Expansion and CrisisExpansion and CrisisSection2Section2

Main IdeaMain Idea• Economic and Economic and

social problems social problems brought down brought down the Roman the Roman empire empire

People to MeetPeople to Meet• HannibalHannibal• ScipioScipio• Tiberius GracchusTiberius Gracchus• Gaius GracchusGaius Gracchus• Marius SullaMarius Sulla• Julius CaesarJulius Caesar• OctavianOctavian• Marc AntonyMarc Antony

Places to LocatePlaces to Locate• CarthageCarthage

– Currently, TunisCurrently, Tunis

Expansion and CrisisExpansion and CrisisRoman LegionsRoman Legions

IntroductionIntroduction• Rome threatened by neighbors 500 Rome threatened by neighbors 500

B.C. to 300 B.C.B.C. to 300 B.C.– Conquered themConquered them– Forced them to ally with RomeForced them to ally with Rome

• Until 264 B.C., Rome ruled entire Until 264 B.C., Rome ruled entire peninsulapeninsula

Roman LegionsRoman Legions• Rome’s success in Rome’s success in

war was due to its war was due to its strong army and to strong army and to its small mobile its small mobile fighting unitsfighting units

Roman LegionsRoman Legions• All males had to All males had to

serveserve• Changed from the Changed from the

Greek phalanx to Greek phalanx to small fighting units small fighting units of 60 to 120 soldiersof 60 to 120 soldiers—more mobile—more mobile

• Could defeat the Could defeat the phalanxphalanx

Roman LegionsRoman Legions• Well trained Well trained • Deserters punished Deserters punished

by deathby death• Rome treated Rome treated

conquered foes wellconquered foes well• Could keep own Could keep own

governments if they governments if they fought Rome’s warsfought Rome’s wars

Roman LegionsRoman Legions• Gave the Gave the

conquered partial conquered partial rights—some even rights—some even made citizensmade citizens

• Rome set up Rome set up “coloniae”—“coloniae”—permanent military permanent military settlementssettlements

Rome Against CarthageRome Against Carthage• Carthage became Carthage became

Mediterranean’s Mediterranean’s wealthiest citywealthiest city– Conquered Spanish Conquered Spanish

coastcoast– Conquered most of Conquered most of

SicilySicily– Romans decided to Romans decided to

stop their expansionstop their expansion

The First Punic WarThe First Punic War• In 264 B.C., In 264 B.C.,

Carthage Carthage threatened to seize threatened to seize the Strait of the Strait of MessinaMessina

• Rome sent a Rome sent a security force and security force and war broke out war broke out

The First Punic WarThe First Punic War• In 264 B.C. the In 264 B.C. the

Roman army Roman army conquered most of conquered most of Carthage’s colonies Carthage’s colonies in Sicily, but the in Sicily, but the Carthage’s naval Carthage’s naval superiority at first superiority at first gave Carthage the gave Carthage the advantage at seaadvantage at sea

The First Punic WarThe First Punic War• Undaunted, the Undaunted, the

Romans eventually Romans eventually built a larger fleet built a larger fleet and forced and forced Carthage to retreatCarthage to retreat

The First Punic WarThe First Punic War• Rome used new tactic—large Rome used new tactic—large

grappling hooks “hook” Carthage’s grappling hooks “hook” Carthage’s ships and the Romans boarded them ships and the Romans boarded them to defeat themto defeat them

• War lasted from 264 B.C. to 241 B.C.War lasted from 264 B.C. to 241 B.C.• Carthage was forced to pay Rome an Carthage was forced to pay Rome an

indemnityindemnity—payment for damages —payment for damages

The Second Punic War The Second Punic War

• In 221 B.C. In 221 B.C. Hannibal, who had Hannibal, who had become general of become general of the Carthaginian the Carthaginian army in Spain, army in Spain, grabbed on of grabbed on of Rome’s allied cities Rome’s allied cities in Spain in Spain

The Second Punic WarThe Second Punic War• Hannibal then took Hannibal then took

40,000 troops and 40,000 troops and 40 elephants 40 elephants across the alps to across the alps to fight the Romansfight the Romans

• Half his force and Half his force and half the elephants half the elephants died on the journey died on the journey

The Second Punic WarThe Second Punic War• Outnumbered, Outnumbered,

Hannibal still Hannibal still defeated the defeated the RomansRomans

• By 216 B.C., By 216 B.C., Hannibal had Hannibal had nearly destroyed nearly destroyed the Roman armythe Roman army

The Second Punic WarThe Second Punic War• Rome raised a new Rome raised a new

army army • Led by General Led by General

Publius Scipio, they Publius Scipio, they attacked Carthage, attacked Carthage, forcing Hannibal to forcing Hannibal to return to Carthagereturn to Carthage

The Second Punic WarThe Second Punic War• Scipio defeats Scipio defeats

Hannibal’s army at Hannibal’s army at Zama, just outside Zama, just outside Carthage in 202 Carthage in 202 B.C.B.C.

• Carthage gave up Carthage gave up lands in Spain and lands in Spain and warships and paid warships and paid indemnityindemnity

The Third Punic WarThe Third Punic War• After 50 years, After 50 years,

Carthage grew to Carthage grew to greatness again greatness again

• No threat to RomeNo threat to Rome• Senator Cato, for Senator Cato, for

years, had ended all years, had ended all his speeches with, his speeches with, “Carthago delenda “Carthago delenda est”--Carthage must est”--Carthage must be destroyedbe destroyed

The Third Punic WarThe Third Punic War• In 146 B.C. the In 146 B.C. the

Romans burned Romans burned Carthage to the Carthage to the ground and sold its ground and sold its population into population into slaveryslavery

• Legend is that the Legend is that the Romans placed salt Romans placed salt on the earth to keep on the earth to keep crops from growing crops from growing

The Third Punic WarThe Third Punic War• Victory over Victory over

Carthage gave Carthage gave Rome complete Rome complete control of the control of the MediterraneanMediterranean

The Punic WarsThe Punic Wars• The timeframe of The timeframe of

the Punic Wars was the Punic Wars was from 264 B.C. to from 264 B.C. to 146 B.C., a period 146 B.C., a period of 118 years of 118 years

The Republic in CrisisThe Republic in Crisis• Rome now Rome now

owned/controlled owned/controlled most of the most of the Mediterranean areaMediterranean area

• Romans began Romans began referring to the referring to the Mediterranean as Mediterranean as “our sea”“our sea”

The Republic in CrisisThe Republic in Crisis• Between 230 B.C. Between 230 B.C.

and 130 B.C., and 130 B.C., Rome brought Rome brought most of the eastern most of the eastern Mediterranean Mediterranean area under its rule area under its rule

The Republic in CrisisThe Republic in Crisis• The Romans were The Romans were

powerful but they powerful but they faced growing faced growing social unrestsocial unrest

• Conquered peoples Conquered peoples complained about complained about corrupt officials corrupt officials stealing wealth for stealing wealth for personal gainpersonal gain

The Republic in CrisisThe Republic in Crisis• The Roman Empire The Roman Empire

was a vast territorywas a vast territory– Rome’s government Rome’s government

established to established to govern small city-govern small city-statestate

– Political problems Political problems led to social and led to social and economic upheavaleconomic upheaval

Exploiting the Provinces Exploiting the Provinces • Rome organized Rome organized

non-Italian non-Italian territories into territories into provincesprovinces– Pay tribute to RomePay tribute to Rome– Recognize Rome’s Recognize Rome’s

authorityauthority

Exploiting the ProvincesExploiting the Provinces• Senate appointed Senate appointed

governors called governors called proconsulsproconsuls– Often accepted Often accepted

bribes and robbed bribes and robbed provincesprovinces

• Publicans—people Publicans—people who collected taxeswho collected taxes—also took money —also took money

Exploiting the ProvincesExploiting the Provinces• Taking money Taking money

became an became an accepted way of accepted way of life for the rich to life for the rich to get richerget richer

Exploiting the ProvincesExploiting the Provinces• The Provinces The Provinces

rebelled due to rebelled due to unfair treatmentunfair treatment

• Roman legions had Roman legions had to be stationed in to be stationed in the provinces to the provinces to keep orderkeep order

Exploiting the ProvincesExploiting the Provinces• Most provinces Most provinces

adjustedadjusted• Jews in Palestine Jews in Palestine

resistedresisted• Romans sacked Romans sacked

Jerusalem in A.D. Jerusalem in A.D. 70 70

Changing the CountrysideChanging the Countryside

• Roman government expanded into Roman government expanded into provinces and acquired propertyprovinces and acquired property– Holdings were rented to wealthy Holdings were rented to wealthy

RomansRomans– Created large estates called “latifundia”Created large estates called “latifundia”– Slaves of conquered lands worked the Slaves of conquered lands worked the

farmsfarms

Changing the CountrysideChanging the Countryside• Slaves resulted in Slaves resulted in

less labor costs for less labor costs for growing crops…less growing crops…less than farmers in Italythan farmers in Italy

• Latifundia owners Latifundia owners captured the grain captured the grain market and brought market and brought wealth to provinceswealth to provinces

Changing the CountrysideChanging the Countryside• Latifundia owners Latifundia owners

forced small forced small farmers out of farmers out of businessbusiness

• Proconsuls and Proconsuls and publicans bought publicans bought up small farms in up small farms in Rome to create Rome to create latifundialatifundia

Changing the CountrysideChanging the Countryside• Proconsuls and Proconsuls and

publicans devoted publicans devoted latifundia to sheep latifundia to sheep ranching and ranching and raising olives and raising olives and fruitfruit

• Put even more Put even more farmers out of workfarmers out of work

Crowding the CitiesCrowding the Cities• Slave labor Slave labor

replaced paid laborreplaced paid labor• Landless farmers Landless farmers

streamed into the streamed into the cities looking for cities looking for employmentemployment

Crowding the CitiesCrowding the Cities• Jobs were not Jobs were not

available for available for former farmersformer farmers

• They became the They became the urban jobless and urban jobless and poorpoor

Crowding the CitiesCrowding the Cities• The urban poor barely The urban poor barely

eked out a livingeked out a living• Supported any Supported any

politician who politician who promised them “bread promised them “bread and circuses”—cheap and circuses”—cheap food and free food and free amusementsamusements

Crowding the CitiesCrowding the Cities• Gap between rich Gap between rich

and poor widenedand poor widened• Upper class lived in Upper class lived in

fear of revoltsfear of revolts• Rome stationed Rome stationed

soldiers in strategic soldiers in strategic locations to locations to prevent civil strifeprevent civil strife

Crowding the CitiesCrowding the Cities• Spartacus led 70,000 slaves and Spartacus led 70,000 slaves and

plundered the countryside plundered the countryside • Rome finally crushed Spartacus, but Rome finally crushed Spartacus, but

not without great cost Spartacus led not without great cost Spartacus led 70,000 slaves and plundered the 70,000 slaves and plundered the countryside countryside

• Rome finally crushed Spartacus, but Rome finally crushed Spartacus, but not without great cost not without great cost

Crowding the CitiesCrowding the Cities• Urban poor and new middle class Urban poor and new middle class

increasedincreased– Equites (EH*kwuh*TEEZ) (or knights)Equites (EH*kwuh*TEEZ) (or knights)

• Just below patriciansJust below patricians•Saw more values in wealth than characterSaw more values in wealth than character• Influenced Romans to seek similar valuesInfluenced Romans to seek similar values

Link to the PastLink to the Past• DiscussDiscuss• Are we creating a permanent underclass Are we creating a permanent underclass

in America? Who are they?in America? Who are they?• Are American mainstream jobs being Are American mainstream jobs being

taken? Is the middle class threatened?taken? Is the middle class threatened?• Do people vote for politicians who Do people vote for politicians who

promise them free “bread and circuses’ promise them free “bread and circuses’ • Divide into groups and report backDivide into groups and report back

Reformers and GeneralsReformers and Generals• Many were Many were

concerned with concerned with helping the helping the plebeiansplebeians

• Two brothers tried Two brothers tried to enact laws that to enact laws that would help but met would help but met with violent endswith violent ends

Reformers and GeneralsReformers and Generals• Feuding among Rome’s leading families Feuding among Rome’s leading families

weakened Romeweakened Rome• Tiberius Gracchus (tribune) proposed Tiberius Gracchus (tribune) proposed

limiting the size of latifundia and was limiting the size of latifundia and was killed in street fightingkilled in street fighting

• Gaius Gracchus, his brother, was killed Gaius Gracchus, his brother, was killed 10 years later proposing the same 10 years later proposing the same reformsreforms

• Wealthiest Romans keep the system Wealthiest Romans keep the system

Crowding the CitiesCrowding the Cities• General Gaius General Gaius

Marius (and other Marius (and other generals)generals)

• Tried to help poorTried to help poor• Army leaders came Army leaders came

to power in Rome to power in Rome and privately paid and privately paid unemployed poor to unemployed poor to serve in the armyserve in the army

Crowding the CitiesCrowding the Cities• For the first time For the first time

soldiers owed soldiers owed allegiance to allegiance to commander, not commander, not the republicthe republic

• General Lucius General Lucius Sulla used army Sulla used army against Marius and against Marius and civil war broke outcivil war broke out

Crowding the CitiesCrowding the Cities• The usual farmers The usual farmers

had been had been decimated by decimated by government government actions to enlarge actions to enlarge farms into farms into latifundia latifundia

Marius and SullaMarius and Sulla• Raised armies and fought each other in Raised armies and fought each other in

the streets of Rome for ultimate powerthe streets of Rome for ultimate power• Sulla finally won after 6 years of Sulla finally won after 6 years of

fightingfighting• The practice of using the army to gain The practice of using the army to gain

political power was copied by Julius political power was copied by Julius CaesarCaesar

• Violence overtook lawViolence overtook law

The First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate• Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

– Born into Born into aristocratic family—aristocratic family—100 B.C.100 B.C.

– Skilled in politics, Skilled in politics, he rose to powerhe rose to power

– Allied himself with Allied himself with Pompey and Pompey and CrassusCrassus

The First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate• With their help, he With their help, he

was made consulwas made consul• The three ruled The three ruled

Rome as a Rome as a triumviratetriumvirateWith force and With force and bribery, they ruled bribery, they ruled

The First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate• Caesar realized the Caesar realized the

need for military need for military victories to victories to advance his careeradvance his career

• He defeated the He defeated the Celts, fought the Celts, fought the Germanic tribes Germanic tribes and had other and had other successes in Britainsuccesses in Britain

The First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate• The lower classes The lower classes

hailed him as a hailed him as a herohero

• Crassus was killed Crassus was killed in battle while in battle while leading forces in leading forces in AsiaAsia

• Pompey was in Pompey was in Rome as Caesar Rome as Caesar was at war was at war

The First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate• Pompey and Pompey and

Caesar remained Caesar remained • Pompey, with Pompey, with

support of the support of the senate, ordered senate, ordered Caesar to leave his Caesar to leave his legions north of the legions north of the Rubicon River and Rubicon River and return to Romereturn to Rome

The First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate• Caesar kept 5,000 Caesar kept 5,000

loyal troops and loyal troops and headed for Rome, headed for Rome, crossing the crossing the Rubicon, a river Rubicon, a river that divided the that divided the military provinces military provinces from Roman Italy from Roman Italy

The First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate• Caesar realized Caesar realized

there was no turning there was no turning backback

• Civil war inevitableCivil war inevitable• Ever since, “crossing Ever since, “crossing

the Rubicon” has the Rubicon” has meant making a meant making a decision that cannot decision that cannot be undonebe undone

The First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate• He quickly He quickly

captured all of Italycaptured all of Italy• He drove Pompey He drove Pompey

and troops out of and troops out of Rome and finally Rome and finally defeated him in defeated him in GreeceGreece

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

• Took over government as dictator for Took over government as dictator for lifelife

• He added to the Senate He added to the Senate representatives from the provincesrepresentatives from the provinces

• He made central government more He made central government more responsive to the conquered responsive to the conquered provinces provinces

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar• Set up public works programs to hire Set up public works programs to hire

poorpoor• Ordered slave owners to hire the Ordered slave owners to hire the

unemployedunemployed• Colonies were founded to divide up Colonies were founded to divide up

the land morethe land more• Distributed free grain, but limited the Distributed free grain, but limited the

number of people eligible for itnumber of people eligible for it

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

• Replaced the old Roman calendar Replaced the old Roman calendar with the new solar calendar based on with the new solar calendar based on 365 days per year and one extra day 365 days per year and one extra day every fourth year—leap yearevery fourth year—leap year

• Calendar later named “Julian” after Calendar later named “Julian” after himhim

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar

• Senators led by Brutus and Cassius Senators led by Brutus and Cassius stabbed him to death on March 15, stabbed him to death on March 15, 44 B.C.44 B.C.

• Some senators considered him a Some senators considered him a tyrant who wanted to be a king and tyrant who wanted to be a king and tyrants could be killed without trialtyrants could be killed without trial

End of the RepublicEnd of the Republic• Caesar’s 18-year old nephew, Octavian, Caesar’s 18-year old nephew, Octavian,

and Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus and Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus defeated Caesar’s killers and divided defeated Caesar’s killers and divided Rome’s territories into 3 major Rome’s territories into 3 major provincesprovinces

• This was considered to be the Second This was considered to be the Second Triumvirate Triumvirate

• Lepidus was forced to retireLepidus was forced to retire• Antony married CleopatraAntony married Cleopatra

End of the RepublicEnd of the Republic• Octavian convinced Octavian convinced

Rome that Antony Rome that Antony intended to run intended to run Rome with Rome with Cleopatra (queen Cleopatra (queen of Egypt) by his of Egypt) by his side—unacceptableside—unacceptable

End of the RepublicEnd of the Republic• Octavian declared Octavian declared

war and scattered war and scattered Antony’s forcesAntony’s forces

• Antony and Antony and Cleopatra commit Cleopatra commit suicide to prevent suicide to prevent their capturetheir capture

• Octavian is Octavian is undisputed ruler undisputed ruler