Expeditie Scaldis

4 Maritieme TechniekenCenflumarin 2014

www.4mt4planeetzee.wordpress.com

Our project

The numbers tell the tale - measuring

Water quality

The Scheldt river and the Port of Antwerp

Monitoring

Marpol

Impact

Acknowledgements

Measuring

Temperature In °C, thermometer. Salinity Salinity is expressed in practical salinity units or promille. It was measured with a sensor. Pressure Pressure at the surface = 10 dbar or 1 atm. It can also be measured with a barometer. For large water bodies it might indicate whether there was high or low wind speed. The density Expressed in kg/m³. Measured with an aerometer .

Physical parameters

Salinity in ‰ Interpretation

< 0,5 fresh water

0,5 – 35 brackisch water

35 – 50 salty water

> 50 brine

However, when adding an acid [H+] or alkaline solution[OH-], the pH changes gradually (the reaction has different steps):

Measuring

De pH is an indication of the acidity of the solution.

Chemical parameters: pH

𝒑𝑯=−𝐥𝐨𝐠 [𝑯 +¿]=[𝟏𝟏𝟒 ]¿

pH<7 pH=7 pH>7

acid neutral

alkaline

𝐻+¿ (𝑎𝑞) +𝐻 𝐶𝑂3− (𝑎𝑞)→𝐻 2𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞 ) ¿

+

+ +

As H2O is a polar bonding and NaCl is an ionic bonding with a higher difference in electronegativity, it will be easier to form free H+ ions in fresh water than in salt water. Salty water will thus have a buffer before becoming more acidic. You can test this by adding lemon juice to deionized water and salt water & adding a pH indicator. You can also

add a base. At the left the deionized water, at the right the salt water. Acid in front, base in the middle & control s.

Δ EN Type of bonding

0.0 Purely covalent0.0 – 1.0 Mostly

covalent

1.0 – 1.6 Polar bonding

1.6 – 3.0 Mostly ionic

3.0 – 3.3 Purely ionic

The total hardness GH (in °d) indicates the concentration of (metal) ions (usually Mg+ & Ca2+, but also SO4

2- & HCO3-).

The carbonate hardness KH (in°d) is the ability of the solution to bind with an acid. In hard water calcium can be precipitated to form calcium carbonate:

MeasuringChemical parameters

𝐶𝑎2+¿ (𝑎𝑞 )+2𝐻𝐶𝑂3− (𝑎𝑞 )  →𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3↓ (𝑠 )+𝐻2O ( l) +𝐶𝑂2(𝑎𝑞) ¿

Chemical parameters: Heavy metals Heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn are toxic and are

conserved in the body. They can enter the water by sewage, fuel residue, by seeping through a polluted soil or by air pollution.

We only measured Cu (since it is a component of fuel) The normative value is Cu < 100 µg/l

MeasuringChemical parameters: O2 and CO2

The concentration O2

- Cold and fresh water can contain more O2.

- Is removed from the system by respiration of living organisms (plants & animals) - Can also be chemically removed by oxidation. The concentration CO2 can be deducted

from the KH & the pH.

- CO2 is a product of respiration, but it is

diminished by the uptake from the primary production. - Too much CO2 & too little O2

render a normal, healthy food web impossible.

Measuring

At the surface: CO2 + DIC:

2HCO3- →

fytoplankton (primary producers)

Detritus is decomposed into DOC.

DOC is transformed in DIC by respiration(CO3

2-).

Nutriënts

𝐶𝑂2 (𝑎𝑞 )+𝐻 20 (𝑙 )+𝐶𝑂32− (𝑎𝑞 )⇌ 2𝐻𝐶𝑂3

−(𝑎𝑞)

Measuring At the surface: fixation of N2 by

bacteria and solar radiation N2 + solar radiation → NO3,

though manure (agriculture) is also a source. NO3 → fytoplankton & macro-

fytes (primary producers) → zoöplancton & benthos → fish. Detritus → decomposers →

ammonia (NH4). Denitrification: The rest of the

NO3 is transformed into NO2 by heat. NO2 is further decomposed into NH4 by

decomposers. Nitrification = biological

oxidation of NH4 into NO2 which further oxidizes to form NO3.

In anaërobic circumstances are NO2 and NH4 transformed into N2

Nutriënts

N2 NO3

Manure

NH4

NO2

Water quality

Salinity ↑ → density ↑ M1 contains little O2 & a

lot of CO2 → eutrophication

Lots of CO2 & little O2 in cellar → chemical oxidation.

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Temperature in °C

Saliniteit in ppt

Densiteit in kg/m³ (+ 1000kg/m³)

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

pHKH in °dO2 in mg/lCO2 in mg/l

Water quality

NO3 are more abundant than NO2 or NH4 in all measurement points.

Nitrites are relatively low which is good (they are toxic to some species).

High concentrations of NH4 in M2, M3 & M4 (lots of nitrification by decomposers)

PO4 is high in M3 (is this due to the ancient dumping of ammunition by the army or due to the gardening?)

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

NO3 in mg/lNO2 in mg/lPO4 in mg/lNH4 in mg/lCu in mg/l

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

pH

KH in °d

O2 in mg/l

CO2 in mg/l

Water quality

M6 contains a lot of NO3, but less CO2. If we were to remove the mud/silt between M1 & M6 we will achieve better water composition.

Cu is higher in the dock (the fuel residue is more concentrated)

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

NO3 in mg/lNO2 in mg/lPO4 in mg/lNH4 in mg/lCu in mg/l

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

pH

KH in °d

O2 in mg/l

CO2 in mg/l

The Scheldt & the Port of Antwerp N2 is too abundant.

NO2 is better in the docks on the right bank than the docks on the left bank.

O2 is alright in the Scheldt, but sufficient to low in the docks.

PO4 is too abundant in the docks on the left bank (agriculture/sewage?).

The Scheldt & the port of Antwerp

Cd, Ni & Pb are within the norms

There is still too much mercury (Hg) which entered the river through one of its tributaries.

Other metals might also be toxic:

- Zinc Zn - Arsenic As

The Scheldt & the port of Antwerp

ErosionIndustryHouseholdShipping

Source unknownDirect depositionAgriculture

MARPOL

MARPOL is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.

It is mandatory for all 163 IMO member states (IMO: International Maritime Organization).

It has 6 annexes, each for a different type of pollution that are regularly amended.

MARPOL demands ship hold a certificate to certify that they comply with regulations of each annex regarding their equipment, record books and shipboard storage and treatment facilities.

MARPOLAnnex Certificate Record book Plan Speciale areas Conditions to

jettison

1. OilIOPP Oil Record Book part I

Oil Record Book part 2

SOPEPThe Mediterranean

The Baltic

The Black Sea

The Red Sea

Gulf of Aden

The North Sea

The Arabic Sea

The Antartic zone

below 60°S

At least 50 nautical miles away from the coast, ship must be making way and max 15 ppm.

(ODME: Oil Device Measuring Equipment that measures and dilutes until below 15ppm)

2.Chemicals in bulk

NLS Cargo Record Book SMPEPThe Antartic zone

below 60°S

Only in emergencies, at 12’ away from the coast with a minimum depth of 25m and at a speed of at least 7 knots.

3. Packaged chemicals

Dangerous Goods Manifest + IMDG – conform stowage plan

EmS as in IMDG – code

EmS procedures as specified in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods code (IMDG)

4. Sewage ISPP Grinded and

desinfected at 4’,

otherwise at 12’ away

from the coast and at

a speed of at least 4

knots

MARPOLAnnex Certificate

Record book

Plan Speciale areas where it is prohibited to jettison

Conditions to jettison

5. Garbage Garbage record book

Garbage manage - ment plan

The Mediterranean until the

Bosporus

The Baltic until Skagerrak

The Black Sea

The Red Sea until Ras Si Hanne

– husun Murad

The Persian Gulf and the

Arabian Sea until Rass All Hadd

– ras Al Fasteh

The North Sea

The Antartic Zone below 60°S

The Caribbean(Golf of Mexico

and the Caribbean Sea)

No plastic

Floating waste at 25’, other waste

at 12’ away from the coast. If the

waste is grinded until Φ < 25mm,

at 3’ away from the coast.

6. Air pollution

IAPPThe North Sea

The Baltic Sea

The ue of low sulphur fuels is

mandatory in the special areas.

The exhaust of Nox and CO2 is

diminished by adjusting the

speed or using a scrubber.

Never incinerate plastic!

Never incinerate on a river,

always at high sea.

Impact The environment coordinator of our National Defense, Mr. Eddy

Vandekeere has been measuring on the school grounds. The soil is contaminated with fuel and needs to be purified in 2016.

Ir. De Deckere of the Port of Antwerp has attended a presentation by our students on April, 24th, 2014. He also presented the efforts made by the Port of Antwerp in the field of water quality in the docks, prevention of oil pollution, ship routeing, ecology and safety on the Scheldt river.

We planned to clean the dock on May, 11th 2014 with divers but visibility was too poor.

Sulphur also enhances the primary production & causes a rapid depletion of O2. We should ask the school whether it could afford the use of low sulphur fuels.

Acknowledgements

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