Experiences of Sexism - Eurage · EURAGE Research Report No 1 6 Experiences of Sexism Findings from...

EURAGE

Experiences of Sexism Findings from the European Social

Survey

By Hannah J. Swift and Dominic Abrams

EURAGE Research Report No. 1

The European Research Group on Attitudes to Age

EURAGE Research Report No 1 2

This report has been prepared by EURAGE the European Research Group on Attitudes to

Age. Our team designed the attitudes to age module in the European Social Survey (ESS)

and we are currently analysing the findings from 28 countries and over 50,000 respondents.

One of our main goals is to disseminate our findings and to inform policy-makers,

stakeholders and end-users from different countries about experiences and societal attitudes

and their relationships to the societal context. Our work is supported by Age UK, the

European Social Research Council, the Department for Work and Pensions in the UK and

the Commission of the European Communities Marie Curie Fellowship.

Each report in this series will present important findings from one or two key questions about

social attitudes and experiences asked in the ESS. Although much of our work focuses on

age, we also focus on how age and other characteristics combine to affect people’s social

experiences. In this report we present findings on experiences of sexism across ESS

countries before looking in more detail at experiences of sexism within each country.

Members of the EURAGE team include:

Professor Dominic Abrams, co-Director, School of Psychology, University of Kent

Professor Luisa Lima, co-Director, ISCTE – Lisbon University Institute

Dr. Sibila Marques and Dr Christine-Melanie Vauclair from ISCTE – Lisbon University

Institute

Dr Hannah J. Swift, Dr Christopher Bratt, Ruth Lamont and Libby Cuthbert from the School

of Psychology, University of Kent

Please use the following reference to cite this report:

Swift H.J. & Abrams, D. (2012). Experiences of Sexism: Findings from the European Social

Survey, EURAGE Research Report No 1, EURAGE: Canterbury UK

For more details about EURAGE team members, EURAGE projects or this report please visit

the EURAGE website at www.eurage.com. Or contact the authors, Dr Hannah J. Swift

[email protected] or Professor Dominic Abrams [email protected].

For more information about the European Social Survey go to

www.europeansocialsurvey.org

http://www.eurage.com/

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/


Contents

List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... 4

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ 5

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 6

Experiences of Sexism .......................................................................................................... 7

Country Specific Experiences of Sexism by Age Group ..................................................... 9

Belgium ........................................................................................................................ 10

Bulgaria ....................................................................................................................... 10

Switzerland .................................................................................................................. 11

Cyprus ......................................................................................................................... 11

Czech Republic ............................................................................................................ 12

Germany ...................................................................................................................... 12

Denmark ...................................................................................................................... 13

Estonia ......................................................................................................................... 13

Spain ........................................................................................................................... 14

Finland ......................................................................................................................... 14

France ......................................................................................................................... 15

United Kingdom ........................................................................................................... 15

Greece ......................................................................................................................... 16

Croatia ......................................................................................................................... 16

Hungary ....................................................................................................................... 17

Israel ............................................................................................................................ 17

Latvia ........................................................................................................................... 18

Netherlands ................................................................................................................. 18

Norway ........................................................................................................................ 19

Poland ......................................................................................................................... 19

Portugal ....................................................................................................................... 20

Romania ...................................................................................................................... 20

Russian Federation ...................................................................................................... 21

Sweden ........................................................................................................................ 21

Slovenia ....................................................................................................................... 22

Slovakia ....................................................................................................................... 22

Turkey .......................................................................................................................... 23

Ukraine ........................................................................................................................ 23

Appendix : Corresponding tables for figures ........................................................................ 24


List of Figures Figure 1: Percentage of respondents who have experienced sexism at least once, by gender

............................................................................................................................................. 7

Figure 2: The percentage of women who experience more sexism compared to men ........... 8

Figure 3: ESS average experience of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group .......... 9

Figure 4: Belgium – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ........... 10

Figure 5: Bulgaria – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ........... 10

Figure 6: Switzerland – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ...... 11

Figure 7: Cyprus – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ............. 11

Figure 8: Czech Republic – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group 12

Figure 9: Germany – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ......... 12

Figure 10: Denmark – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group........ 13

Figure 11: Estonia – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group .......... 13

Figure 12: Spain – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ............. 14

Figure 13: Finland – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group .......... 14

Figure 14: France – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ........... 15

Figure 15: United Kingdom – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

........................................................................................................................................... 15

Figure 16: Greece – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group .......... 16

Figure 17: Croatia – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group .......... 16

Figure 18: Hungary – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ........ 17

Figure 19: Israel – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ............. 17

Figure 20: Latvia – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ............ 18

Figure 21: Netherlands – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ... 18

Figure 22: Norway – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group .......... 19

Figure 23: Poland – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ........... 19

Figure 24: Portugal – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ......... 20

Figure 25: Romania – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ........ 20


Figure 26: Russian Federation – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age

group .................................................................................................................................. 21

Figure 27: Sweden – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ......... 21

Figure 28: Slovenia – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ........ 22

Figure 29: Slovakia – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ........ 22

Figure 30: Turkey – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group ........... 23

Figure 31: Ukraine – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group .......... 23

List of Tables Table 1: Experiences of sexism by gender - corresponds to Figure 1 ................................. 24

Table 2: Experiences of sexism and differences between genders – corresponds to Figure 2

........................................................................................................................................... 25

Table 3: Experiences of Sexism by gender and respondent’s age group (percentage) –

corresponds to Figures 3 to 31 ............................................................................................ 26


Experiences of Sexism Findings from the European Social Survey

Hannah J. Swift and Dominic Abrams

Introduction and Overview

Sexism is a form of prejudice which devalues people on the basis of their gender.1

Both men and women can be victims of sexism, although typically it is women who

tend to bear the brunt of sexist attitudes and behaviours as a reflection of their lower

status and lower power position in many societies. Using data from the fourth round

of the European Social Survey (ESS),2 it was possible to explore experiences of

sexism across 28 different countries in the European region. Within the ‘Experiences

and Expressions of Ageism’ module fielded in 2008/2009, people were questioned

about their experiences of sexism. This report presents findings on men’s and

women’s experiences of sexism across 28 ESS countries, and how these differ

according to age within each country. It shows that;

On average, more women reported experiencing sexism compared to men

Men’s and women’s experiences of sexism vary across ESS countries

The extent to which more women experience sexism compared to men also

varies across ESS countries

On average, women’s experiences of sexism tend to decline with age

In general, women’s experiences of sexism vary more according to age than

men’s experiences of sexism

Age and gender differences in experiences of sexism vary within each country


Experiences of Sexism The ESS module asked people ‘please tell me how often, in the past year, anyone has

shown prejudice against you or treated you unfairly because of your sex?’ Responses were

recorded on a 1 to 4 point scale, from 1 = ‘never’ to 4 = ‘very often’. In order to reflect the

extent to which people had experienced sexism the ‘never’ responses were recoded as 0,

and those above 1 were coded as 1 to reflect that sexism had been experienced at least

once.

Across the ESS countries more women reported experiencing sexism (28.8%) than did men

(18%). Figure 1 shows the extent to which sexism is experienced by males and females

across ESS countries. In every ESS country more women report experiencing sexism than

men did. However, there are large variations in men and women’s experiences between

countries. 47.5% of women reported experiencing sexism in the Czech Republic compared

to 15% in Portugal. For men, experiences range from 37.6% in the Czech Republic to 7.5%

in Cyprus. In the UK 30.5% of women reported experiencing sexism at least once, and

16.2% of men, see Appendix for tables of results that correspond to figures.

Figure 1: Percentage of respondents who have experienced sexism at least once, by gender

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

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Women Men


Although more women report experiences of sexism, there are large variations in the extent

to which men and women differ in their experiences of sexism, these are shown in Figure 2.

In Sweden nearly 20% more women report experiencing sexism then men, in Portugal this

difference is reduced to 3.8%.

Figure 2: The percentage of women who experience more sexism compared to men

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

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Country Specific Experiences of Sexism by Age Group

Previous research conducted in the United Kingdom has shown experiences of

discrimination and prejudice to vary between age groups, such that younger respondents

were more likely to report experiences of discrimination, including sexism.3 This section

investigates the extent to which experiences of sexism vary by respondent’s age group, as

well as their gender, within each country that took part in the ESS.

Figure 3 below shows experiences of sexism averaged across all ESS countries for men and

women belonging to different age groups. The findings show that on average women’s

experiences decrease with age, while men’s experiences remain relatively unchanged.

Within each age group more women report experiences of sexism than men.

Figure 3: ESS average experience of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group


Belgium

In Belgium we can see that there is considerably more variation in women’s experiences of

sexism compared to men’s. Women’s experiences of sexism peak in their 20s and steadily

decline from age 40 onwards. The difference between men and women’s experiences of

sexism also decline with age, with no significant gender differences between men and

women in the oldest two age groups see Figure 4.

Figure 4: Belgium – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Bulgaria

In Bulgaria there is no significant difference between men and women’s experiences of

sexism by those who are aged 20 and under, between the ages of 51 and 60 or aged 81 and

over. In all other age groups more women who experience sexism than men. Women’s

experiences do not show a tendency to decline with age, see Figure 5.

Figure 5: Bulgaria – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Under 20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81 andover

Bulgaria Women Bulgaria Men


Switzerland

In Switzerland there are marked gender differences in experiences of sexism for those under

the age of 50. Women’s experiences of sexism decline with age, with 50% aged under 20

experiencing sexism compared to 12.7% of those aged 81 and over, see Figure 6.

Figure 6: Switzerland – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Cyprus

In Cyprus more women report experiences of sexism than men, with the exception of those

aged 61 to 70. Women’s experiences of sexism tend to peak in later life, with 31.8% of

women aged 71-80 and 25% aged 81 and over reporting experiences of sexism. Men’s

experiences of sexism also show a tendency to peak in later life, see Figure 7.

Figure 7: Cyprus – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group


Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic around half of women (50%) report experiences of sexism until a

noticeable drop occurs for those aged 71 and over. More women report experiences of

sexism up until the age of 50, beyond this, there are no reliable1 gender differences.

Figure 8: Czech Republic – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Germany

In Germany more women report experiences of sexism than men, with larger gender

differences for younger age groups. Women’s experiences of sexism tend to decline with

age, but rise again in the oldest age group, see Figure 9.

Figure 9: Germany – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

1 Reliability here refers to fact the difference did not reach statistical significance at p < .05

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

Under 20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81 andover

Germany Women Germany Men


Denmark

In Denmark more women report experiences of sexism between the ages of 21 and 50 than

men did. Women’s experiences drop quite dramatically between these ages and remain

fairly low in later life, see Figure 10.

Figure 10: Denmark – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Estonia

In Estonia we see very few gender differences in experiences of sexism. They only occur in

the under 20 and 31 to 40 year old age groups, with more women in these age groups

experiencing sexism than men. Both men’s and women’s experiences of sexism tend to

decline with age group, see Figure 11.

Figure 11: Estonia – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Under 20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81 andover

Estonia Women Estonia Men


Spain

In Spain more women, up to the age of 51, report experiencing sexism than men. Women’s

experiences tend to decline with age, while there is a noticeable peak in men’s experiences

of sexism for those in the 81 and over age group, see Figure 12.

Figure 12: Spain – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Finland

In Finland more women, up to the age of 61, report experiencing sexism than men. Women’s

experiences tend to decline with age with 68.6% of women under 20 experiencing sexism

compared to 9.2% of women over 81, see Figure 13.

Figure 13: Finland – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group


France

In France women’s experiences of sexism remain quite high until the age of 61 where there

is a noticeable drop. From 61 onwards there are no gender differences in experiences of

sexism, see Figure 14.

Figure 14: France – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom more women report experiences of sexism up until the age of 61,

beyond 61 there are no gender differences in experiences of sexism. Women’s experiences

tend to decline with age with nearly half of women under 20 (48.7%) experiencing sexism

compared to 14.9% of women aged 81 and over, see Figure 15.

Figure 15: United Kingdom – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Under 20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81 andover

United Kingdom Women United Kingdom Men


Greece

In Greece there are only significant gender differences between the ages of 21 and 40,

where more women report experiences of sexism, see Figure 16. Women’s experiences of

sexism peak in their 20s, but do not steadily decline with age like some other ESS countries.

Figure 16: Greece – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Croatia

In Croatia the largest gender difference in experiences of sexism occurs for the 21 to 30 age

group, where women’s experiences of sexism peak. After this experiences tend to decline

with age, see Figure 17.

Figure 17: Croatia – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group


Hungary

In Hungary, although there appears to be lots of gender differences in experiences of sexism

within age groups, in fact none of these differences are statistically reliable. Women’s

experiences of sexism peak in their 20s and then there is a noticeable drop in women’s

experiences aged 41 to 50, see Figure 18.

Figure 18: Hungary – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Israel

In Israel more women report experiencing sexism in the 31 to 40 year age group, 51 to 60

and 61 to 70 year age groups, with the largest gender difference in the latter age group.

More women aged 61 to 70 report experiences of sexism (34.5%), after this experiences

drop to around 22 to 25%, see Figure 19.

Figure 19: Israel – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Under 20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81 andover

Israel Women Israel Men


Latvia

In Latvia gender differences in experiences of sexism occur in the middle two age groups

(41 to 50 and 51-60), where more women report experiences of sexism, see Figure 20.

These gender difference seem to occur because men’s experiences of sexism appear to

drop considerably.

Figure 20: Latvia – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Netherlands

In the Netherlands more women report experiencing sexism between the ages of 21 and 60

compared to men. Both men’s and women’s experiences tend to decline with age group, see

Figure 21.

Figure 21: Netherlands – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Under 20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81 andover

Netherlands Women Netherlands Men


Norway

In Norway more women report experiencing sexism compared to men until the 51 and over

age groups, where there are no significant differences. Both men’s and women’s

experiences of sexism tend to decline with age group, see Figure 22.

Figure 22: Norway – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Under 20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81 andover

Norway Women Norway Men

Poland

In Poland more women report experiencing sexism in their 20s compared to men. There is a

tendency for women’s experiences to decline with age, until the 81 and over age group, see

Figure 23.

Figure 23: Poland – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group


Portugal

In Portugal although it appears that more women report experiences of sexism between the

ages of 31 to 50 and 61 to 80, these differences are not statistically reliable. In fact there are

no statistically reliable gender differences within age groups. Women’s experiences of

sexism peak between the ages of 31 to 50, while men’s experiences peak aged 81 and over,

see Figure 24.

Figure 24: Portugal – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Romania

In Romania more women than men report experiences of sexism between the ages of 21 to

60, and then aged 81 and over, see Figure 25. Around 20 to 25% of men experience sexism

within each age group except the 81 years and over, this is likely due to the very low

numbers of Romanian men aged 81 years and over questioned about sexism.

Figure 25: Romania – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group


Russian Federation

In the Russian Federation more women, up to the age of 31 and those aged 41 to 50 report

experiencing sexism than men. Women aged 51 and over tend to report slightly lower levels

of sexism than those under 50, see Figure 26.

Figure 26: Russian Federation – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Sweden

In Sweden more women, up to the age of 60, report experiencing sexism than men. Both

men and women’s experiences tend to decline with age group, see Figure 27.

Figure 27: Sweden – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group


Slovenia

In Slovenia more women, up to the age of 40, report experiencing sexism compared to men.

After 50 women’s experiences of sexism tend to decline with age group, see Figure 28.

Figure 28: Slovenia – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Slovakia

In Slovakia more women, up to the age of 40 and aged between 51 and 60, report

experiencing sexism compared to men. Women’s experiences of sexism tend to peak in

their 20s, and then remain fairly stable, see Figure 29.

Figure 29: Slovakia – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group


Turkey

In Turkey more women report experiences of sexism compared to men between the ages of

21 and 40. There is a tendency for women’s experiences of sexism to decline with age group

while men’s experiences do not, see Figure 30.

Figure 30: Turkey – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group

Ukraine

In the Ukraine more women report experiences of sexism in the 21 to 30 age group. There is

little variation in women’s experiences of sexism which range from 17.7% of those aged 71

to 80 to 27.9% of those aged 21 to 30.

Figure 31: Ukraine – Experiences of sexism by gender and respondent’s age group


Appendix: Corresponding tables for figures

Table 1: Experiences of sexism by gender - corresponds to Figure 1

Women Men

Czech Republic 47.51% 37.60%

Netherlands 41.09% 27.89%

Finland 39.86% 23.60%

Belgium 37.81% 24.30%

Sweden 36.99% 17.12%

Romania 36.90% 24.13%

France 33.60% 18.61%

Russian Federation 33.40% 25.88%

Israel 31.35% 23.74%

Spain 31.09% 20.77%

United Kingdom 30.47% 16.18%

Slovakia 30.42% 19.56%

Norway 29.59% 12.28%

Turkey 29.10% 19.82%

Estonia 27.12% 21.55%

Switzerland 26.81% 14.72%

Denmark 26.77% 13.85%

Germany 26.60% 11.61%

Slovenia 25.88% 17.29%

Greece 24.56% 15.57%

Ukraine 23.89% 14.52%

Croatia 22.72% 15.10%

Latvia 22.26% 14.48%

Bulgaria 21.35% 12.27%

Cyprus 19.80% 7.53%

Poland 19.41% 11.79%

Hungary 15.87% 10.65%

Portugal 15.01% 11.20%

Note: Countries order by women’s experiences, from highest to lowest


Table 2: Experiences of sexism and differences between genders – corresponds to Figure 2

Women Men Difference

Sweden 36.99% 17.12% 19.86%

Norway 29.59% 12.28% 17.31%

Finland 39.86% 23.60% 16.26%

France 33.60% 18.61% 14.99%

Germany 26.60% 11.61% 14.99%

United Kingdom 30.47% 16.18% 14.28%

Belgium 37.81% 24.30% 13.51%

Netherlands 41.09% 27.89% 13.20%

Denmark 26.77% 13.85% 12.92%

Romania 36.90% 24.13% 12.78%

Cyprus 19.80% 7.53% 12.27%

Switzerland 26.81% 14.72% 12.09%

Slovakia 30.42% 19.56% 10.86%

Spain 31.09% 20.77% 10.31%

Czech Republic 47.51% 37.60% 9.90%

Ukraine 23.89% 14.52% 9.37%

Turkey 29.10% 19.82% 9.28%

Bulgaria 21.35% 12.27% 9.09%

Greece 24.56% 15.57% 8.99%

Slovenia 25.88% 17.29% 8.59%

Latvia 22.26% 14.48% 7.78%

Poland 19.41% 11.79% 7.62%

Croatia 22.72% 15.10% 7.62%

Israel 31.35% 23.74% 7.61%

Russian Federation 33.40% 25.88% 7.52%

Estonia 27.12% 21.55% 5.57%

Hungary 15.87% 10.65% 5.22%

Portugal 15.01% 11.20% 3.82% Note: Countries order by difference scores, from highest to lowest


Table 3: Experiences of Sexism by gender and respondent’s age group (percentage) – corresponds to Figures 3 to 31

Under 20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

81 and over

ESS average Women 39.26 38.76 33.29 29.33 25.88 22.38 19.02 17.82

Men 23.62 22.06 18.66 18.10 16.94 15.94 14.27 13.12

Belgium Women 46.74 55.28 46.27 32.28 35.00 30.00 20.78 22.50

Men 27.27 29.92 31.29 23.49 21.28 14.55 23.88 12.00

Bulgaria Women 13.64 26.17 23.31 20.65 21.12 18.49 22.06 25.71

Men 15.38 13.33 11.69 11.11 15.56 11.48 7.52 17.14

Switzerland Women 50.00 35.56 35.06 29.53 25.16 16.26 10.26 12.77

Men 12.20 17.19 15.92 12.75 20.00 10.91 8.33 17.50

Cyprus Women 17.54 24.62 18.18 12.39 22.89 15.85 31.82 25.00

Men 7.69 6.14 8.04 1.01 6.86 13.79 13.04 8.33

Czech Republic

Women 52.17 52.07 50.52 47.37 46.94 47.83 33.75 37.93

Men 30.51 31.29 40.76 36.26 43.68 39.31 28.85 50.00

Germany Women 41.30 43.07 28.89 27.18 23.46 18.18 13.08 21.95

Men 15.69 19.10 11.54 12.41 10.18 7.73 7.75 6.67

Denmark Women 39.06 56.34 40.77 29.19 18.98 11.11 10.34 5.26

Men 29.82 22.09 10.83 12.59 12.26 12.75 6.94 5.00

Estonia Women 53.73 35.07 39.42 25.85 16.13 18.52 18.10 18.87

Men 34.33 28.23 22.22 19.30 15.70 18.48 15.52 8.33

Spain Women 44.44 36.99 35.55 33.48 24.46 26.53 21.58 17.14

Men 24.72 16.59 21.55 19.49 16.67 24.83 21.88 34.15

Finland Women 68.60 62.75 51.39 37.24 37.89 28.74 13.21 9.23

Men 32.61 29.63 20.71 26.82 19.72 22.22 19.48 3.70

France Women 41.89 39.22 40.78 40.00 34.97 18.18 22.66 22.22

Men 13.24 27.78 18.64 17.72 18.38 12.50 23.08 17.07

United Kingdom

Women 48.65 49.74 36.84 32.61 21.81 18.45 11.57 14.93

Men 31.15 28.35 12.64 17.56 11.18 14.38 11.93 7.27

Greece Women 24.14 33.89 24.17 21.24 20.35 23.57 28.13 18.18

Men 23.88 15.00 13.33 13.38 15.28 17.04 21.31 5.26

Croatia Women 36.54 38.69 23.73 23.29 12.60 13.64 8.64 14.29

Men 33.33 17.46 21.43 17.82 13.27 4.76 6.85 0.00

Hungary Women 17.31 20.77 18.06 8.85 18.62 15.52 14.58 4.76

Men 11.48 14.95 10.26 8.55 13.22 5.95 8.06 11.54

Israel Women 32.48 34.98 28.57 33.33 30.04 35.46 22.58 25.58

Men 26.09 28.98 18.79 25.49 20.51 22.92 21.11 20.45

Latvia Women 20.48 26.90 20.00 23.74 26.53 20.83 14.79 23.40

Men 16.18 23.81 18.70 9.38 6.72 12.90 15.09 14.29

Netherlands Women 52.50 54.31 48.60 48.30 39.24 31.69 22.00 16.28

Men 45.45 34.69 24.46 35.33 24.54 22.61 22.22 8.33

Norway Women 61.11 49.00 33.33 26.95 15.97 14.61 7.55 18.18

Men 25.35 25.00 11.11 6.99 8.97 12.62 1.96 0.00


Under 20

21-30

31-40

41-50

51-60

61-70

71-80

81 and over

Poland Women 24.71 30.32 20.77 19.05 13.55 12.90 10.00 19.23

Men 23.08 12.34 13.13 10.00 11.63 4.17 4.69 12.50

Portugal Women 9.52 15.11 17.41 17.35 14.49 12.50 16.73 12.15

Men 12.50 12.60 12.69 11.29 13.45 5.41 8.96 18.52

Romania Women 41.33 42.02 39.02 43.59 31.22 28.13 29.29 37.50

Men 27.59 24.69 27.91 24.48 21.84 23.53 23.26 0.00

Russian Federation

Women 41.23 41.74 33.02 36.79 26.39 30.04 30.25 30.30

Men 29.41 28.19 29.61 19.87 21.05 28.81 24.36 28.57

Sweden Women 68.92 64.49 50.00 37.75 27.86 20.30 13.40 4.08

Men 31.03 30.28 20.00 16.33 8.73 10.61 3.45 6.67

Slovenia Women 44.68 41.58 34.34 20.71 23.60 14.71 14.67 11.11

Men 26.67 20.69 15.22 18.18 15.79 16.25 6.12 8.33

Slovakia Women 40.54 44.76 32.22 25.81 29.30 24.58 31.76 28.13

Men 16.67 24.76 14.91 23.61 18.79 16.67 20.69 7.69

Turkey Women 29.03 33.23 31.27 28.42 25.34 27.37 13.04 0.00

Men 19.55 19.69 17.30 22.83 23.13 17.53 21.95 6.67

Ukraine Women 25.00 27.85 26.03 23.63 26.24 20.98 17.69 23.40

Men 15.69 10.08 16.38 19.63 14.88 14.94 12.24 4.55

1 Abrams, D. (2010). Processes of prejudice: Theory, evidence and intervention, Equality and Human

Rights Commission Research Report 56. Retrieved from http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/research/56_processes_of_prejudice.pdf 2 Norwegian Social Science Data Services. (2008). European Social Survey round 4 data. Available

from Norwegian Social Science Data Services, data archive and distributor of ESS data. Data file edition 3.0. 3 Abrams, D., Eilola, T., & Swift, H. (2009). Attitudes to Age in Britain 2004-08, Department of Work

and Pensions, Research Report No. 599. Crown 2009.

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