Variation in Oil and Meal Quality Current Status and New Uses of the Crop

Expansion of sunflower crop production in Brazil: a survey of future trends

Nilza Patricia Ramos, Claudio Cesar de A. Buschinelli, Ariovaldo Luchiari Junior, Adriana M. Moreno Pires

Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Rodovia SP 340 - Km 127,5 Jaguariuna-SP, CaixaPostal 69, CEP: 13820-000 , Brazil, www.cnpma.embrapa.br. E-mail: npramos@ cnpma.embrapa .br

ABSTRACT The sunflower-cropped area in Brazil has been showing potentia l possibilities for being increas~d within a short period of time for biofuel production. Planning the activities is one of the requirements for the success of future cropped area expansion. This requires a previous su rVey that identifies · future trends ·in the transformation and rearrangement of the sunflower agro-industry sector and also identifies technological needs that may affect this process. With the objectives of identifying future trends and technological needs, a value production chain was built and a questionnaire was distribute_d to agents of all the secto rs participating at the V National Brazilian Symposium of Sunflower and at the XVII Sunflower Nationa l Research Meeting Network. The results pointed to a strong tendency for a rea expans io n in the next·two to five years (75%); this being as a secondary follow-up crop (83%), especially after soybean, and to be used for biofuel (77%). The main resear<;h needs were linked to' disease control, crop zoning and varietal improvement for d isease resistance and high o leic oil content. Also, when considering the vision of and concems regarding the future expansion and transformation of the sunflower production complex, it is believed that this expansion is a conso lidated trend, requir ing a strateg ic sector planning associate""d with an economic and iechno logical policy for its success wi thIn Brazili an agribusiness.

Key-words: agroenergy - b iodiesel - Brazil - Helianlhus annuus L. - planning.

INTROD UCTION The sunOower (Helianrhus annuLlS L.) cropped a rea in Brazil is incipient ( 110 thousand hal when compa red to the main world producers such as Russia, the European Union , Ukraine and Argentina, which sum up 19.9 mi ll ion hectares of the world 's cropped area. As it is incipient, the Brazilian y ie ld production represents on ly 0.4% o f the world production when compared with those coun tries wh ich represent 72% (FAO , 2007). However, there is an eno rmo us potentia l fo r expansion if sunflower is planted in ro ta tio n a fte r soybean, which occupies an area o f 21 mi ll ion hectares (CO NAB, 2007). The potential fo r area expansion is a lso dr iven by the Brazilian government's demand for biofuel and for high o le ic o il fo r human consumption. .

The L1 SC o f vegetable o il , as a bio fu el or lor energy genera tion , has been known for long time in Braz il (Fra n~a, 2005 ) Ho wever, there is a cLlrrent dcbatc in relatio n to its viab ility fo r being used as a biofllc l o r for human consumption.

The sLl nOo wer crop has show n adva n tag~s for poss ible bioflle l use slich as: hig h oil contcnt (40% ), a lso a ll owi ng co ld ex trac tion (GaZloni, 2005 ), low product ion costs and a high pos itive energy balance (unit o f energy produced as b i od ic~e l 'unit of energy used for crop p rod uc ti on ) when compared wit h ot her uil crops (L ngaro, 200('), parlicLl larl y whcn it is used as a secondary fo llow-u p crop alter soybean ! Laaarotto et al.. 2(05). Thcse fac ls r,'duce the dcmand fo r foss il fu e l and optimi ze ·the usc o f fert ilizer, \\i.lh.: r. land and ot ll..:r i nput ~. Iht:rc l'J r..: prodUCing Cl1n rOlllllcn lClI benefits J ue to th e reduc tion of fertill/CI

and th e m,ll [JtcnaIl CC' of th e :,n il producti \'it y c:rpacit y. COllSilknllg til t..: fact that the econOllllC and c ll \' irOIl Il1Cn tal benefit s (t..: xcept for fossi l rue! liSt: ill

[\:cluci ng gn.:t..: nhou-,\..' gas CIll I S>'; lt "ih) uf thL' -; u lltlowcr for bio fuel production are exac tly the same as Iho :-.e {'ur food prud uction. there l ~ a Cll r r t: 1l1 debate rL'ganJing Ih dest in y. Some auth ors (~ta n da r i n o, 200) ) d(l\oC<1te tha t ::; uch a high quality and Ilohk o d, wilh a high contc:nl o f uJ1!)a turalcd fa tty acid.." t h~ pr",:""cIlCC 0 1 \ Jt~11l111l E. p -ca ruH:1l and pl lOSplwl lrlUo;; "hou lJ be used for human COlhulllpl ion ra th.:r than fn r 1-'1{ l d l l..~"'I..' 1 pr(IJ lluioll \ '\urt.:ll\ cr. Ih~rt.: I ... an increased dc III a I1C! in South ::\,llle r ica ror s llll ll \) \\ "t'r

geno type" ' \ \ "ll h high o leiC \ld f() r fryllig p li IThht; ...

D~:-. r lte the deba te. th e dClll£iIId !(lr <lil IIlCJ'I.:a...,1.! III Brazi l ian su nnO\ \(' r pruuucl lOII 0 11 a :""thon and Ilh.: dlllJIl [ ('/"11 1 I ... C\ H.l l' llt. I ! p\\c\I..'r lilL'rL' :I!\: l I1M]\' d(lubl ~ ahout til(, futurl..' .... II1 C(, l )1l mallv nCG\ ... ioll " I n I I h.'

Pd,>l. thL' ma r kC't .'> tgmJ led ~1 1l InCrL'~hL' 111 thL' lkn''' lnd for :::,u nl1u\\ er produ L'\JOIL but lhi~ d id no t Iwpp"':ll "

-. -~--

Current Stants and New Uses of the Crop

These facts decreased the confidence of the producers in inves ting ca pi tal. financial and hU111 (1 11 resnun.:cs in the sunflower crop area expansion,

In this context, the use of strategic planning tool s is appropriale in order 10 mioinl1le rLllllre rl'" and opportunities to th e sunflower production complex, Idenli fyi ng conso lidated rLl ILl rL' Irc'od , aod uncertainti es, and rapid diagnoses involving all the agents or H given :-; cC{ pr "liT neu:: ,,"';.! !":: to 11K

constnlction of future scenari os tha t could support a morc r(l ti onal decision-Illaking P!\ )cc'\s «indl..'1. 2000), So, the objective of this study was to idenlify fu wrc trcncl , '1I1d 1 l'l' llI1 olo~l cal need, 01' Ihc sunflower va lue chain in order lO subsidi ze the formulation of ruture public pn li l'l L' :--

MATER IALS AN D METHODS This research was done in two phases; first a bibliographica l review all oll'ed to idenlil) a ~cnl ' or Ihe sunflower agro- industry va lue cha in and to gather sunnower produ cti on dala I'rolll i1ra 7. iI and rrolll Ihe world since 1997, The second phase was the elaboration of a Sellli, slructured qLl c" ,,'noairc direL'l cd towards the future ex pansion, transfol111ation and technological necds ol' lhe sunllowe ,- \ ' alu ~ ~ llail1 Thi , questionnaire was distributed to agen ts of all the sectors participating in Ihe V '\ 'lIi ,,,,,, 1 Hra / il'<l11 Symposium of Sunnower and in the XV II Sunflower Na ti ollal Resea ,-ch MC\' 1 1I 1~ ""cIIV" rl-; III UberiandialMGfBrazil in October 2007, These meet ings a'-e vel)' importan l lo r tll c Rra /i liall sUl1 11nll'CI" agro-industry complex , due to the inten , e pal1icipation of the reprc.scn lill ivcs of Ihe who le \ aluc challl II is also a forum to show the latest research achievcl11en'ts. irtcll tifYing rGsc, lrc h nL'l'd~. L'xc ha ll t!i ng experience, practical knowledge and identifying policy needs,

The questionnaire was given to 89 participants, with a rcturn of 59 rcs l' ,)n <l cnI.S (~5 ",, ) , ,'\ 1 Ihe moment of the delivery the research objectives , the fillin g-in pl'Ocess and Ih e il11rol'l '"1CC "I ' Ihe participation of each ,-esponcknt were exp lained, Also exp ressed WilS til e cnlllmlllll cni o l' lhe '-L'' '''""L'll crs to return the compi led resu lts to the respondents,

The Gil' s (1995) recommendations were used in th e d,-aftin g, applica lio n and ana lys is " f Ihe questionnai,e, Statistica l descripti ve analyses (frequency di str ibu lion) were made rollowlIl !,! 1'1I111'11lcl , Gomes (1985) ,

RESULT S AND DI SCUSSION Analysing the past 10 years of world sunflower p,-odueli on (Fig , III), it co uld be scen Ihat Ih cre 1,,1<1 heL'n a' relatively constan l vo lume of secd and oi l p,-oduction, 27 , I4R ant! 9,2 11 tllou sand Ions vcar', respectively, reflecting a stable market, except fo r in 200 I, when very low volumes of sced and o il production were observed, However, the Brazilian data (Fig, 113 ) did not lo llow thi , tendency, They showed an increasing tendency from 1997 to 2000, then leveling off and peak ing in 2001 , followed bv a period of accentuated decrease 2004-2005, and showing another increasing tend cncy In 2006, II is expected that this trend wi ll continue in 2007, with a higher incremcnl in 200R due to th e flra/,ili'" l requirement of a 2% mixture of biodi esel in common diesel (Law I 1,0097, January 131h, 201lS ), '

Vieira (200 1) also observed a great variabi lity during the 19S0s and concluded Ihol Ihi s was dll e 10 the low yielding vari eti es, the scant vo lume of techno logies avail able to farillers, th e lack of Iradit ion and knowledge of the fa rmers for planting sunflower, besides the inexisl ence or (1c~n ed 111 a 1'1«'1 anti commercialization channels, This situati on seems to have siayed the same lip 10 loday

35000 1(,0 _ Seed

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10000

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5000

\ / \ \ / ..... . /

I

, t

I 20 A H I

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2(0) 2tJ04 2005 21ltJ1i

Fig L Historical series of world sunnower seed and oil producti on (A), ilrallli'lli sccd pl'OduclI<'n (H), Source: F AO (2007),

770 Prot: . 171h Internati on al Slln fl ower C() n rcrc!l c~. CO() nl (l h:l , SP;lI11 (2 ~ )( ) :-:)

•

Current Status and New Uses of the Crop .

·1 he nlcr~asing demand Il)r biofuels has been caus in g a drastic transformation in th~ Brazilian oil see d prueess in g sectu r. App rox imately 13 new plants have come into operation, i.e, 33% from the 45 cunstructed in 200? for processing biodiesel (httpllwww.biodieselbr. com.br). Also, traditional plant mills ha vc changed their t()CUS into processing hi gh o leic sunflower genotypes. Therefore, biodiesel and high oleic arc p laying an im portant role in moti vatin g the expansion and transformation of the "iUll nOWcr value t:hain

La//Clmtu et al. (2005) bui lt a sc hema of th is new sunflower volume chain involving the main playcrs , I·ruill the rnput sup pli e rs to th e frna l consumer (Fig. 2). It can be seen that each segment is n..: .-.:p()l1sihk t<Jr a grl'ut !lumber of activ it ies generatin g employment and income, and that that segment is interco nnected to the olh~rs, runni ng a lung, complex va lue producing chain.

seeds lime/renilizers

i Sunflower

- pe~ i cides,

- agriculttmlJ machines

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.. .. Hi{)dies~1 Refined

• EIl!..:or gy \ fUl:"l) HUlllun con SLU11 pI ion Anim al conswnption

Omamenr al

Fi~ 2_ Sche ma ti c representation of the Brazilian sunflower agro-industy chain. (Adupledji-om Lazzarotto et aI., 2005)

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'''1'1,1,,·, ,) ,IC'" NU II'bcrol'years

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Fi'g. J. NUl11lk'r or I'I::prest:l1talives pCI' segment of the sLi nilower va lue cha in (A) and period of time

deali ng with the c rop (B). (Obs: NR - blank answers).

Pruc. 17111 I lltl:rnaliull<l1 SlInJl owcr C~nrere llcc , Cordoba, Spai n (2008) 711

Current Status and New Uses of the C rop

The experience in dea ling with the sunnower crop was an important poin l ror th e pl'r~on~

surveyed. Thus, the time period in dealing w ith the sun flower was the pa r"meler se lect ed alHI il " shown in Fig. 3B . It can be observed that 16% had less Ih~ n I year of sun flowe r management. ,'\"/" had from 1 to 3 years, (6% from 4 to 6 years and 16% had mo re than 10 yea rs "fex perie nce wi ll\ Ihe crop.

The fact that 5 1 % of the respondents had been wo rk ing with sunflower lo r Illore Ihan 4 yca rs. besides ensuring the knowledge o f the secto r in the answers, a lso indicat ed Iha l sunllo\\ c r has heen commercially produced for more than a decade in Brazi l. a ltho ugh on a 5111"11 sCil le . On Ihc (llher hand, the h igh percentage (49%) of pro fessionals w ith less than three yea r, ex perience Cl1l nclde, \\ rlh the time period in whi ch the Brazi li an Government official ly ini liated Ih c b lod ,c"'1 IHlI >(I",, 1 I' rn~r'"n (2005) . This indi cated a tendency o f a growi ng crcseenl sun fl ower sec tor. wrlh Ihe mlt'rl's l "I' Inllncd and specialized pro fessionals . Thi s in formati on corrohorated the expecta tions of crop CXPil !bl\lll (I ' ig 4A), to which 75% answered th at a la rge expansion was ex pecled in Ihe nexl 2 Ill:; years In Ihi, \\·a,·. the professionals, at the moment with less th an 3 years ' sunllowcr management l:x pcncncc. wOlild he adequately trained fo r the expected peri od of hi gh and rapiel ex pansion.

100 · A 100

80 XO

0 on 60 23 5 ~ ~

" '" AO,

1 40

20 20

<2 2-5 5-8 No ". Are:, [" ra n<;u Hl

~~~~~~~~~~--------~----~------~~------- ---Fig. 4. Period of time (A) and percen tage o f c ropped area ex pee lcd 1<11' sun flower eX I'"n si (ln ( Il ). (:--J ••

Years

- agent s who did nOI ex pec t expa nSion) '

In relation to the expected increment in th e c ropped a rca ex pan sio n (Fig . 4 1:l ). :;W'·" (Ie Ill<' profess ionals estimated that thi s increment would be betwee n 4() to (\0%. So. in the nl'" 2 1(1 " ve, ,,·' Ihe planted area of 110 thousands ha (2005) would be in a ra nge of I :;4-17(, thousand In II hcc(llllcs eiL'" r that, even with this expansion , Brazili an partici pa ti on in the inleI11at ional slJnll(lwer mark el w tl l he insignificant. However, it represented a decrease in the importat ion o f sun fl ower l1 olll' . c rudc and rd i ned oil that reached in 2004 2.000, 10.065 and 7.454 to ns, res pect ively (LaZI.MO[(O e l ill .. 200" ). In "dd ili"". 29% of the profess iona ls expected an arca ex pans io n rangin g be twecn 20-40% a 11(1 the mosl opl im isll C ones (8%) had an expectatioll of 100% or mo re.

The survey a lso indicated that 83% of th e profess ional s bel ieved Ih a t inc ,.emcn ls va ,.y in g l'rom 40 In 100% are expected for sunflower as a secondary fo llow·up crop. especia lly afler soyhe" n. Ill' '' nl y concentrated in the Brazi lian Savannas, whi ch have th e highest percentage of th e soyhean 2 1 million 1", planted area (CON AB, 2007) . Thi s tendcncy indi cated thai the s'eclor seems 10 be focused lowards a Ill " r" rational use of the areas u'nder no-till . It permits th e lowering of produelio n costs d ue to Ihe usC (If residual fertili zer and less energy whil e a lso ma intai n ing the soil prod uction pO lcnt ial by increa'"lg Ihl' water holding capacity and infi ltratio n ra te, the organic matter content and by reducin g co mpae linn .

Considering that sunfl ower is one o f the o il seed crops in cluded inlhe B,.a !.ilia n rs.:ational rrog r"l11 "". Production and Use o f Biodiesel (PN PB) launched in 2005, a q uesl ion on Ihe eXl'eClalinn, nl ' Ihl' usc of sunflower for biodiesel product ion within th e PN PB was asked (Fi g. SA). As a res u lt. 7:;' Y" "I' Ih e respondents answered positi ve ly. However, thi s ex pectation leve l der endecl o n Ih e degree (II ' s tl eeess o r the PNPB expected by the agents, sin ce 49% beli eved in to ta l success. 47% in Ill(lderate ' ucecS' 'lI1 d 4':" in failure (Fig . 5B).

The PNPB was drawn up w ith the purpose o f substitu ting fo ss il fuel hy renewahle an d cl'tie icnl sources ofbiofu el, in order to achi eve the sustai nabi lity of the energy malrlx inlhe ecnn(l llli c. s(le lal. and environmental spheres (M APA, 2006).

772 Proc. 171h Internati onal Sunllowcr C( lllfl:n.:ncc. C(lrdnh,1. SPill1l (2()() :-O:)

Current Statlls and New Uses of the Crop

III Lndcr tu idclitlCy tccllllological gaps and ot her barriers that may affect the expected area expansion r ~lt ".: ."' . \ lpCI1 qltc~lions were asked in which the prufessionals had to cite the five most relevant needs. Il u\\·cvcr, SO IIll' confusIolJ was shown up in their answers and on ly two main research needs could be idclIllli(.;J .

: 111 ) ;\ 100 B

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Fi~. ~. I. 'l'cctHtiLln of ""t l1"wel u"e as a so urce for biodiese l production (A) and of success of PNPB ( I I)

In the " pell '1Ltt"tions, resi stant/to leran t high yie lding sunl10wer genotypes and disease control Illethods and pr<>du clS were cited by 6 1 % of the specialists. In re lati on to diseases, the sector 's' main co nec rtl was wi th Sdl!nJliniu sc/eruliurum , one of th e worl dwide sunl1ower's most devastating pathogen, a lthou gh still with a very low incidence in Brazil (Gu lya et a I. , 1997). A second research need was the crop agro-climatic w ning (39%). l3esides focussing on the determination of the best planting date for IIta"i rni l. il.lg y ields and reducing the incidence of d iseases, agro-c1 imatic zoning is the official instrument required hy the government to be used fo r rural credit and crop insurance purposes.

i\ nuthe r ellnce rtt was re la ted to the o fficial recommendation and regi stration of fungicides, ill scc tr cilic-s and he,.b ic ides lor the crop (35'1'") . Al though some experimental tests were required, this ",bjL'c t eLl Llld bc seen til be Ilture 01 ' a po licy need . The secto r was concerned with the small number of agr<)che llil cal prudLie ts , reg istered by the Hrazi lian Ministry of Agricu lture to be used in the sunflower cropping systeill . As an exarnple , a lac hl o r and tril1urali n are the onl y two herbicides registered (Briguenti e t a\. . 20U). Th us, tlte sce tm requires registrat ion measures in emerge ncy cases .

Wi th regard to puhli c policies, an agricultural policy was clearl y necessary including price guarantee, ,.ural credit , crop in surance and wm merciali zation measures for the sunflower sector. According ·to l'I ·.l'lci\, 20U7, the whole Brazil ian agribusiness has been sutfering from the inexistence ofa public policy direekd tlm ard s ",\()ri ng the competiti veness and development of this sector, which represents 29% of 1111...' Iha/lklll (i r{)s~ Pruduct.

-CONCLUSIONS \\ 'hl..'ll (\JI1:-- hJ I,,;'I"tIig. thl.' VISlun vI' and cOllcern s reganling the future expansion and transfonnation of

till.: ="Ulllh,\\\.,[' proti Ul"\ hJIl t:\ lIllpkx. it is believed that the expansion is a conso lidated trend, requiring a .... Ira tl.-·~Ic ."; L'l.-'(lIl" plan ning a ~soc lalcJ wit h econoll1 ic and technologica l pol icies for its success within the fha / illan agr i bu s ll lC~S

AC KNOWLEDGEMENTS To tlte urganiLer, Ill' tlte V Na tiun al Hrazi li an Symposium of Sunflower and at the XVII Sunflower :'\ ,Illllllal R l?~l'; II \.: h ~/h.: L'l lll g N~ l \\'()rk. as we ll a~ lO all the participants in the survey who kindly answered tllL'lJ lI L':-.110 111Iillrl' .

REFER ENCES Ill' >, "c·lltl. ,\ 'vi '. ( '. ('",trp. D.I. .!' . (j;rzzi e lrLJ. Hil d E. Vol i. 2005 . Manejo de plalltas daninhas no girassol.

1' . 411-.j(,LJ Ill ' l_eltL'. IUv\' \. . Il .e.: I:hi gllent i, A.M.: Cast ro , C(ed.) Gi ra ssol no Brasil. 2005. Embrapa Su.i'1. 1.( ) ll(lrIIHI. Iha / il.

P !I )l" 1711> 111h.:rn;J(lulla l SlIl1llU\\l! !" C0111l:ft.:I1l"l! . Curdoba, Spain (2008) 773

Current Status and New Uses of the C rop

CEPEA . PIB do Agronegocio . Ava il able at http ://cepea .esalq .usp.hr. Verified January 12. c()OR . CONAB. Crop Assessment 2007/2008: Trird rcview fo r pla nl al ion in lcnlion cic'c clllhn '2()()7.I\ v" lI"hl c

at http: //www.conab.gov. br. Verifi ed Janua ry 7. 200R. FAO. Food and Agri cu lture Organ izatio n of the United Nalio ns. Siali slical l1alah"c. 2()07 . .'\ "ai lahl c al

http://www. fa o.org. Verifi ed Jan uary 12, 200R . Fran9a, B.S. 2005. Biodiesel no Bras il. p. 12-37. In: Ata da XV II Rcuniiio Nac"", al de Pesqui, ,, 1\ '

Simposio I)lacional sobre a Cult11ra do G irasso l. Londrina . Documen lo 26 7. Gazzoni , D.L.2005. O leo de girasso l como mal eri a prima para bioeombusli veis . 1' .14 5-1 ()c . In : l .cJlc.

R.M.V.B.C. ; Briguenti , A.M .; Castro , C.(ed .) Gi rassol no Brasi l. 200S . Embr" p" Soja. I,ondr ina, Brazil.

Gil, A.C. 1995. Metodos e Tecnicas de Pesquisa Soc ia l. 4ed. 207 p. Atlas: Sao Paulo. Guly a, T.J ., K.Y. Rashid, and S. Mas irevic. 1997. Sunflower discases . P. 263 -)79. In: Schnciler, A .I\ .

(ed.). Sunflower technology and production . Ameri ca n Soc iety of Agronomy. Madi son. WI. USA . Godet, M. '2000. The a l1 of scenario and strategi c pl anning. Techn o logica l Forecasli ng and Soc i,,1 C h"nt!c

65 :3-22 . Lazzaroto, J.J., A .C. Rocssing, and H.C. Mello. 2005. 0 Agroncgoc io do girassol 11(1 mundn C no Il ras il.

p. 15-42. In: Leite, R.M .V. B.C.; Briguenli, A.M. : Castro. C.(ed .) G irassol n(1 Il ras il. 200:; . r.m lm ll''' Soja.

Mandarino, J.M.G. 2005: Aspectos bioquimicos da qua lidade do ri lco e eto rarel" dc g irnsso l. [lOCll ll1CI1I(1 52, Embrapa Soja, Londrina, Brazi I. .

MAPA. 2006. Mini sterio da Agrieulrura, Pecuari a e Abastec imcI1 IO. Secre laria de Prndlll;,io de Agroenergia Pl ano Nacional de Agroenerg ia 2011 - 2006. 2 cd .rev . Brasilia. OF. Brazil. Fmbrapa Informa9ao T ecnologiea.

Pimentel-Gomes, F. Curso de Estat islica ex perimenta l. I I" edi ,ao. Livraria Nobel SIll [·'di l<)('a. SilO ['a lii o . 1985 .

Ungaro; M.R.G. 2006. Potencial da cul lura do g irasso l como fonl c de ma t,i ria-primn para () prot!rama nacional de produ93o e uso de biodiese!. p.S7-80. In : C<imara. G .M.S.: Hod·lig. I. .S . 2006. Agroneg6cio de plantas o leaginosas: materi as-rrimas para biodiescl. 25(, 1' . ES I\ 1.<)/ \ lSI" P"·<! l·ll·aba .

Vieira, O .V. 2001 . 0 gi rassol como or ,ao. 74 p . G loho rural, Sao Pau lo. Brazil.

"

774 Proc. 17th Internat ional Sunnower Conrcrcncc. (,(lrdoha, SraJl1 (2omq

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