EXPANSION WEST PERIOD 4: 1800-1848. Louisiana Purchase (1803) Florida (1819) EXPANSION SO FAR…
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Transcript of EXPANSION WEST PERIOD 4: 1800-1848. Louisiana Purchase (1803) Florida (1819) EXPANSION SO FAR…
EXPANSIO
N
WEST
P E RI O
D 4
: 1 8 0 0 - 1
8 4 8
• Louisiana Purchase (1803)
• Florida (1819)
EXPANSION SO FAR…
Jefferson--1800
James Madison—1808
James Monroe—1816
James Q. Adams—1824
Jackson--1828
Jackson’s Presidency
B—Bank War
I—Indians
T—Tariffs
C—Common Man
H—hiring friends (spoils system)
I—?
N—Nullification Crisis
POLITICAL RECAP…
• Whig Party develops
• Diverse group unified in their hatred for Jackson
• Active in social reform, tended to be native born, economic nationalism…
AFTER JACKSON: WHIGS V. DEMOCRATS
Democrats • Martin Van
Buren
Whigs run multiple candidates
1. Daniel Webster (N)
2. Hugh Lawson White (S)
3. William Henry Harrison
ELECTION OF 1836
Political nightmare for Van Buren
Inflation, drastically cut wages, lack of available credit, etc…
Influenced by Jackson’s bank war
PANIC OF 1837
• “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
• War hero strategy• Lacked strategy
for anything else• “puppet
president” for H. Clay and D. Webster
• John Tyler (VP) to carry the South
ELECTION OF 1840
• Harrison dies in office after one month
• “His Accidency” • Southerner, slave
owner, state rights, etc…
• Expelled from Whig party
• Congress was chaos
PLAN BACKFIRES…
• Mexican independence--1821
• Americans poured into Mexican territory
IN THE WEST…MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE--1821
1) Oregon Territory –shared w/ Great Britain “mountain men” & tradepanic of 1837 = “Oregon Fever”
mass migration: by 1845 there were 5,000 settlers in Willamette Valley
Oregon Trail 1845 = 5,000/year 1849 = 30,000 1850 = 55,000
THREE REGIONS OF WESTWARD EXPANSION
2) California • Franciscan friars—1769• 50 + years • Enslaved native population• 72,000 to 18,000
• Californios—1834• Confiscated mission territory • Large ‘rancho’ grants from
Mexican government • Occasional American trappers &
traders• By 1846 approx 800 Americans
and 10,000 Californios (settlers of Hispanic descent)
THREE REGIONS OF WESTWARD EXPANSION
3) Republic of Texas—1836
• Stephen Austin—land grant
• Buffer b/w Comanche & Texans • By 1824—20,000 white
settlers plus enslaved blacks• Mexico gov was worried• Slavery was illegal
• Outlawed immigration into Tejas (1830)• It didn’t work
THREE REGIONS OF WESTWARD EXPANSION
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
• Was elected president
• Dissolved congress
• “Napoleon of the West”
• Texans: “free our slaves to make slaves of us all”
• Volunteers from southern US defended Texans
• Battle of the Alamo
TEXAN INDEPENDENCE--1836
Sam Houston • Tennessee
frontiersman
• Fought w/ Jackson
• Moved to Texas in 1832
• Defeated Mexican army
• Santa Anna bought freedom by recognizing Texan independence
TEXAN INDEPENDENCE--1836
• Sam Houston elected president
• Jackson waited until last day in office to recognize the republic
• Van Buren ignored the issue
• Pro-slavery drew settlement • Population 1836 = 40,000• Population 1845 = 150,000
• Annexation Treaty was rejected in 1843
THE LONE STAR REPUBLIC
• Defeated Henry Clay
• Dedicated expansionist
• Southern Democrat
• Plantation and slave owner
• “Humorless, drab, workaholic, dogmatic”
• Platform: reduce tariffs, annex Texas, resolve border disputes w/ Britain, and acquire Oregon, California, and New Mexico
• He accomplished them all and died 3 months after leaving office
ELECTION OF 1844—JAMES K. POLK
• Expansionist prepared to go to war w/ Britain
• Polk supported it
• Britain proposed a treaty to extend 49th parallel
• James Buchanan (Sec. of State) signed in 1846
• Why no war?
OREGON COUNTRY-- 54°40' OR FIGHT
• Texas joins union—1845
• Mexico breaks off relations with US a few days later
• Polk orders several thousand US troops into disputed territory
• Provoked attach & declared war
• Army grew from 7,000 to 78,700 troops
• 40,000 + were state militia men unregulated and undisciplined
MEXICAN WAR
General Zachary Taylor
Fought on four fronts
• Southern Texas
• Central Mexico
• New Mexico
• California
THE WAR—1846-1848
Polk made a deal w/ Santa Anna (exiled to Cuba)
• End the war
• US pays Santa Anna for territory
• Backfired
SHADY DEALS
• US defeated Mexico City
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
• US acquired border at Rio Grande, New Mexico, and California for 15 million
• Very deadly
• “first” imperial war
• Ulysses S. Grant: “one of the most unjust wars ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation” –Cival War was “our punishment” for the “unholy Mexican war”
• Necessitated the Department of the Interior
THE END & THE LEGACY