Experience at EIAR on Dairy Research and Development in Ethiopia
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Experience at EIAR on Dairy Research and Development in Ethiopia
National dairy forum, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-24 November 2010
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Background
• The dairy research has been started in EIAR (ex-IAR) since the early 1974
• The program was initiated as part of the over all cattle improvement program in terms of
– Growth, milk yield drought power resistance to disease and other important production and reproduction merits.
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• This was because indigenous cattle breeds
• Low in milk productivity
- National average: 234 liters/lactation
- 224 – 559 kgs (Arsi, Borena, Horro)• Low birth weight • Low weaning weight
• Immediate and high demand of livestock products like milk
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Components – in the Dairy Research • The major research approaches to improve dairy
production were:
1. Crossbreeding of indigenous cattle and European dairy breeds
The crossbreds were evaluated for
• Growth rate, milk yield, drought power, reproductive efficiency, disease resistance under different environmental conditions
Indigenous European Environment Blood levels
• Boran• Barca• Horro
• Friesian• Jersey• Simmental
• Holetta• Bako• Adamitulu• Werer
• F1• F2• 3/4
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• The Friesian crosses performed relatively better than either the Jersey or Simmental crosses in all the environments
F1 - BF Crossbreds : 2000 - 2500 kg milk/ lactation
• Research on camel milk production has been also assed, but the scope and coverage is not big. Currently, research on camel diseases, camel milk quality and processing is going on
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• Forage crops suitable for different agro-ecologies and production strategies are identified– 11 registered forage species/varieties– More than 25 other recommended species– Various agronomic, conservation and utilization
technologies• Recommended practice in the Improvement
and utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial by products are established
• Demonstrations are going on in the different agro-ecologies and production systems
Dairy animal feeds and feeding
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Most of the studies were in the central highlands
• General health problems of dairy cows, heifers and calves and seasonal distribution identified, Prevention and controlling strategies developed.
• Major reproductive abnormalities of dairy animals were studied prevention methods recommended
• Herbal medicine study was undertaken to control mastitis and skin diseases of dairy calves.
• Farmers and development workers are trained and sensitized in different parts of the country
Animal Health
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General health problems of dairy cattle in the central highlands
• Reproductive problems• Enteritis and pneumonia of calves• Mastitis
LSD (Lumpy skin disease) and FMD are sometimes epidemic
Anthrax, Blackleg, Pasteurlosis are mostly controlled through periodical vaccination
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Though not exhaustive
• Traditional milk processing techniques are evaluated
• Suitable techniques of milk processing and preservatives has been established and demonstrated
• Chemical qualities and hygienic conditions of milk during production, processing and handling in different parts of Ethiopia studied
• Value addition in the dairy chain: identification of milk quality Constraints and Improvement Interventions
Dairy processing and value addition
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Animal power
• Evaluation on the use of male indigenous and crossbred cattle for draft power
• Use of crossbred cows as dual purpose animals: as dairy and traction
• Evaluation of different, improved power farm implements and harness used in animal traction
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Animal biotechnology
• Attempts were made to use biotechnology tools in improving efficiency of animal production and productivity.
• Reproductive biotechnology• Animal feed improvement
• Recently encouraging results has been observed
• National biotechnology lab is established at Holetta, where one of the components is Animal biotechnology
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Dairy Technologies Demonstration
• Dairy cattle with different technology packages has been demonstrated in many places
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Improved dairy cattle production has been demonstrated in many places specially in the central highlands
Through 1. Provision of pregnant crossbred heifers/cows2. Bull and AI services 3. Dual purpose CB cows (Dairy/ traction)
Including the major production packagesForages, feeding, health, breeding, processing etc
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• Other technologies for livestock including local breeds– Forage development, – Seed Production– Feeding systems, MNB– Crop residue improvement– Animal health, etc.. are widely
demonstrated
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An Ethiopian man with 11 wives and 77 children is urging people not to follow his example
17 kg Current per capita milk and milk product consumption
26 kg - African average
62.5 kg FAO Recomm.
> 100 kg European standard
?Howwhen
Major Challenges in Dairy Res. & Dev.
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Major Challenges …
1. Socio-economic constraints
• Subsistence production and complex production system
• Livestock policy, breeding, pricing
• Grazing management systems, etc• Infrastructure and services • Marketing – standards, information • Budgetary (Insufficient services such as
AI, drugs etc)
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2. Technical constraints
• Inadequate capacity in research and extension to promote proven technologies
– Critical scarcity of crossbred animals– Very poor AI systems– Low supply of concentrate feeds and forage seeds
Non-market oriented subsistence animal production systems highly limited adoption of highly producing crossbred dairy animals
Major Challenges …
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• Feed resources
– Grazing lands shrinking & productivity decreased– Inadequate amount & lower quality of crop
residues– Lower adoption rate of cultivated forage crops– Very limited supply and high price of agro-
industrial by products (Not well developed)
Most of the feed available is used for maintenance with only an estimated of 15% being available for production of power, milk and meat.
Major Challenges …
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• Animal health problems
• Animal disease is a major constraint limiting production specially for CB animals
• There are epidemics of infectious diseases with high rates of mortality
– which could be controlled by vaccination; – there are also parasitic, and vector born diseases.
Restricting the introduction of more productive animals
and technologies
Major Challenges …
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Opportunities• High local and international market demand for
livestock and livestock products
• Conducive investment and development policies
• The country’s livestock biodiversity and land resource base retain the capacity for improvement
• Improvement of feed quantity and quality potential from pasture, crop residues and forage seed production
• Successful control and eradication of rinderpest is an indication of the proper designing and implementation potential of the country in disease prevention
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Attentions Needed in the Development of Dairy in Ethiopia • The sector should be given support by the government
through – Empowerment, Allocation of adequate budget– Development and implementation of different
livestock policies
• Maximize utilization of our potential resources, in terms of breed, feed and indigenous knowledge
• Encourage establishment and expansion of medium to large scale dairy farms and processing industries
• Establishing sustainable and strong marketing systems starting from the grass roots
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Thank You