging

• support low data-rates (< 100 kBit/sec)• and form self-configuring, robust, ad-hoc networks containing 100’s to 1000’s of nodes

Meso-scale low-cost wireless transceivers for ubiquitous wireless data acquisition that• are fully integrated

–Size smaller than 1 cm3

• minimize power/energy dissipation– Limiting power dissipation to 100 µW

enables energy scavenging

• support low data-rates (< 100 kBit/sec)• and form self-configuring, robust, ad-hoc networks containing 100’s to 1000’s of nodes

Some Highlights:Some Highlights:Ubiquitous Embedded WirelessUbiquitous Embedded Wireless

Berkeley PicoRadio ProjectBerkeley PicoRadio Project(Profs Rabaey, Wright, Ramchandran)

64Kmemory DW8051

µc

BaseBand

SerialInterface

GPIOInterface

LocationingEngine

Neighbor List

SystemSupervisor

DLL

NetworkQueues

VoltageConv

64Kmemory DW8051

µc

BaseBand

SerialInterface

GPIOInterface

LocationingEngine

Neighbor List

SystemSupervisor

DLL

NetworkQueues

VoltageConv

Integrated SubIntegrated Sub--100 100 µµW PicoNodeW PicoNode

Baseband(mixed-signal)

RF+ Antenna

ClockGeneration

DigitalProcessor(s)

PowerSupply

NetworkSensors


RF+ Antenna

ClockGeneration

DigitalProcessor(s)

PowerSupply

NetworkSensors


RF+ Antenna

ClockGeneration

DigitalProcessor(s)

PowerSupply

NetworkSensors

300 µW super-regenerativeTransceiver

Integrated sensor-node

Integrated transmitter

Mixed signal baseband

Energy scavenger

60 GHz Wireless LAN System 60 GHz Wireless LAN System

5 GHz of Unlicensed Spectrum

• Objective: Enable a fully-integrated low-cost Gb/s data communication using 60 GHz band.

• Approach: Employ emerging, standard CMOS technology for the radio building blocks. Exploit antenna array for improved gain and resilience.

(Profs Niknejad, Brodersen)

Possible in today's CMOS technology!Possible in today's CMOS technology!

1 mm

1.3 mm

60 Ghz CMOS Amplifier

Demonstrated key building blocks in 130 nm. Can predict the small signal gain, compression, and non-linear mixing.Accurate modeling is possible by extending RF methodologies. Work is underway for complete integrated prototype.

60 Ghz Mixer

Window of Opportunity: Window of Opportunity: Cognitive RadiosCognitive Radios

Time (min)

Fre

quen

cy (

Hz)

Existing spectrum policy forces spectrum to behave like a fragmented

disk

Bandwidth is expensive and good frequencies are taken

Unlicensed bands – biggest innovations in spectrum efficiency

Recent measurements by the FCC in the US show 70% of the allocated spectrum is not utilized

Time scale of the spectrum occupancy varies from msecs to hours

Profs Brodersen, Niknejad, Sahai, Tse

Cognitive RadioCognitive Radio’’ss

• Cognitive radio requirements– co-exists with legacy wireless

systems– uses their spectrum resources – does not interfere with them

• Cognitive radio properties– RF technology that "listens" to

huge swaths of spectrum – Knowledge of primary users’

spectrum usage as a function of location and time

– Rules of sharing the available resources (time, frequency, space)

– Embedded intelligence to determine optimal transmission

Con

figur

able

arr

ay RF

RF

RF

Sensor

Optimizer

ReconfigurableBaseband

Wideband RF modem

SummarySummary• Center in operation for close to 6 years

– Established public domain research model– Refined industry-academia collaborative research model

• World Class Research Results:– Also efforts in pulse-based radio’s, configurable radio’s and compute

platforms, advanced coders, ad-hoc networking, paintable computing– Semi-annual research retreats: January in Monterey, June in Lake Tahoe– Website: http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/

• Established infrastructure to support top quality wireless SOC research– CAD tools and automated design flows – BEE Emulation Engine in use– Laboratory for prototype testing

• Over 60 graduate degrees earned

““Design in the LateDesign in the Late--Silicon AgeSilicon Age””Gigascale Systems Research CenterGigascale Systems Research Center

Past, Present and FuturePast, Present and FutureSRC Board Meeting SRC Board Meeting -- March 15, 05March 15, 05

Jan M. Rabaey, Jan M. Rabaey, D.O.PedersonD.O.Pederson Distinguished Prof.Distinguished Prof.Director GSRCDirector GSRC

Scientific CoScientific Co--Director BWRCDirector BWRC

http://http://www.www.gigascale.orggigascale.org

PrePre--siliconsilicon SiliconSilicon PostPost--siliconsilicon

19501950’’ss 20202020’’ss

S RC/F ile na me/ 3

What the FCRP Offers --

The Focus Center Research Program was established to look beyond an individual company’s vision

National research centers in semiconductor technology:

Multiple-university teams; large-scale efforts, ~$8M/center/yrLong-range research horizon; emphasis on discoveryFocus on areas where evolutionary R&D may not find solutionsContinually re-focus on the most intractable problemsCollaboration within and among Centers for ‘total’ solutionsIndustry and Government collaboration

The MARCO Focus Center ProgramThe MARCO Focus Center Program

Addressing the Roadblocks in the ITRS Addressing the Roadblocks in the ITRS for CMOS and Beyond for CMOS and Beyond

IFC - Nano wires; Expanded Opto-electronics, Power.

GSRC- Centered on Systems:- Hetero Design- Soft Systems-Test

system softwaresystem software

systemssystemssystems

structuresstructuresstructures

materialsmaterialsmaterials

physicsphysicsphysics

circuitscircuits

devices/interconnectdevices/interconnect

platform / architectureplatform / architecture

application softwareapplication software

C2S2 - Mostly Circuits:- Analog/Mixed Signal- Heterogeneous Circuits- Post-CMOS circuits

MSD - Push CMOS to limits Select Post-CMOS Tasks

FENA - Augments Post-CMOS Research in Nano materials /devices.

Courtesy MARCO, S. Thomas

systems

GSRC in the Food Chain GSRC in the Food Chain

structures

materials

physicsphysicsphysics

structuresstructures

materialsmaterials

devicesdevices

circuitscircuits

logic / architecturelogic / architecture

system softwaresystem software

application HW/SWapplication HW/SW

integrated productsintegrated products GSRC Focus is GSRC Focus is ““SystemsSystems””““The design, verification, and test of complex, heterogeneous embedded systems-on-a-chip/package considering the realities and the challenges of the late-silicon age.”

The Bifurcation of The MarketsDiverging technology roadmaps

The Design Introduction ChallengeComplexity!!Proliferating design tool, mask, and fab cost

The Physics And Manufacturing ChallengesPower and energy as a limiting factor to integrationNano-scaling leads to uncertainty and reduces reliabilityMixed-signal design under severe stressTrue embedded systems integration requires mixed-everything

ReliableSystems

Leader:Todd Austin

The GSRC The GSRC Research ThemesResearch Themes

Power-AwareSystems

Leader:Janie Irwin

EmbeddedVerification

Leader:Karem Sakallah

Sharad Malik

EmbeddedSelf-Test

Leader:Tim Cheng

HeteroSystems

Leader:AlbertoSangiovanni-Vincentelli

System-LevelRoadmap

Leader:Andrew Kahng

DesignDrivers

Leader:Jan Rabaey

Soft Systems Leaders:Wen-Mei HwuKurt Keutzer

GSRC: Our TeamGSRC: Our Team

Alberto SVBerkeley

Wen-Mei HwuIllinois

Kurt KeutzerBerkeley

Janie IrwinPenn State

Todd AustinMichigan

Karem SakallahMichigan

Andrew KahngSan Diego

Tim ChengSanta Barbara

Jan RabaeyBerkeley

Sharad MalikPrinceton

Ken LutzBerkeley

Executive TeamExecutive Team

StanfordU.C. Berkeley

U.C. San Diego

MIT

Carnegie Mellon

U Illinois

Georgia Tech

U.C. Santa BarbaraU.C. Los Angeles

Caltech

Penn State

U Michigan

UT Austin

PrincetonPurdue

32 faculty32 faculty16 institutions16 institutions

Colorado

Some Success StoriesSome Success Stories

Error_L

Errorcomarator

RAZOR FFclk_del

Main Flip-Flop

clk

Shadow Latch

Q1D101

Error_L

Errorcomarator

RAZOR FFclk_del

Main Flip-Flop

clk

Shadow Latch

Q1D101

D-Cache

IF ID EX

ME

MWBRegister FileI-

Cache

3.3 mm

3 mm

Razor (Michigan):Allows circuits to operateat minimal voltage margins

PlatformDesign-Space

Export

PlatformMapping

Implementation Space

Application SpaceApplication Instance

Platform Instance

Platform

Metropolis (Berkeley):An integrated environmentfor formal platform-based design

128 128 128 128

•LPF•Sampling Time Estimation•Period adjustment•FFT or computing derivatives

••LPFLPF••Sampling Time EstimationSampling Time Estimation••Period adjustmentPeriod adjustment••FFT or computing derivativesFFT or computing derivatives

•Sinusoidal Jitter Extraction•Random Jitter Extraction

••Sinusoidal Jitter ExtractionSinusoidal Jitter Extraction••Random Jitter ExtractionRandom Jitter Extraction

sample periods every N cycles

sample periods sample periods every every N N cyclescycles

N

The filtered periods spectrum

The filtered periods spectrum reshaped with inverse filter transfer function

The noise population used for random jitter estimation

A

B

ABPP NSE_ANSE_tot=

Alternate Test (Georgia Tech, Santa Barbara):Enables test of embedded RF/mixed signal and serial I/O

Mescal (Berkeley, Princeton):Design and programmingof concurrent heterogeneous platforms

Moving ForwardMoving ForwardCreating Creating ““Roadmap for the LateRoadmap for the Late--Age Silicon System DesignAge Silicon System Design””

How to deal with power, variability and reliability from a systeHow to deal with power, variability and reliability from a system design perspectivem design perspective

Serves as global context for Serves as global context for allall the GSRC activitiesthe GSRC activities

Helps to consolidate efforts in the different themes (as well asHelps to consolidate efforts in the different themes (as well as crosscross--center) and create global milestonescenter) and create global milestones

2005 2010 The far beyondBeyond

Co

mp

lexi

ty

2000

Concurrency

And Flexibility

Self-Adaptivity

EmbracingRandomness

Error-resiliency

Moving ForwardMoving Forward

Launched CrossLaunched Cross--Theme Theme ““OnOn--Line XLine X”” InitiativeInitiative(X = Verification, Test, Tuning, Reliability, Resource, Power an(X = Verification, Test, Tuning, Reliability, Resource, Power and Leakage Management)d Leakage Management)

GSRC with its broad expertise base uniquely positioned to addresGSRC with its broad expertise base uniquely positioned to address this s this topic in an integrated perspectivetopic in an integrated perspective

A Whole Range of InterA Whole Range of Inter--Related ConceptsRelated Concepts

From GSRC Workshop in Michigan (Dec 04)From GSRC Workshop in Michigan (Dec 04)

Summing it all upSumming it all up

GSRC: GSRC: ““Addressing the challenges of the late and postAddressing the challenges of the late and post--silicon age at the silicon age at the System LevelSystem Level””

CenterCenter model has led to nonmodel has led to non--competitive collaboration between competitive collaboration between researchers at different locations researchers at different locations –– ““Not research as usualNot research as usual””

Continuing the push for radical crossContinuing the push for radical cross--boundary thinking and boundary thinking and unorthodox partnering unorthodox partnering –– continuous recontinuous re--evaluation going on to evaluation going on to ensure that agenda is audacious enoughensure that agenda is audacious enough

Past efforts have laid the foundations, first results becoming Past efforts have laid the foundations, first results becoming apparent, stay tuned for the future apparent, stay tuned for the future ……..

UC BERKELEY

UC DAVIS

UC MERCED

UC SANTA CRUZ

http://www.citrishttp://www.citris--uc.orguc.org

CITRIS OriginsCITRIS Origins

• Approximately 1000 researchers, including over 200 faculty from over 50 academic departments

• Many industrial partners• Significant State, federal, and private support

($300 million over 4 years)• CITRIS will focus on IT solutions to tough, Quality-of-life

problems, which we call:Driving Applications

UC BerkeleyUC Berkeley

UC MercedUC Merced

UC DavisUC Davis

UC Santa CruzUC Santa CruzThe purpose is inter-disciplinary, collaborative research on IT solutions to grand-challenge social and commercial problems affecting the quality of life of all citizens.

• Major new initiative started in 2001 jointly with UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UC Merced, and UC Santa Cruz

CITRISCITRISUniversity of CaliforniaUniversity of California

• They shape the research by providing theframework, motivation, linkages, and foundations

Initially-selected GRAND-CHALLENGE areas of focus

Initially-selected GRAND-CHALLENGE areas of focus

2001 CITRIS DRIVING APPLICATIONS

DISASTER RESPONSEDISASTER RESPONSE

EDUCATIONEDUCATION

ENERGYENERGY

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

HEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE

TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION


Research Research CentersCenters

ResearchResearchFacultyFaculty

Industrial Industrial PartnersPartners

StudentsStudents

CITRIS is like an Umbrella . . . CITRIS is like an Umbrella . . . CITRIS is like an Umbrella . . .

. . . with many members and affiliates

> 20

> 40 > 200Hundreds

State State AgenciesAgencies


CITRIS CORPORATE SPONSORSCITRIS CORPORATE SPONSORS

Founding Corporate MembersFounding Corporate Members

New in New in ’’04:04:

Associate Corporate MembersAssociate Corporate Members

CITRIS-Affiliated Research CentersCITRIS-Affiliated Research Centers

• Berkeley Center for the Information Society (BCIS)• Berkeley Institute of Design (BID)• Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (BSL) • Center for the Built Environment (CBE)• Center for Computational Science and Engineering• Center for Environmental and Water Resources

Engineering (CEWRE)• The Center for Geotechnical Modeling (CGM)• Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI)• Environmental Energy Technologies Division (EETD)

of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.• Experimental Social Sciences Laboratory (X-LAB)• Institute for Transportation Studies (ITS)• Nanomaterials in the Environment, Agriculture, and

Technology (NEAT)• National Center of Excellence for Aviation Operational

Research (NEXTOR)• Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH)• Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER)

• Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center (BSAC)• Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC)• The Biosensor Group (BSG)• The Center for Biophotonics, Science and Technology

(CBST)• Center for Hybrid Embedded Software Systems (CHESS)• The Center for Image Processing and Integrated

Computing (CIPIC)• Center for Intelligent Systems (CIS)• Computer Security Laboratory• The Gigascale Silicon Research Center (GSRC)• Microelectronics Laboratory at U.C. Berkeley• National Energy Research Computing Center (NERSC)

of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.• Optical Switching and Communications Laboratory

see: see: www.citriswww.citris--uc.orguc.orgCITRISCITRIS

University of CaliforniaUniversity of California

Electrical Engineering& Computer Science

Other Engineering

Other Science

Humanities, SocialScience, Law

Distribution of CITRIS Researchersby Major Discipline

Distribution of CITRIS ResearchersDistribution of CITRIS Researchersby Major Disciplineby Major Discipline

56%17%

17%

10%


To the Societal Scale

From the very small

SOCIETAL-SCALE INFORMATION SYSTEMS—SISSOCIETAL-SCALE INFORMATION SYSTEMS—SIS

Building & Using Sensor Nets

MEMS = Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems

MEMS for Sensor Nets

Scalable, Reliable,Secure Services


Motes: the foundations of sensor Motes: the foundations of sensor networksnetworks

February 2000February 2001

February 2002August 2001

February 2003


Integrated MicrosystemsIntegrated Microsystems

Enabling Large TestbedsEnabling Large Testbeds

Golden Gate Bridge Net (Profs. Fenves, Culler)Masada (Prof. Glaser)Wild Fire Monitoring (Prof. Glaser, Sitar)Botanical Gardens (Prof. Culler)

All of these applications are at various stages of design and deployment


EmergencyEmergencySocial Sciences, Social Sciences, the Humanities; the Humanities;

EnvironmentEnvironment

EmergencyEmergency

EnvironmentEnvironment

Deployment and the Scientific ProcessDeployment and the Scientific Process


Temperature vs. Time

8

13

18

23

28

33

7/7/039:40

7/7/0313:41

7/7/0317:43

7/7/0321:45

8/7/031:47

8/7/035:49

8/7/039:51

8/7/0313:53

8/7/0317:55

8/7/0321:57

9/7/031:59

9/7/036:01

9/7/0310:03

Date

Humidity vs. Time

35

45

55

65

75

85

95

Rel H

um

idit

y (

%)

101 104 109 110 111

2003, unpublished

Bottom Top

36m

34m

30m

20m

10m


Growing in scope:Expanded Application AreasGrowing in scope:Expanded Application Areas

EDUCATIONEDUCATION

DISASTER RESPONSEDISASTER RESPONSE

ENERGYENERGY

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

HEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE

TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION

*NEW

*NEW

2001


EducationEducation

Emergency Preparedness Emergency Preparedness & Home Defense& Home Defense

Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency

Environmental MonitoringEnvironmental Monitoring

Health CareHealth Care

Service to the Third World Service to the Third World Using ITUsing IT

Social Science, Social Science, Humanities & BusinessHumanities & Business

TransportationTransportation

TODAY

Tes

t B

eds

Tes

t B

eds

New CITRIS HeadquartersNew CITRIS Headquarters

~35,000 sq. ft. Nanofab ~80,000 total sq. ft. (AFS)

Highly collaborative, interactive office, laboratory, teaching space

Summary: What Makes A Center Succeed?Summary: What Makes A Center Succeed?

Clearly identified charter and operational rulesClearly identified charter and operational rules

Unambiguous definition of rights and privilegesUnambiguous definition of rights and privileges

IP management rules ironed out up frontIP management rules ironed out up front

Collaboration should be rewardedCollaboration should be rewarded

Only then will the total be larger than the sum of the componentOnly then will the total be larger than the sum of the componentss

Minimize barriers for cooperationMinimize barriers for cooperation

A compelling and absorbing (set of) visionsA compelling and absorbing (set of) visions

A researcher should be excited to be part of itA researcher should be excited to be part of it

Engaged and motivating leadershipEngaged and motivating leadership

If these conditions are not met If these conditions are not met ……..

Running a center will be nothing less than herding cats

http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.eduhttp://gigascale.orghttp://www.citris-uc.org

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