ExoticsCon Full Conference Package Course Descriptions

AAV Courses

Session Name Session Description

Integrating Diagnostics- Putting All the Data Together

Please reference my last presentation @ 2017. It seemed to have been very well received. If the reviews were good, it

might be worth presenting again to this broader audience.

(I've also enhanced it.)

Introduction to Radiography of Raptors and Companion Birds

This talk will cover proper positioning, image acquisition, and interpretation of radiographs of raptors and companion birds.

This class will be geared towards recent graduates or

practitioners new to avian medicine. Cases examples will be

used to highlight normal and abnormal findings as well as

common mistakes made in practice. This talk can be modified to a 1 hour master class as well.

Management of Compound Metacarpal Fractures in an Adult

Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus)

An adult snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus) was found down and

unable to fly in western New York State. Physical examination

and radiographs revealed a chronic, open wound and fractured metacarpals. A type II external skeletal fixator device was

placed and the open wound was allowed to close. The owl

performed auto-physiotherapy and was released with

sustained flight eleven months later.

Infrared Thermography of the Distal Avian Pelvic Limb

In mammalian patients, infrared thermography is used to

assess a variety of inflammatory diseases and peripheral

perfusion abnormalities. In birds, medical thermography is

limited by the insulating properties of feathers, thus it is rarely used in clinical situations. However, infrared thermography can

readily be used for the distal legs, which are relatively

unfeathered in most species. This presentation will

demonstrate the usefulness of medical thermography for assessment and monitoring of leg issues in birds.

Prevalence and Risk factors of Lipid-Related Lesions in Quaker Parrots

(Myiopsitta monachus)

A retrospective pathology study was performed on Quaker

parrots. A total of 652 records were retrieved from 3 pathology

centers. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the data and multiple imputation procedures were used to handle

missing data for age and sex. The odds of developing

atherosclerosis, hepatic lipidosis, and overall lipid-related

lesions were significantly higher in male Quakers. Quaker parrots also have an unusually high prevalence of hepatic

lipidosis and acute pancreatic necrosis.

Male Hypersexuality in Eclectus Parrots

Relating the wild breeding behaviour of male Eclectus parrots

to its role in male hypersexuality in captive birds. Case studies are presented to understand the causes, feather destruction

consequences and management of this abnormal breeding

behaviour.

Comparative Study of Uropygial Gland Tuft's Feather Morphology

Amongst Parrot Species

A novel review of preen gland morphology and the grooming

behaviour of different parrot species to investigate their roles

in treatment strategies for feather destruction behaviour. This

study discusses how the management plans for those species that rely on the preen gland for restoring skin and feather

health differs from those species that produce powder down.

Understanding and Appreciating Avian Cognition to Address

Behavioral Issues

I will present jointly with Jan Hooimeijer, DVM. I will provide

updates on two studies in my ongoing research on Grey parrot intelligence—one on a sophisticated form of inferential

reasoning by exclusion, the other on a variation of Piagetian

liquid conservation, providing comparisons with apes, children,

and adult humans. Dr. Hooimeijer will discuss his 5-step protocol for preventing, dealing with, and solving behavioral

problems, emphasizing how acknowledging and respecting

parrots’ intelligence ensures their welfare.

Normal Electrocardiogram of Conscious Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus

leucocephalus)

We have performed electrocardiograms on 9 healthy bald eagles from the Southeastern Raptor Center, investigating

electrocardiographic waveforms and measuring mean electrical

axis. Our study presents the first reference of ECG values in

conscious bald eagles, which will serve as a baseline for evaluating birds in captivity and the wild as well as a

comparison to the previous study of anesthetized bald eagle

ECGs.

How Veterinarians and Adoption/Education Welfare

Organizations Can Help Each Other

Parrots deserve a succession of good homes. Let’s talk about how welfare organizations and veterinarians can help each

other. People’s lives change due to time, money, health, and

family. Parrot adoption programs are essential. Re-homed

parrots are resilient and equipped for change. Collaboration between veterinarians and adoption organizations include

possible ways to expand parrot care education, attract new

client bases for veterinarians, and facilitate better health for

birds.

Feather Damaging Behavior: Diagnosis and Management

Self-trauma to feathers or skin is a non-specific symptom that

has many possible etiologies, including a variety of medical,

environmental, or behavioral causes. Diagnostic approaches

and medical differentials will be discussed, followed by a review of behavioral and environmental factors. Treatment

options for self-directed behaviors will be discussed, including

behavioral enrichment, sensory substitution, and

pharmacological therapy.

Acute Avian Respiratory Distress- From Anatomy through Treatment

Acute respiratory distress occurs in avian patients with

compromised respiratory function. It is essential that patients

are recognized and treated immediately to enhance success.

There are 5 different anatomic and physiologic components of the respiratory system, and their understanding, when

compromised, helps direct the clinician in the diagnosis and

treatment of the patient. This masterclass will focus on each of

these five components, addressing the anatomy, physiology, diagnosis of common conditions and their treatment.

Midazolam versus Midazolam-Butorphanol Intranasal Sedation in Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)

Intranasal sedation is commonly used for handling and

diagnostics in pet birds. The goal of this study was to examine

effects of intranasal midazolam and midazolam-butorphanol in cockatiels in a blinded, randomized crossover study. Various

parameters were assessed at different time points, including

during manual restraint. Intranasal midazolam and midazolam-

butorphanol provided sedation in cockatiels and midazolam-

butorphanol resulted in deeper sedation prior to and during

restraint. This is the first study evaluating intranasal

butorphanol in birds.

Investigation of deaths and neurologic disease in San Francisco

feral conures

For the past 20 years, free-ranging conures in San Francisco

California have been presented to local veterinary clinics with

signs of central neurologic disease including ataxia, circling,

paralysis and often death. In 2013, Mickaboo Companion Bird Rescue committed to complete systematic testing of deceased

birds with a goal of determining the cause of this often fatal

disease process. The results of histopathology, serology,

toxicology and virology will be presented.

Management of a west nile virus outbreak in a gyrfalcon breeding

facility

The purpose of this presentation is to provide clinical data on

the management of a west nile virus outbreak in a gyrfalcon

breeding facility. Fifteen falcons were affected with twelve

deaths over 1 month. Following the initial necropsy diagnosis, a vaccination protocol, pre and post vaccination titer

evaluation and mosquito control was developed. The

vaccination program continues for the breeding falcons and to

date there has not been illness or death related to this virus.

Age depended carrier status and clinical disposition of avian borna virus in experimentally infected

cockatiels

Occurrence of ABV carrier birds is poorly understood. 11 adult

and 11 hatched cockatiels were infected with PaBV-4 and

seroconverted. Juvenile birds start shedding ABV-RNA earlier

and more than adult birds. 9 adult birds demonstrated weight loss, 7 with additional clinical signs and four died compared to

none juvenile birds. Immunhistochemistry and histopathology

confirmed ABV infection. The study shows that potential

vertical transmission or early infection might be a major part in developing carrier birds.

Analysis on 72 years of Avian Cancer Literature

Most published reports of avian cancer are based upon case

reports, case series, or summaries of cancer from a single

institution or laboratory. Through systematic collection of published, individually identifiable avian cancer cases using

multiple literature search engines, we collected 487 avian

cancer cases from 338 publications in 70 journals, with

publication dates from 1945 up until 2017. We present summarized information on potential risk factors and patient

outcomes from data collection and analysis.

Evidence of virus induced of histiocytic sarcoma in a Peach-faced

lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis)

An adult lovebird was presented with a mass located at right

humerus and scapula. Histiocytic sarcoma was diagnosed based on cytologic and histologic findings. Also, Avian

Leukemia Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus was detected

by PCR and IHC from the mass. CBC values revealed severe

leukocytosis with grade III toxic change possibly related to immune compromise. This is the first report of evidence of

virus infection related to neoplastic disease in Psittaciformes.

Acute Meloxicam Overdose and Treatment in a Sun Conure (Aratinga

solstitialis)

This presentation elaborates a case of a meloxicam overdose

(based on traditional dosing) in a sun conure (Aratinga solstitialis) and the treatment for 76 days afterwards. There

are few reports on the toxic effects of this drug in psittacines

at doses beyond the traditional dose range and further case

reports would benefit avian practitioners who commonly use meloxicam. This case reviews the clinical signs and treatment

for NSAID toxicosis.

Development of Prognostic Factors and Management Criteria During Initial Stabilization in Wild Bird

Rescue

To overcome high mortality rate encountered in wild bird

rescue and early predict prognosis, establishing an triage

system and management criteria is mandatory. A scoring

system is developed to evaluate the association of common physical examination results with prognosis and suitable

stabilization manner categorized based on invasiveness.

Logistic regression analysis indicates the higher the heart rate

score and mentation score the higher the mortality rate. The system will help with decision-making in wild bird rescue.

Intravenous and Intraosseous Regional Limb Perfusion in an Avian

Model

Intravenous and intraosseous regional limb perfusion

technique (IVRLP, IORLP) was validated in 12 hens. The hens

were divided into groups of 4 as follows: 1) IVRLP using ceftiofur at 2mg/kg; 2) IORLP 2mg/kg; 3) intramuscular

administration of ceftiofur at 2mg/kg (systemic dose). Each

hen was anesthetized and underwent RLP for 6 consecutive

days. The concentration of ceftiofur and ceftiofur metabolites was measured in the blood and synovial fluid on days 1, 3, and

6.

Effects of UVB light on calcifediol and feather picking behavior in Amazona

ventralis.

The purpose was to evaluate the effects of UVB light exposure

on vitamin D metabolism and feather picking in Amazona ventralis. Calcifediol levels were significantly greater and

feather damage was less in the outdoor colony. This evidence

that UVB exposure is important for the overall health of A.

ventralis can be directly applied to husbandry practices. The procedure involved comparing feather scores, serum

calcifediol, ionized calcium, and ionized magnesium levels

between indoor and outdoor birds.

Evaluation of PT/PTT in fresh and citrated whole blood in Hispaniolan

Amazon parrots

This presentation will describe the evaluation of a handheld point-of-care analyzer, validated for canine and feline use, in

measuring prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin

time (PTT) in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots in native whole

blood. Additionally, citrated whole blood will be tested for use in the analyzer. This analyzer could be a powerful diagnostic

tool to increase the sensitivity of monitoring coagulopathic

patients or those diagnosed or at risk for severe systemic

disease.

Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in Caribbean flamingos

This study determined the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in

Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) after a

single dose oral administration. Six adult captive flamingos

received 15 mg/kg and six received 25 mg/kg of oral gabapentin. Pharmacokinetic analysis determined that

gabapentin dosed at 25 mg/kg orally is likely to maintain

therapeutic plasma concentrations for approximately 12 hours

in most flamingos; however, dosages up to 37 mg/kg orally every 12 hours may be necessary in some flamingos.

Unusual Pathologic Brain Changes Associated With Severe Zinc Toxicosis

in an Amazon Parrot

An adult blue-fronted Amazon parrot was presented for a six-

week history of ataxia, and weight loss. Diagnostic results

were relatively unremarkable. After an initial positive response to in-hospital treatment, the bird regressed and was eventually

euthanized. Pathologic changes to the brain were consistent

with severe zinc toxicity as reported in mammals but not birds.

This unusual case presentation and pathologic findings will be beneficial to the further understanding of avian zinc toxicosis

by avian veterinarians.

Three Cases of Suspect Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Psittacines

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is not an uncommon

sequela to pancreatic damage in humans and domestic

mammals. Though suspected to occur with some frequency in

birds, it is seldom reported in the literature. In this talk, we will discuss three cases of suspected EPI in parrots, including

diagnostics and treatment, in order to aid practitioner

recognition and diagnosis in a clinical setting.

Distraction osteogenesis for correction of scissor beak in a chicken

(Gallus gallus domesticus)

A 3-month-old rooster presented for surgical correction of a suspected mandibular trauma that resulted in left-sided

deviation of the mandible and dysphagia. Distraction

osteogenesis was performed along the left side of the mandible

to increase the length by 5mm and concurrently deviate the beak cranio-medially. The mandibular deviation was corrected

and the patient was able to prehend food appropriately and

continues to do well 6-months post-operatively.

Demonstration of nutritional requirement for Vitamin C in an

Australian Honeyeater

Noisy miners (Manorina melanocephala) are Australian nectivorous honeyeaters. They consume Eucalyptus flowers

and insects. 14 birds were fed a diet deficient in ascorbic acid.

Blood was collected weekly to measure vitamin C. After eight

weeks the Noisy miners showed lesions of vitamin C deficiency including tibiotarsal fractures, vasculitis and feather

abnormalities. This demonstrated the first Australian

honeyeater reliant upon a dietary source of Vitamin C and is

unable to endogenously manufacture this vitamin.

Comparison of blood and respiratory parameters in ventilated and non-

ventilated Black Kites (Milvus migrans govinda)

Data was collected on 50 Black Kites undergoing reconstructive

propatagial surgery, randomized into ventilated and non-

ventilated groups. All patients were monitored with pulse

oximetry and capnography. Venous blood gas was obtained in 5 patients from each group. Distinct differences between

groups were found etCO2 values. Isoflurane concentration

needed to maintain general anesthesia was found to be

considerably lower in the ventilated group. Post-surgery mortality rate and incidence of acidosis will be presented.

Effects of Doxycycline, Polidocanol and Absolute Ethanol on the

Subcutaneous Tissues of Chickens

Cervicocephalic diverticula rupture is a common avian

condition with no consistently reliable treatment option. In this

pilot study, several injectable sclerosing agents were studied to establish their relative safety and to determine if a

particular agent yielded the greatest inflammation on a

standardized histopathological scale. Twelve domesticated

chickens were used in this study. The goal is to establish a viable treatment for psittacine cervicocephalic diverticula

rupture.

Successful Surgical Management of Pouch and Bill Injuries in Pelicans:

Illustrative Cases from Rehabilitation

International Bird Rescue’s two California wildlife clinics receive

large numbers of pelicans for rehabilitation each year. Pouch and bill injuries present regularly and effective case

management is a joint effort between rehabilitators and the

veterinarian. Cases representing different types of injuries

including massive linear lacerations, shredded irregularly-shaped rips, avulsions from mandible, bare bone from keratin

damage, split symphysis, and combinations of pouch damage

with fractures will be presented. Detailed repair techniques will

be discussed.

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease caused by Psittacine Circovirus-1 in a Golden Conure (Guaruba guarouba)

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) infection in Old

World psittacine birds causes severe clinical illness, death and

environmental contamination. Gross, histopathological,

molecular diagnostic and epidemiological findings are

presented for the first documented case of clinical disease due

to psittacine circovirus-1 infection in a 10-week-old, captive

golden conure (Guaruba guarouba). This case in a New World psittacine species stimulates further investigation into the viral

epidemiology of psittacine circoviruses, and emphasizes the

need for active surveillance.

Surgical Treatment of Cranial Thoracic Masses in a White-Capped

Pionus (P.senilis) and Yellow-headed Amazon (A.oratrix)

A 17-year-old female white-capped Pionus (Pionus senilis) and a 29-year-old unsexed yellow-headed Amazon parrot

(Amazona oratrix) presented independently for chronic

progressive dyspnea and voice change. In both cases,

computed tomography revealed masses cranial to the heart. Surgical excision was successfully performed. The purpose of

this case series is to describe the surgical approach of these

uncommon masses, previously undescribed in the literature,

and to discuss possible complications and outcomes.

Sedation in Birds

This masterclass will provide summarize the current knowledge

on the avian sedation. A focus will be on clinical application of

various protocols in a variety of birds, including psittacines,

birds of prey and zoo and wild birds.

Peripheral neuropathy secondary to lead intoxication in psittacines

Lead toxicosis is well-documented in psittacines and is usually

associated with central nervous system (CNS) and

gastrointestinal (GI) signs. Peripheral neuropathy secondary to

lead intoxication, however, has not been well described in this avian order. This presentation summarizes the findings in 3

psittacine birds with high blood lead levels presented with

distal paraplegia, without concurrent CNS or GI signs. While

improvement in the paraplegia was noted following chelation therapy, permanent peripheral nerve deficits remained.

Avian Ophthalmology - Principles and Applications

Ocular disorders in birds are of great importance not only in

aspects of vision but also commonly hinting at numerous

systemic disorders, which may even represent a zoonosis. (i. e. Salmonellosis, Mycobacteriosis etc.). The masterclass will

provide the practitioner with anatomical and physiological

basics, a practical review on suitable instrumentation, a by a

step-by-step tutorial through the complete avian ophthalmological examination procedure and an interactive Q

& A forum on commonly occurring ocular disorders.

Advancing Communication with Birds: Can They Learn to Read?

Highly cognitive tasks are believed to be solely the province of

humans--certainly reading. Through modified phonics training, cockatoos learned the phonetic alphabet, the association of

written words with sounds and objects, and to show consent,

answering questions by touching a flash card for yes or no.

Finally, they learned to select novel-impression words on flash cards upon verbal prompt, initially three letter words,

advancing to three-syllable words, allowing advanced

communication between the researcher and birds.

Investigations in the raptor fovea using optical coherence tomography

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non invasive technique allowing examination of optical structures in living

birds at almost histological resolution. Using this technique we

examined the fovea region in various raptor species (n=14

species, n=73 individuals) to establish physiological data (depth, width, shape, species specific differences) serving as a

basis for diagnostics and evaluation of ocular disorders located

at the posterior eye segment (i. e. funds oculi) and fovea

region.

Treatment of Chronic T-cell Lymphocytic Leukemia in an Indian

Runner Duck

This case report describes a successful treatment response of

chronic T-cell lymphocytic leukemia in an Indian runner duck and will discuss previously published avian leukemia

chemotherapy options. This protocol can be used in avian

patients in the future with hopeful similar success. The

protocol includes diagnosis with CBC, Chemistry, EPH, radiographs, ultrasound, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment

included Prednisone, Chlorambucil, and Cyclophosphamide.

The owner eventually stopped the chemotherapy and a

necropsy with immunohistochemistry was performed.

Unique Presentation of Ocular Trauma in 3 Eastern Screech Owls

(Megascops asio)

This report describes unusual ocular abnormalities in 3 wild

Eastern screech owls presented to a rehabilitation hospital

after head trauma. All 3 had anterior uveitis and free air

bubbles in the anterior chamber, but none of the cases had any discernable corneal damage, either grossly or with

fluorescein stain technique. All the cases recovered with

treatment and were later released.

Congenital Megalocornea in Blue-throated Conures (Pyrrhura

cruentata) with MicroCT Analysis and Histopathology

Three, approximately one year old Blue-throated conures (Pyrrhura cruentata) presented with presumed congenital

glaucoma and exophthalmos OU. Ophthalmic examinations

revealed anterior dysgensis in all eyes effected and glaucoma

couldn’t be ruled-out. MicroCT scan results indicated no skull abnormalities and only anterior globe changes. Each conure

had abalation protocol (gentamicin and dexamethasone)

injected OS. One bird had an enucleation OD due severe

corneal ulcer. Two conures were euthanized and found to have megalocornea.

Healing of Avian Soft Tissue Wounds and Treatment Options

Soft tissue wounds are a common avian presentation. This

masterclass will review the healing processes associated with

soft tissue trauma in birds on an anatomic and physiologic level. Assessment of the wounds and proper treatment will be

discussed upon patient presentation with soft tissue injury. The

number of treatment options will be discussed including the

significant number of new therapeutic antimicrobial and advanced wound healing products. Knowledge gained will

increase the chances of desired outcomes.

Sedation and Pain Management of Avian Patients

A rapidly advancing areas of veterinary medicine is sedation

and pain management. Many veterinarians are familiar with names of sedatives and analgesic agents, when and what to

use is often debatable. This roundtable discussion will provide

an opportunity for veterinarians to discuss clinical protocols

relating to sedation and pain management between the number of avian species that are presented to veterinary

hospitals. Hopefully providing a better understanding of this

subject by all in attendance.

Broudifacoum Toxicity in a Flock of Pigeons

Tissues from 4 juvenile captive pigeons with peracute mortality were submitted Infectious Disease Laboratory. Histopathology

showed multifocal to coalescing, acute hemorrhage in multiple

organs. Liver and gastrointestinal contents were sent for

anticoagulant toxicity testing with eggs (N=5), food, and water. Broudifacoum was detected at toxic levels in the liver

and/or gastrointestinal tract of all pigeons, and in the grit and

food. Anticoagulant toxicity can cause captive flock mortality

and should be included within diagnostic differentials

Phacoemulsification Lens Extraction Surgery in Three Chinstrap Penguins

(4 eyes) (Pygoscelis antarcticus)

Initially, 19 penguins were examined at Moody Gardens in

Galveston, TX. There were 6/19 considered good candidates for cataract surgery, all were Chinstraps. The first round, 2

effected were selected for the phacoemulsification procedure.

Special equipment needed for anesthesia and recovery since

this is artic breed. All patients pre-op retinal testing was electroretrinography (ERG) and ocular ultrasound. Maze tests

were done before and immediately after surgery with

significant results documented.

Fun for the Wild Child -- Enrichment for Avian Wildlife in Rehabilitation

Hospitalized wild birds benefit from enrichment in a variety of ways that contribute to successful rehabilitation and release.

This class will focus on easy enrichment ideas that will

stimulate natural behaviors in wild birds that commonly

presents to veterinarians. Aside from ethical considerations, improved welfare for hospitalized wildlife through enrichment

may serve to decrease stress, stimulate appetite, improve

fitness, stimulate natural behaviors, and teach orphans

important survival skills.

Medication Use in Backyard Poultry

It is important to realize that even though someone may

present you their dear pet chicken that they would never eat,

you are responsible for knowing that it is still considered, and

regulated, as a “food animal species” according to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and their

regulations must be followed. The talk will include descriptions

of the regulations and terminology encountered in regards to

medication use in backyard poultry.

Modified tail amputation technique in a blue and gold macaw with

uropygial gland adenocarcinoma

A 33-yr-old male blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) was

presented for a second opinion. Fine needle aspirate performed

at the primary care veterinarian was consistent with an

uropygial gland adenocarcinoma. The lesion was invasive encompassing the entire tail base and was ulcerated in nature.

Complete surgical excision utilizing standard tail amputation

technique with a novel closure was performed and margins

were achieved. The animal recovered uneventfully and no recurrence has been noted to date.

Managing Reproductive Disease in Chickens: Retained Right Cystic

Oviduct

Case of a retained right oviduct in a 3yo female chicken.

Presented for anorexia, lethargy and a space occupying

coleomic mass. Diagnostics include radiographs, ultrasounds, CBC, chemistry, and coelomic fluid cytology. Patient was

managed successfully with aggressive supportive care and

ultrasound guided cyst aspiration. Management of chicken

reproductive disease will discussed, with emphasis on medical management.

Deslorelin Acetate 4.7 mg Implants Reversibly Reduce Reproduction in

Quaker Parrots (Myiopsitta monachus)

This study of quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) with

known successful reproduction, allowed for preliminary

assessment of the safety and efficacy of deslorelin acetate 4.7 mg in a psittacine model. During the study, over 1500

behavioral observations were recorded of common nesting

behaviors. It was observed that there was a statistical

difference between the implanted and control groups between attending their nest boxes. Also, there was a significant

difference in weights between sexes within the groups.

Assessing the Potential Risks to Wild Birds from Neonicotinoid Pesticides

In addition to their impacts on insect pollinators, evidence is

increasing that neonicotinoid pesticides - the most widely used

pesticides worldwide – have lethal and sublethal effects on

vertebrates. Recent studies have shown potential risk to wild birds with the most likely route of exposure to high doses

being ingestion of treated seeds. This study establishes an

exposure pathway to neonicotinoid pesticides for wild birds, as

well as neurological impacts in a model species.

Use of Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Complicated Skull

Fractures in Two Parrots

Computed Tomography was used as a diagnostic tool in the

diagnosis of complicated skull fractures in two psittacine

patients (Yellow-naped Amazon and Lesser Vasa Parrot)

presenting for assessment following a traumatic event. In both individuals, complex fractures which were not appreciable on

physical examination or plain radiographs, were revealed on

CT imaging. Discussion will focus upon the use of CT imaging

in the diagnosis and management of complex skull fractures in psittacine patients.

Diagnosis and surgical management of an intrathoracic branchial cyst in a

sulfur crested cockatoo

A 40 year old lesser sulfur crested cockatoo presented with

nonspecific respiratory signs. A large, soft tissue mass effect

was identified in the cranial thoracic region, ventrally depressing the heart and causing right lateral displacement of

the trachea on projection and CT imaging studies. A cranial

thoracotomy was performed and a branchial cyst was

identified, drained and excised. This is a first report of a branchial cyst in an intrathoracic location.

A Framework for Assessing the Suitablity of Birds as Pets

With a focus on the welfare of captive parrots, this lecture

describes the Schuppli and Fraser (2000) Framework for

Assessing the Suitability of Different Species as Companion Animals as applied to parrots. Discussion includes applications,

evaluation, and how the Five Freedoms of the Farm Animal

Welfare Council are used to illustrate why birds are challenging

pets, so often surrendered, and the rise of parrot sanctuaries across the USA to meet the demand of relinquished pets.

The Research and Pathology Forum

The annual Research and Pathology Forum of AAV will be

expanded this year to include wildlife and other exotic species.

The format will be the same, 4-5 speakers giving short presentations followed by open discussion with no time limits.

Once again the R&P Forum will run 2 hours in the evening and

be open to all to attend and participate. Drs. Reavil and Olsen

will once again moderate this event.

AVIAN GANGLIONEURITIS: UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENISIS

FOR IMPROVED CLINCIAL CARE

This Master Class will be presented by Robert Dahlhausen,

DVM, MSa,*, Giacomo. Rossi, DVM, PhD, MS, Dipl. ECZM

(WHP)b, and Susan Orosz, PhD, DVM, Dipl. ABVP (Avian), Dipl.

ECZM (Avian). A current scientific review of avian bornaviral infection/ganglioneuritis will be presented. Discussion will

include the underlying neuroanatomy and neuro-pathology and

how they relate to clinical presentation and disease

progression. Current and new diagnostic modalities will be addressed along with current concepts of treatment and

management.

Comparison of Lactate Measurements in Quaker Parrots (Myopsitta monachus) via Three

Different Analyzers

Validation of rapid, automated, patient side analyzers for

lactate which could prove invaluable in diagnosis of severe stress or hypoperfusion in birds at the time of presentation for

care. Avian clinicians are faced with cases of rapid

decompensation with subtle clinical signs. Changes in

hematologic parameters often occur before any overt signs of

disease. Thus, laboratory diagnostics, including lactate, for

detection and diagnosis of disease in avian species are an

essential part of avian medicine.

Pharmacokinetics of Oral Tapentadol in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots

Tapentadol is an opioid analgesic which acts both as a u-opioid

agonist and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. While it

therefore possesses a similar mechanism of action to tramadol,

it is active without metabolic processing. As oral analgesic options in avian patients are limited, the pharmacokinetics of

oral tapentadol were evaluated in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots

using a balanced incomplete block design. This medication has

not previously been evaluated in any avian species.

Chickens: Taking You from Farm to Flock

Please enter the description via the speaker service center.

Anatomy & Surgery of the Skull

Relationship between blood lead concentrations and occurrence of

trauma in wild bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) admitted

to wildlife rehabilitation centers

Presumptive Avian Bornavirus-Induced Blindness in an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus timneh)

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS AND PROVENTRICULAR DILATATION

DISEASE (PDD): RECOMBINANT N PROTEIN VACCINE AND

PATHOGENESIS

In order to investigate methods of protection against PDD, we vaccinated cockatiels using inactivated whole PaBV and/or

recombinant PaBV N protein vaccines followed by challenge

with PaBV-2. The results indicated that recombinant N protein

vaccine was able to protect birds from lesions associated with PDD. We hypothesized that this protective was result of switch

from type 1 cell-mediated to a type 2 humoral response. This

hypothesis was supported by a third study with cyclosporine A

AEMV Courses

Session Name Session Description

Discoveries you should know about...

The lecture is a fast-paced review of the clinically relevant publications of the last 10 years of rabbit, rodent literature (journal articles, ExoticCon, ICare, AEMV conference proceedings). The findings of approximately 40-50 publications are summarised in a 45-60-min lecture. The subtopics include drugs and drug dosages, infectious diseases, diagnostic procedures and surgical

techniques.

Disseminated Dermatophytic

Pseudomycetoma in an Adult Ferret with Insulinoma

This will be a case report of a 7 year old male ferret diagnosed with disseminated dermatophytic pseudomycetoma. Prior to diagnosis, this patient was diagnosed with an insulinoma and was under treatment with prednisone for 1 year. The patient was euthanized after diagnosis and necropsy findings

support immune suppression as the cause of this disease. This case report illustrates a significant risk of long term use of prednisone as treatment for insulinoma.

Everything You Need to Know About

Gastric Stasis and Bloat in Small

Mammals

This lecture will teach the clinician everything they ever wanted to know about emergency and critical care of gastric stasis or the guinea pig bloat patient. The lecture will provide the most recent information with emphasis on clinical research. The presentation will take the clinician through fluid therapy requirements, sedation, pain management and treatment protocols so that the

clinician will have a successful outcome in the majority of patients.

Acid-Base-Balance Status and Blood

Gas Analysis in Rabbits with Gastric Stasis and Gastric Dilation

The purpose of this study was to determine changes in blood gas values and acid-base-balance status in rabbits with gastric stasis and dilation. For this objective blood gases and acid-base-status of 30 rabbits with clinical and radiographic signs of gastric stasis and dilation were collected at the time of

presentation as well as during treatment. Our findings may aid the practitioner in identifying critical cases and may help to evaluate the animals´ response to therapy.

Influence of isoflurane general

anesthesia on plasma thyroxine concentrations in black-tailed prairie

dogs

Anesthesia can affect T4 concentrations in humans, rats and dogs. Prairie dogs were placed under 60 minute isoflurane anesthesia. Each animal was sampled

after induction, 30 minute, and 60 minute and tested for T4 concentration. In conclusion, isoflurane anesthesia appears to have a significant decreasing but not consistent effect on measured plasma thyroxine concentration in black-tailed prairie dogs but the clinical importance of this effect is likely minimal.

CUTANEOUS XANTHOMAS WITH

OCULAR AND CARDIOVASCULAR INVOLVMENT IN A LOP RABBIT

A 2-year female lop rabbit was presented for soft multiple flat papules located

in the interscapular area and in hind limbs. No parasites were found. Histological examination revealed a cutaneous xanthoma. Blood analysis revealed hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Secondary lipid keratopathy and mild atherosclerosis developed. Atorvastatin treatment was implemented.

DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF BILATERAL STIFLE OSTEOARTHRITIS

IN A GIANT FLEMISH RABBIT

A 3-year old intact male giant Flemish rabbit was presented for a chronic lameness of the right hind limb. The neurological examination showed a unilateral paresis with a decreased proprioception. CT scanner demonstrated bilateral stifle osteoarthritis with no spine disorders. Physical rehabilitation in addition to NSAID allowed restoring normal ambulation.

Surgical management of an olecranon fracture in a ferret (Mustela

putorius furo)

A 2-year-old female ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented after falling from the fifth floor. Physical examination revealed a non-weight-bearing lameness of the right forelimb. Radiographs revealed a transverse fracture of the right olecranon. Surgical management was elected: an intramedullary Kirschner wire and tension band were placed. Two weeks after surgery, the

ferret represented for right forelimb lameness. Radiographs revealed implant fracture. Surgical correction was achieved using a mini plate, which allowed successful bone healing.

Management of multiple struvite bladder urolithiasis in a pet rat

(Rattus norvegicus)

A 2-year-old intact female rat (Rattus norvegicus) was presented for straining while urinating. Radiographs revealed multiple mineral opacities in the urinary

bladder area, while abdominal ultrasound confirmed the presence of multiple urolithiases. A cystotomy allowed retrieval of 15 calculi, later analyzed as struvite. Urine culture revealed an infection with Proteus vulgaris. If struvite calculi are reported in predisposed strains of laboratory rat, no report could be found in pet rats. Predisposing factors will be discussed.

Preliminary Investigation of Copper Hepatopathy in Ferrets

Abnormal hepatic copper accumulation is recognized as an inherited disorder in man (Wilson’s disease), mouse, rat, and dog, but can also occur due to copper excess in the diet or secondary to cholestatic liver disease. A project is underway to determine quantitative copper concentrations and the and histologic distribution of copper in liver samples of ferrets with and without

hepatobiliary disease. This presentation will discuss the preliminary investigation of copper hepatopathy in ferrets.

A retrospective study of intranasal

tumor in rabbits: 6cases (2007-2017)

Intranasal tumors are rarely seen in rabbits and there are few reports when compared to dogs and cats. The purpose of this presentation is to retrospectively review the clinical signs, diagnosis including the use of computed

tomography, treatments including surgery and radiation therapy and outcome for 5 cases of intranasal tumors in rabbits.

Miniature Pigs: Managing Common

Medical and Behavior Issues

The term “miniature” is used to describe a variety of smaller pig breeds, as well as crossbreeds. When kept as pets, pigs can present with a variety of medical and behavioral challenges. Miniature pigs are prey species and average

between 80 - 150 pounds. Common medical conditions will be discussed,

including handling pigs in the veterinary practice. Behaviors, such as aggression, rooting, nesting, and overeating, will be discussed.

Omental steatitis in sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps)

2-year-old obese female sugar glider presented lethargy and abdominal pain for a week. Giardiasis firstly detected without clinical improvement after treatment. Firm mass was palpable in the cranial abdomen. Radiographs

showed abdominal distension, intraperitoneal mass and suspected peritonitis. Ultrasonography showed small amount of intraperitoneal fluid with a large well-defined heteroechoic omental fat caudal to stomach in the cranial abdomen. Omental steatitis was diagnostically conclusive. Complete recovery found 3 weeks after nutrition management and medical treatment.

Reference interval determination of

key critical venous blood parameters

in healthy ferrets

Forty (40), apparently healthy (based on history and physical exam), client owned ferrets will be sedated and have venous blood samples collected and analyzed in duplicate for the following parameters: pH, PCO2, PO2, SO2%, Lactate, Glucose, Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, Hct, Hb, BUN/Urea, and Creatinine, to establish reference intervals (Stat Profile Critical Care Xpress;

Nova Biomedical).

Anaplastic ependymoma in a rabbit

A nine years old male rabbit was presented for ataxia and decreased appetite. Hematology, plasma biochemistry and serology exam were unremarkable. His neurologic examination indicated cerebellar localization. A tentative diagnosis of ependymoma was made based on the characteristics of

MRI image. Patient was euthanized due to the extensiveness and poor prognosis of the disease. Histopathology diagnosis was anaplastic ependymoma. The present report discusses clinical and histopathological features of ependymoma in this rabbit.

Use of thermoreversible gel for the prevention of perioperative corneal

ulcers in rabbits

In a retrospective study 21% of rabbits presented corneal ulcers after surgery,

despite application of eye lubricant. In 22 rabbits who came for elective surgery, a thermoreversible gel was applied on one eye, and a labeled eye lubricant on the other one. Before and after the surgery, an ophthalmic examination allowed to search for corneal lesions. Statistical analysis showed a better efficiency of thermoreversible gel compared

to eye lubricant (respectively 30% and 60% corneal lesions).

Response Rate and Survival Times of

Lymphoma Treatment Protocols in

Domestic Ferrets: A Retrospective Study

This retrospective study of ferret lymphoma treatment protocols is the first to compare modified CHOP, no-IV, and metronomic therapy (i.e. chlorambucil) in correlation with survival time. The use of L-asparginase and whether it contributes significantly to survival time will also be included. Over fifty cases

from multiple institutions have provided a sample population for comparison of 3 protocols for management of the third most common disease diagnosed in ferrets.

Surgical Management of Prolapsing

Uterine Neoplasia in Small Exotic Mammals

Uterine neoplasia is common in intact females of many small exotic mammals. In some species, particularly hedgehogs and rats, the mass(es) can migrate down

the vaginal canal and even prolapse out the vaginal orifice. Appropriate surgical management of these cases is usually rewarding, and most can be cured.

Surgical Management of Ear-Origin Abscesses in Rabbits and Rats

Abscesses (without neoplasia) ventral to the ear orifice in rabbits and rats usually originate from the otic structures (the lower ear canal in rabbits, or

deeper structures, possibly the tympanic bulla, in rats). These are chronic lesions, and are slow to resolve. A simple ‘lance and drain’ technique is usually inadequate to resolve the lesion. Long term drainage via marsupialization of the abscess has proved more effective, combined with extended antibiotic therapy.

Corneal Diseases in Rabbits and Rodents? Taking Care of Those Great

Big Beautiful Eyes

Rabbits and rodents have large, prominent eyes, which place them at high risk

of corneal trauma. Breed variations, improper husbandry, and underlying disease conditions place some animals at additional risk. Corneal dystrophy, which has also been reported in these species, can be mistaken for corneal ulcers. This presentation will review the diagnosis and treatment of corneal conditions in rabbits and rodents. Emphasis will be placed on treatment of

complicated ulcers and management of predisposing conditions.

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC

PARAMETERS EVALUATED AFTER THE USE OF SEDATIVES IN GUINEA

PIG (CAVIA PORCELLUS)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of measuring several echocardiographic parameters not previously reported in guinea pigs and to evaluate the effects of three different sedations protocols on the measurement of echocardiographic parameters and heart rate. The animals were randomly

divided in three groups of 5 individuals. Group one received medetomidine;

group two butorphanol; and group three midazolam. Each of them were subject to an echocardiographic examination, before and after sedation.

SUCCESSEFUL TREATMENT OF LYMPHOMA BY RADIATION

THERAPY IN GERBIL (MERIONES UNGUICULATUS).

A 5-year-old intact male gerbil was referred with a progressing mass on right cheek and had been treated without improvement. Examination revealed a big mass caused skull deformed and swallowing of eyelid. No osseous defect was

determined under CT. Cytology showed malignant lymphoma. Radiation therapy was suggested. Orthovoltage x-rays machine with 1.2 Aluminum filter and 35 mm tube was used. After receiving 9-session-treatment, the tumor totally regressed and the patient recovered uneventfully during two-month follow-up.

Pharmacokinetics of Cerenia ® (Maropitant citrate) in Rabbits

(Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Maropitant citrate is labeled in dogs and cats for the treatment and prevention

of vomiting. Recent studies have also described its potential analgesic properties. While it has been used empirically in rabbits for this purpose, no pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic studies have been previously conducted. This presentation will describe the pharmokinetics of maropitant in 10 rabbits utilizing a randomized cross-over design comparing a single subcutaneous and

intravenous dose. Any adverse effects identified will be discussed.

The use of LigaSure(TM) device for

scrotal ablation in juvenile male

Bennett?s wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus)

Two juvenile, privately owned, male Bennett’s wallabies presented for elective neuter. The previously described LigaSure(TM) scrotal ablation technique in sugar gliders was adapted for the wallabies. A LigaSure was used to cauterize and cut the skin and testicular pedicles simultaneously and then the skin margins

were apposed with staples. Advantages to this procedure include shorter anesthetic times, minimal blood loss, and small surgical site to minimize risk of self-mutilation and trauma.

Use of the dewlap as an advancement skin flap in a rabbit

This case report describes the use of the dewlap in a male rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) being used in an advancement skin flap to cover a large defect

created by the removal of a mass from the caudoventral aspect of the right eye. To cover the large skin defect remaining after excision, the dewlap was separated and advanced to cover the defect. The skin flap was viable and healed well.

The successful intestinal surgery in

rabbits

Intestinal surgery in rabbits is often considered dangerous. However intestinal

surgery may be required in several occasions, form intestinal foreign bodies to intestinal neoplasms. In this masterclass we will cover all the aspects related to intestinal surgery, from the diagnostics (when to go into surgery), to the technical surgical details. A review of the current literature will be presented together with practical tips to ensure a successful intestinal surgery.

Long-lasting hypoglycemia in a rabbit with exocrine pancreatic

hyperplasia and lymphocytic pancreatitis

An adult rabbit presented for anorexia, dullness, and blindness. Blood work showed marked hypoglycaemia.Attempts to correct the hypoglycaemia in the following 3 days were unsuccessful. Insulin levels were low.After additional 3 days of persistent hypoglycaemia (<50mg/dl in more than 2 occasions every day) a biopsy of the pancreas was obtained and was consistent with exocrine

pancreatic hyperplasia and lymphocytic pancreatitis.Prednisolone was started and glycemia normalized in the following week.The rabbit is currently 3-months disease free.

Acquired dental disease in guinea

pigs

Acquired dental disease (ADD) is a debilitating condition that affects guinea pigs. Symptoms include anorexia, pain and dental deformations. Recent findings

link ADD to chronic periodontitis and bone resorption in the jaws. These disorders are triggered by inflammatory cytokines released in infectious processes, or by secondary (nutritional or renal) hyperparathyroidism. Medical imaging and histopathology support this mechanism. Treatment options include multimodal anti-inflammatory therapy, suppression of osteoclastic activity and (when

applicable) targeting the renal-parathyroid-bone axis.

LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE IN A

FERRET (MUSTELA PUTORIUS FURO).

Weakness of the hind limbs is a common problem in ferrets. The most common causes are metabolic and neurological disorders, muscle and joint diseases. 6 month old male Angora ferret referred with complaints of weakness of the hind limbs, progressing from 4 months of age. X-ray revealed bilateral changes in

the hip joints. Bilateral resection of the head of the femur was performed. The histological diagnosis confirmed characteristic changes typical of Perthes' disease.

Endoscopic removal of urinary calculi in companion mammals

Urinary tract stones are a common cause of clinical signs and urinary tract obstruction in companion mammal practice. Traditionally, stone removal is

performed by laparotomy and cystotomy. Minimally invasive approaches, considered standard of care in human and small animal medicine decrease

tissue trauma and improve visualization of the entire urinary tract. Transurethral or laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy to retrieve bladder and urethral stones will be described using clinical cases (pot-bellied pig, guinea pig, ferret).

Effect of Intra-abdominal Pressure on Laparoscopic Working Space in the

Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

It is important to optimize abdominal working space when performing laparoscopic procedures on exotic mammals, including rabbits. This study

examined the effect of intra-abdominal pressures (4, 8, 12 mmHg) on working space in healthy rabbits using a crossover design. Between 4 and 8 mmHg, there was a 19.5% increase in working space; from 8 to 12 mmHg it increased by only 7.1%. Based on this study, using 4-8 mmHg is sufficient for laparoscopic visualization.

Effect of Intra-abdominal Pressure on Cardiovascular and Respiratory

Parameters in the Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The effects of pneumoperitoneum, as used for laparoscopic procedures, are incompletely understood in exotic companion animals. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured in healthy rabbits at different intra-abdominal pressures (0,4,8 mmHg): blood pressure, cardiac output (CO), cardiac/stroke volume indices (CI,SVI), heart rate, end-tidal CO2, pCO2, pO2, and SpO2.

Blood pressure was significantly increased and CO decreased with pneumoperitoneum, as compared to 0 mmHg. ETCO2 was greater at each subsequent pressure. pCO2 was increased only at 8 mmHg.

Medical management of urolithiasis in two guinea pigs using

phenoxybenzamine

Urolithiasis is a common condition guinea pigs. Surgical management of this condition can be challenging due to anesthetic risks and high rate of recurrence.

This presentation describes two cases of urolithiasis in pet guinea pigs that were diagnosed with multiple cystic calculi measuring < 5 mm. Both animals were medically managed with phenoxybenzamine. Both animals passed all stones within a short period following initiation of medical treatment and no adverse effects were noted.

Metronomic chemotherapy in a pet

rat (Rattus norvegicus) with subcutaneous fibrosarcoma

A 2-year-old male pet rat presented with a subcutaneous mass in the lumbar area. A fibrosarcoma was diagnosed histopathologically and a CT-scan revealed infiltration of surrounding tissue. Palliative metronomic chemotherapy was elected using cyclophosphamide, toceranib and meloxicam. For the first month the mass reduced in size but then grew continuously despite changes in the

chemotherapy protocol. The rat died five months after diagnosis. This case illustrates the feasibility of metronomic chemotherapy in a pet rat.

Encrusted cystitis due to

Corynebacterium uterequi in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

A 4-year-old neutered female pet rabbit presented with chronic stranguria with bacteriuria. After several months of inconclusive bacterial culture and antibiotic treatments, Corynebacterium uterequi was isolated using specific culture

mediums. Cystoscopic debridement of the bladder necrotic plaques was performed and antibiotic treatment with chloramphenicol was prescribed. Stranguria resolved and subsequent culture was negative. Corynebacterium spp. bacteria are responsible for encrusted cystitis in dogs and, to the authors’ knowledge, have never been reported in pet rabbits.

African Pygmy Hedgehogs:

Husbandry and Clinical Management

This comprehensive master class will cover the natural history, husbandry, and clinical management of the popular pet species. The presentation will also discuss recently published, clinically-relevant scientific literature on the species. Topics of discussion include anatomy, handling, sedation and anesthesia, analgesia, diagnostics, common diseases, emergency medicine, therapeutics, and

common surgical procedures, among others.

HOW TO PERFORM A SYSTEMATIC

LITERATURE REVIEW

This master-class shows how to constuct a systematic literature using free databases such as PubMed and Google Search. Concepts of MESH (medical subject headings) are explained, and how looking for MESH terms in relevant papers can aid in finding similar articles. PubMed also has filters that can be

useful in selecting only one species, language and free text. Most individuals are not aware of these tools. The class will be especially helpful for young veterinarians.

Plasma thyroxine levels in healthy domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus

cuniculus)

The objective was to determine reference values for plasma thyroxine (T4) in the domestic rabbit. 56 rabbits with normal complete blood count/biochemistry

values and without pathological findings in general examination and radiographs were included. T4 was measured via chemiluminescence assay. The reference range (0.65 - 2.85 ng/ml) and confidence intervals (CI [0.6; 0.83], CI [2.6; 2.9]) were calculated in accordance with the guidelines of the american society for veterinary clinical pathology.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic

Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Pet Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

A 10 year-old, rabbit presented for a chronic respiratory infection. Complete blood cell counts were consistent with progressive lymphocytosis. Bone marrow aspiration revealed medullary infiltration by a monomorphic population of small, well-differentiated lymphocytes compatible with a diagnosis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Immunohistochemistry was consistent with T-cell

origin. The rabbit is currently responding to treatment with Prednisolone and Chlorambucil. This is the first report of CLL in a domestic rabbit.

Ureteral stenting for management of

ureterolithiasis in 3 domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Three rabbits were diagnosed with unilateral obstructive ureterolithiasis. Antegrade stent placement was performed by laparotomy in one rabbit. Retrograde ureteral stent placement was attempted in 2 cases, however,

cystotomy was required to achieve proper placement. Complications include mineralization of the stent,re-obstruction and urinary incontinence. Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection was confirmed in two cases and may have contributed to urinary incontinence. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first time ureteral stenting in rabbits has been described.

Use of Transdermal Methimazole to

Treat Hyperthyroidism in a Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)

This case report describes the use of transdermal methimazole in a 4 year old female Guinea Pig with hyperthyroidism diagnosed by T4 by RIA and palpable thyroid nodule. Treatment was started with oral methimazole (1 to 2.2mg/kg q24h to q12h), but they were resistant to medication, losing weight, and the human-animal bond was diminishing. Treatment was switched to transdermal

methimazole (final dose 4.5mg/kg q8h). Currently patient is well managed with T4 within the reference range.

How to Efficiently and Precisely

Diagnose and Treat Liver Lobe torsion

in Rabbits

This study was conducted on 20 patients in Taiwan during 2016-2017 which were successfully diagnosed with liver lobe torsion based on clinical signs, blood work, radiograph, ultrasonography and treated and confirmed the diagnosis

with surgery. The precise diagnosis relied on blood work and imaging. 80% of the patients survive more than three months after receiving surgical treatment. We believe the key of high survival rate is relied on efficient and precise diagnosis and surgical treatment.

Successful Treatment of Squamous

Cell Carcinoma through Total Ear Pinna Ablation on a Domestic Rabbit

A 8-year-old intact male rabbit was found mass on the ear pinna with abscess.

After cytology evaluation, total ear pinna ablation was performed to remove whole tumor involved area. The right ear pinna was totally removed and the ear canal was reconstructed. After surgery the patient recovered well without any complications. The pathological result was squamous cell carcinoma with chronic inflammation. On two-month follow-up, the patient showed no sign of recurrence.

Retrospective study on femoral

fracture repair with Tie-in fixator in Rabbits

Retrospective study on femoral fracture repair with Tie-in Fixator on Rabbits (n=11) as well as the complications observed and the final outcome. ve: To report the use of external skeletal fixator-intramedullary pin tie-in for management of femoral fractures in rabbits, as well as the complications observed and the final outcome. All the rabbits started to use the fractued limb

after surgery. 4 major complications and 3 minor complications were observed. 9/11 recovered normal function.

Validated immunophenotyping of guinea pig lymphocytic neoplasia

targets chemotherapy treatment- a case series

Case series of two guinea pigs diagnosed with lymphoma. Both were treated with a rotational chemotherapy schedule: prednisone, asparaginase, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and lomustine. All drugs were well tolerated and

demonstrated varied clinical response. Patient samples and control tissues were used to help validate an immunocytochemical method for immunophenotyping lymphoma in guinea pigs as either T- or B-cell. Subtyping of lymphoma may help improve prognostication and choice of therapy in guinea pigs.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Diseases in ECM including

Surgery

Surgical principles of the urinary tract of exotic companion mammals are similar

to dog and cat, but take into account the different anatomy, physiology, and diseases associated with the urinary system. Surgery involving the urinary tract in ECM’s can include removal of urinary calculi in any species, perineal urethrostomy in ferrets with distal urethral blockage, neoplasia removal, flushing of the urinary bladder in rabbits with sludge, nephrectomy, and partial penile

amputation in sugar gliders.

Diagnosis of Leptospirosis in a Pet Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps)

A female sugar glider presented emergently for acute-onset grand mal and focal seizures, dehydration, and altered mental status. History included exposure to murine bodily fluids approximately 10-14 days prior to onset of symptoms. Supportive care measures were unsuccessful, and postmortem renal

immunohistochemistry was positive for a Leptospira spp. serovar. Discussion will

include pathogenesis of Leptospira spp., implications of marsupial metabolism and disease processes, and zoonotic risk.

Polycystic Kidneys with Ureter Mineralization in a Guinea Pig

Five year old male guinea pig presents with decreased appetite. Blood work is unremarkable, while radiographs suggest mineralized opacities in bladder and kidneys. Ultrasound reveals polycystic kidneys. Cystotomy performed to remove

cystic calculi from bladder, but unable to visualize calculus in bladder. Intraoperative cystoscopy performed revealed white mineralized material and swelling at emptying of ureter, which was patent and functional. This case represents integration of multiple diagnostic tools utilized to establish a novel diagnosis.

Surgical management of

diaphragmatic lipoma and kidney herniation in a rabbit with a

Polypropylene Mesh

A 20 months old neutered female rabbit was presented with dyspnoea. A CT scan revealed a large intrathoracic lipoma with a displaced right kidney and contiguous extension through to the retroperitoneal space, with collapse of the right middle accessory lung lobe, and displacement of the mediastinum. The rabbit underwent an exploratory laparotomy but the herniated kidney and

lipoma could not be retrieved, so the diaphragm was incised. A polypropylene mesh was sutured to the diaphragm.

Metabolic alkalosis with persistent hypokalemia in a ferret with foreign

body obstruction

An adult ferret was presented for suspect gastrointestinal obstruction. Radiographs and abdominal ultrasound were performed. Bloodwork revealed metabolic alkalosis with severe hypokalemia. Intravenous fluids, potassium

supplements, and supportive care were provided prior to surgery. Pre-operatively, the metabolic alkalosis resolved and the hypokalemia improved. The hypokalemia did not resolve completely until one week post-operatively. This case presents management of persistent hypokalemia as well as documentation of metabolic alkalosis in a ferret, suggestive of gastric outflow

obstruction.

Exotic Procyonids in Practice

Exotic mammal practitioners are presented with a variety of species including small carnivores. This masterclass covers husbandry, examination, restraint, diseases, and preventive care for foxes (Fennec fox and red fox), procyonids (kinkajou, raccoon, coatimundi, and ring-tailed cat) and skunks encountered in

clinical practice.

Sarcocystis - an emerging

neurological disease in rabbits?

House Rabbit Society PCR tested rabbits with atypical neurological signs for several possible CNS pathogens. 19 tested positive for Sarcocystis spp. (whole blood PCR). DNA sequencing pending. Most titered negative for E. cuniculi. Post-mortem, 2 have tested Sarcocystis PCR positive in CSF, and one in brain tissue.

This challenges previous understanding of Sarcocystis, thought to cause only muscle cysts in rabbits, and presents new diagnostic and treatment possibilities for neurological disease in rabbits.

Diagnostic accuracy of capsule as compared to pus for bacterial

isolation from rabbit dental abscesses

Paired samples of pus and abscess capsule from 65 rabbits were submitted to microbiological cultural analysis for isolation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

Sensitivity of pus to isolate bacteria as compared to the abscess capsule was 26% (95%CI:15-40) and 28.6% (95%CI:13-49) for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, respectively. The submission of pus for culture rather than a section of the abscess capsule may decrease the chance of isolating bacteria in rabbits with dental abscesses.

Comparison of Body Temperature

Acquired via Auricular and Rectal Methods in Ferrets

This study compared several thermometers; two pediatric ear thermometers, a veterinary ear thermometer, a digital rectal thermometer, and a mercury-in-glass thermometer as a gold standard test for the body temperature of healthy ferrets (n = 27). According to this study, the measurement of temperature registered with auricular thermometers is not a precise method to obtain the

body temperature, and therefore does not replace the value obtained with rectal thermometers.

Evaluation of intramuscular

alfaxalone as a sedative for radiographic positioning in rats

The purpose of this study was to determine if alfaxalone is safe and effective as a sedative for non-invasive procedures in client-owned domestic rats. Because rats are prone to respiratory disease, having a safe and effective sedative in

order to obtain diagnostic-quality radiographs is important. The rats received 5 mg/kg alfaxalone intramuscularly and three-view thoracic radiographs were taken. For each of the rats, vital parameters, quality of sedation, and quality of recovery were monitored.

Investigating renal secondary

hyperthyroidism as the cause of

The purpose of this presentation is to update veterinarians regarding the cause

of osteodystrophic disease in satin cavies. Research presented previously (Bishop, Hawkins, 2015) demonstrated low ionized calcium and high parathyroid

fibrous osteodystrophy in satin

cavies

hormone concentrations in satin cavies. This current research proposes renal secondary hyperparathyroidism as the cause of satin disease. We evaluated serum chemistries and urinalysis samples from 33 satin cavies. We then analyzed data and compared, to control/normal values, to determine statistical significance.

The Guinea Pig Patient: Emerging Infectious Diseases, Genetic

Predispositions and Surgical Hints.

The purpose of this presentation is: To update clinicians on emerging infectious diseases; Discuss breed specific conditions and genetic predispositions; and Discuss practical diagnostic and surgical techniques. Examples will include the new aggressive, zoonotic fungus (Trichophyton relative), Streptococcus pneumoniae meningoencephalitis, fibrous osteodystrophy in satin cavies,

neonatal entropion in Texel and Teddy cavies. Diagnostic techniques (e.g. blood and urine sample collection, IV catheter placement, etc.…). Surgical hints (e.g. cystotomy, flank spay, etc.…).

Diagnosis of septate urinary bladder in the rabbit

Rabbits have a unique process for calcium metabolism. Excess calcium in the diet is absorbed, leading to a high plasma calcium concentration, and excess

amounts of absorbed calcium are excreted in the urine. The presence and the continuous excretion of urinary crystals result in chronic inflammation that may lead to polypoid cystitis. The septa formation could be a consequence of polipoid cystistis.

Critical Aspects on Managing an Exotic Animal Hospital

Analgesia and Pain Recognition in

Small Mammals

Urinary Disease in Small Herbivores

Performing Clinical Research in the

Exotics Practice - Let's Talk About That

Body Temperature Measurement in Rabbits - Clinical Experience,

Research Evidence and Controversies

Respiratory Diseases in Small

Mammals

Practical Chiropractic & Acupuncture

Techniques in Rabbits for Practitioners

This presentation explores acupuncture and chiropractic care in rabbits. Pet rabbits make good candidates for these manipulative therapies. Both holistic therapy options are useful for a number of common rabbit medical conditions,

including arthritis, hind limb paresis, torticollis and urinary or gastrointestinal disorders. Although these are specialized modalities, simple take home gems will be provided for all practitioners. Techniques reserved for certified holistic practitioners will also be discussed to encourage referral of patients when appropriate.

ECM Behavior and Enrichment

Considerations from the Clinic to Home

Comparison of dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam and isoflurane

for anesthesia of black-tailed prairie dogs

In a prospective, randomized cross-over study, black-tailed prairie dogs were anesthetized for 45 minutes with a combination of dexmedetomidine (0.25

mg/kg), ketamine (40 mg/kg), and midazolam (1.5 mg/kg) (DKM) administered intramuscularly or with isoflurane. Both protocols appeared to achieve safe and effective anesthesia. Significant differences were observed in all anesthetic parameters and vital signs between the two treatments except for blood pressure. Clinicians should be aware of differences in the physiologic effects of

each protocol.

ARAV Courses

Session Name Session Descriptions

The first case of Encephalitozoon

pogonae in a Pogona vitticeps within

Australia

Microsporidia are obligate, intracellular pathogenic fungi with over 1300 species described and have been distributed into around 200 genera. In lizards, there have been seven cases reported in P.vitticeps. To date, only

Encephalitozoon has been described in P.vitticeps (Sokolova et al., 2016). In this report, we describe the first case of microsporidia detected in P.vitticeps within Australia. PCR testing confirmed the microsporidium to be analogous with Encephalitozoon pogonae.

Integrative Medicine and the Exotic patient

This Round Table discussion is intended to provide a resource for interactive

sharing and discussion of various modalities of non-invasive healing. The presenter will offer case responses with chiropractic, acupressure, Osteopathy, LLLT, as well as animal and owner personality assessments and ways to manage these in order to decrease stress and promote a healing environment. Others are invited to share modalities they find successful in

expediting healing.

Appetite Increase in an Aged Albino

Burmese Python using

Photobiomodulation to Increase Parasympathetic Response

The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate the ability of a Class 2 frequency specific low power visible light wavelength laser to increase appetite in anorexic animals by decreasing sympathetic tone and increasing parasympathetic response. This 25+ year old Albino Burmese Python

previously owned by Michael Jackson at Neverland Ranch, demonstrated appetite increase as well as increase in vigor on multiple occasions in the course of a 1 year span since onset of treatments.

Surgical Techniques For Facial

Reconstruction in Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina)

Common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in the wild frequently suffer from severe facial injuries as a consequence of being struck by vehicles.

Oftentimes, the trauma involves fractures to the upper and lower beak, rostrum, and surrounding facial bones requiring extensive surgical intervention to stabilize and repair. Successful cases from a wildlife rehabilitation center will be discussed highlighting surgical techniques such as external fixation, oral soft tissue repair and rostrum reconstruction after a

traumatic amputation.

ACQUISITION OF THE MICROBIOTA IN

HATCHLING GREEN SEA TURTLES

In this talk I will outline how sea turtles hatchlings acquire their microbiome and discuss the implications for sea turtle conservation

Anaesthesia of hatchling green sea turtles

This lecture will discuss anaesthesia of hatchling green sea turtles with a combination of ketamine-medetomidine-tramadol and its effects on physiology

Feeding trial and health assessments of snakes fed a novel insect-based sausage

diet

Some reptile owners are disturbed by the idea of using whole vertebrate

prey to feed their animals. Use of an alternative protein source, such as black soldier fly larvae, allows for a reduction in the use of vertebrate species and a potential decrease in cost. This cross-over feeding trial compares the effects of an insect-based diet with that of a standard mouse diet by assessing physical examination findings and changes in blood

parameters in snakes.

Digestibility of black soldier fly larvae

(Hermetia illucens) when fed to leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularis)

Digestibility and nutrient availability of black soldier fly larvae fed to reptiles and amphibians is poor due to the larvae’s tough exoskeleton. Breaking the exoskeleton prior to feeding has been suggested to increase digestibility and nutrient absorption. This study compares apparent

digestibility, growth, hematology, biochemistry, and serum and liver biopsy vitamin A concentrations in leopard geckos that have been fed intact and fasted, intact and gut loaded, or transected and gut loaded BSF larvae.

Evaluation of vitamin A gut loading in

black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are an excellent source of calcium for insectivores, but lack measurable amounts of fat soluble vitamins. We are

assessing factors associated with gut loading vitamin A into BSF larvae, including the amount of vitamin A added to the diet, length of time given to gut load, moisture content of the diet, density of larvae feeding on the diet, and whether dehydrating larvae influences final vitamin concentrations.

Surgical Correction of a Gastric Fistula in

a Sonoran Desert Tortoise (Gopherus morafkai)

Case report of a naturally occurring gastric fistula was discovered on an

apparently healthy desert tortoise during a pre-hibernation exam. Multiple attempts to debride and surgically repair the fistula failed. Ultimately, a plastronotomy and gastric resection proved successful.

Use of Transesophageal

Echocardiography to Observe Cardiovascular Flow Patterns in

American Alligators During Isoflurane Anesthesia

Nine American alligators were anesthetized and maintained under general anesthesia with isoflurane for 90 minutes. Following discontinuation of anesthesia, each alligator received either intramuscular epinephrine (0.1 mg/kg) or equal volume saline. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed prior to treatment and continued for 20 minutes following

treatment. Alligators that received epinephrine demonstrated increased flow through the pulmonary artery, suggesting that epinephrine can be used to reverse right to left shunting and hasten anesthetic recovery in this species.

Armour-Plated Medicine...Tips, Tricks and Treatments of Shingleback Lizards

(Tiliqua rugosa)

Shingleback lizards (Tiliqua rugosa) are common in the pet trade in Australia but outside their native country they are a rare and highly valuable animal.

Veterinarians presented with this species therefore need to be aware of their ecology, husbandry and unique anatomical features that affect how they are medically and surgically managed in captivity. With this knowledge available to them veterinarians will be able to more confidently treat members of this group of lizards.

Exotics Cancer and the Exotic Tumor

Database

This roundtable will give clinicians a chance to discuss their challenges when dealing with cancer in exotic pets and zoo animals as well as suggest ways to improve the data we collect for the Exotic Tumor Database, which has as one of its main goals improving cancer care for exotic and zoological animals. We also work to connect clinicians to a network of resources that

can help improve care for their patients.

Clinical Bacterial Isolates and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns

from Reptiles (2005-2016)

The principle objective of this study is to determine an appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy for bacterial infections guided by the Gram smear results in reptiles while awaiting the culture and sensitivity results. This was achieved by evaluating the culture and sensitivity assay results obtained

from reptilian samples at the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine between January 2005 and December 2016.

Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole (TMS)

pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability in the Green iguana

(Iguana iguana)

At the University of Georgia, 91% of Gram-negative and 62.5% of Gram-positive bacteria cultured from reptiles between 2005-2015 were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS), a drug that has received very little

attention and no peer-reviewed studies on its use in reptiles. Therefore, a cross-over study was designed using high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of TMS (30mg/kg) in healthy Green iguanas (Iguana iguana) following PO and IV administration.

Reference values for phosphorus and total and ionized magnesium and

calcium in red-footed tortoises.

Calcium and phosphorus play a role in nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP) in reptiles. Magnesium is also known to regulate calcium but its role in NSHP is unknown. Hematologic analysis from apparently healthy red-footed tortoises was performed to establish values for total and ionized magnesium, total and ionized calcium, and phosphorus.

Objectives include determination of associations between total and ionized magnesium, and total calcium and total magnesium. Results will be presented.

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS IN REPTILES -

WHY DON'T WE DO MORE?

Blood transfusion medicine is an important treatment option in mammals, but only few case reports are published and very limited research has been

done in reptiles. A review of the current literature, knowledge gaps and associated challenges, as well as unpublished cases from successful blood transfusions in a turtle and a snake will be presented. Furthermore, ongoing and future research projects will be explained, which aim to increase our knowledge of reptilian blood transfusion medicine.

Diagnosis and radiation therapy of

myxosarcoma in a Russian tortoise (Agrionemys horsfieldii)

A male Russian tortoise of unknown age was presented for a mass between right elbow and scapula. Mass biopsy and CT scan revealed myxosarcoma extended dorsal to the plastron. Surgical removal combined with stereotactic body radiation therapy was performed. Acute effect of radiation therapy was recorded. The tortoise maintained good body condition in the following

3 months without delayed effect. CT scan performed 3 months after radiation therapy showed no sign of tumor recurrence.

Nutrition and husbandry conditions of European tortoises (Testudo spp.) in

captivity

A survey was developed by online questionnaire (German language) to evaluate the current population structure, husbandry conditions, diet regime, and health status of captive Testudo species. There were 1,075 respondents.

Most of them kept their tortoises in an outdoor enclosure and fed grasses

and weeds. The most kept species was Testudo hermanni. Detailed results including statistics will be presented in the presentation.

An Unusual Coelomic Mass in an Inland Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps)

An inland bearded dragon presented for a large, fairly rapidly growing, right-sided ceolomic mass. Advanced imaging, percutaneous biopsy and endoscopy were used in surgical planning, The mass was removed surgically

and submitted for histopathology. The results revealed the mass to be a fat pad with a large bacterial granuloma with a necrotic center. This has not been previously reported in the literature.

Description of reptile anesthesia at a veterinary referral hospital over a period

of eighteen years

Medical records of reptiles from May 1999 through November 2017 at a veterinary referral hospital were examined. Data from approximately 350

anesthetic episodes was organized into 4 groups based on taxonomy and described. The purpose of this was to discuss anesthetic standards and protocols, to better the understanding of reptile anesthesia. Its practical application is the appreciation that reptile anesthesia should be maintained at the same standard of care as that of small animal anesthesia.

Pyosalpinx in a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) having previously

undergone successful ovariectomy

The purpose this presentation is to discuss a case report of a 3-year-old bearded dragon diagnosed and treated for bilateral pyosalpinx 10 months following previous successful treatment of egg yolk coelomitis with ovariectomy. An additional purpose would be to discuss the pros, cons, and risks of ovariectomy vs. ovariosalpingectomy in reptile patients.

Scute Pyramiding in Tortoises:

Prevention and Resolution of the Condition

Pyramiding or doming of the carapace scutes in tortoises is common, especially in large, fast-growing species. Despite the prevalence of the condition, relatively little consensus has been reached in the literature as to the etiology. Various factors, even humidity, have been suggested as underlying factors. In this presentation, the author discusses the probable

pathophysiology, and how to successfully prevent the disease, as well as halting it in patients already manifesting clinical signs.

A systematic study of

anesthetics/analgesics in the brown anole lizard

This study systematically tests the efficacy of anesthetics/analgesics that are commonly used in mammals in the brown anole lizard, Anolis sagrei. The drugs—alfaxalone, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone, ketamine, and

tribromoethanol were administered IM or SC, alone or in combination at varying doses to 68 lizards, weighing 2.5-3.5 grams (8 anesthesia and 2 surgical trials; total of 14 groups; minimum of 4 lizards per group). Drug induction time, duration, anesthesia level, and adverse effects were all assessed.

Correlating pathology and clinical

disease in amphibians

The goal of this master class is to introduce participants to fundamental aspects of amphibian anatomy, physiology, and disease through the presentation of cases of commonly encountered clinical amphibian disease with correlating pathologic and microbiology/molecular diagnostics. Implications for treatment and collection management/husbandry will also

be discussed.

Diagnosis and Treatment of the Female

Reproductive System

The diagnosis and treatment of disease conditions of the reptilian and amphibian reproductive tract will be reviewed. Clinical signs, imaging, and clinical pathology as well as treatment modalities for use in female reptiles and amphibians suffering reproductive disease will be reviewed as well as

diagnostics for assessment of the egg. Beyond improving reptile practice, and highliting needed research, information will be adapted from that known in human and companion mammals suffering similar diseases.

THE EFFECT OF FRACTION OF INSPIRED

OXYGEN IN ALFAXALONE SEDATED

BEARDED DRAGON (POGONA VITTICEPS)

The effect of oxygen supplementation in sedated reptiles is unknown. Eight sedated bearded dragons received either 21% or 100% oxygen flow-by

via face mask in a complete crossover study design. Sedation, cardiopulmonary parameters, and post-sedation food intake were evaluated. Results showed no significant effect on respiratory rate, heart rate, recovery time or feeding post-sedation. Fraction of inspired oxygen had no apparent clinically significant effects on physiological parameters

during sedation nor recovery in bearded dragons.

Pharmacokinetics of terbinafine

following oral administration in Red Ear Sliders

Given the potential clinical use of terbinafine in turtles, the purpose of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of terbinafine in Red Ear Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans, n=6) after a single-dose (15mg/kg) oral administration. Blood samples were collected from each animal at times 0,

and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours post-treatment. Plasma terbinafine

concentrations were quantified with ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Phallic intravenous catheterization and

difficulty in detecting liver disease in an adult sulfate tortoise.

An adult sulcata tortoise presented for gastroduodenoscopy to remove a linear foreign body. Following anesthesia, the patient failed to recover. After failure of various catheter sites, vessels in the phallus were

catheterized. Intensive care was provided including mechanical ventilation. A plasma biochemistry, repeated blood gases, and computed tomography were performed. The patient was euthanized. Necropsy revealed severe hepatic lipidosis. This case presents a novel catheterization site and the difficulty in detecting hepatic disease in reptiles.

Pathology lesions of Reptile and Amphibian Reproductive System

This is one part (pathology lesions) of a four part ABVP level review of the anatomy, lesions, and clinical approach to the reproductive tract and egg/fetal failure of reptiles and amphibians. We (Drs. Drury Reavill, Jeanette Wyneken, J. Jill Heatley, and Steve Divers) will focus on the female reproductive tract and egg/fetal issues.

Relationship between ionized and total calcium values in diseased client-owned

reptiles and their diagnostic sensitivity

Ionized calcium is considered the standard for assessment of calcium status in reptiles. We performed a prospective method-comparison study including >100 client-owned reptiles that underwent concurrent measurement of total and iCa. The association between total and iCa levels was assessed including albumin as a covariate. The magnitude of disagreement in certain

cases was so relevant that iCa would have resulted in a diagnosis of hypocalcemia and total calcium in a diagnosis of hypercalcemia, and viceversa.

Risks and Complications associated with Oesophagostomy Tube Placement in

Chelonian patients

The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the risks and complications associated with oesophagostomy tube placement in chelonians.

A pilot survey was first distributed amongst vets in general practice to gain an understanding of complications encountered. Medical records from two exotics practices were then examined retrospectively. Reasons for oesophagostomy tube placement, frequency and types of complications were recorded and analysed in order to identify any potential risk factors.

Hyperviscosity Syndrome in Four Eastern Indigo snakes (Drymarchon corais

couperi)

This presentation describes clinical and pathologic features of a condition rarely reported in veterinary species: Hyperviscosity Syndrome (HS). This case series of four Eastern Indigo snakes died acutely during transport. Histopathology revealed hyperproteinaceous serum with edema, consistent with HS. HS is increased blood viscosity caused by pathologic changes in

blood components (e.g. cells, proteins, or serum), resulting in altered blood flow/perfusion. Further research on HS in reptiles may help elucidate the pathogenesis in these animals

endoscopy and surgery of the reptile reproductive tract

This is one part (the endoscopy and surgery of) of a four part ACZM/ECZM/ABVP level review of the anatomy, lesions, and clinical

approach to the reproductive tract and egg failure of reptiles. We (Drs. Drury Reavill, Jeanette Wyneken, J. Jill Heatley, and Steve Divers) will focus on the female reproductive tract. All reptile species (Crocodilia, Squamata, and Testudines, ± Sphenodontia) will be included.

Diversity of Normal Reptilian Female Reproductive Anatomy and Eggs

This 1-hour master class will cover normal anatomy and diversity of the

female reproductive structures in reptiles. The diversity in form spans taxa and will include oviparous and viviparous forms. The anatomy of reptile eggs is included highlighting differences between squamates and chelonians and from avian eggs. The goal of this class is to provide the groundwork for understanding normals. It is part of the 4 master class series by Wyneken,

Reavill, Divers, and Heatley.

Effects of exogenous human chorionic

gonadotropin on testosterone and semen in veiled chameleons.

We developed a standard human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) dose for veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) after administering 3 different doses of hCG to 12 C. calyptratus during their breeding season and outside of their breeding season. We measured their circulating plasma testosterone

concentrations for 24 hours after hCG administration. Additionally, once the optimal dose of hCG was determined, we evaluated the impact of hCG on semen parameters collected via electroejaculation.

Testosterone and Testicles: Does Size Really Matter?

We performed a prospective longitudinal study evaluating the reproductive cycles of male veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and panther

chameleons (Furicifer pardalis). Bi-weekly circulating testosterone concentrations and testicular dimensions were measured over the course of a

year. Testosterone concentrations and testicular measurements were used to characterize the breeding cycle for these lizards.

First-degree atrioventricular block in a central bearded dragon (Pogona

vitticeps)

A 3-year-old male bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) weighing 0,5 kg presented for a 2 month-history of anorexia, lethargy, facial edema and ataxia. Auscultation revealed bradyarrhythmia (heart rate: 20 bpm).

Biochemistry was unremarkable. Echocardiography showed cardiac dimensions close to the upper reference limits. Electrocardiography revealed a prolonged PR interval (320 milliseconds), indicative of a first-degree atrioventricular block. At the time of writing, differential diagnoses to explain these findings include hypothyroidism, adenovirosis, and electrolytic

disturbances.

How dimension in Testudo spp. influences the weight loss during

hibernation

Hibernating animals lose some of their weight during hibernation. In case of mediterranean tortoises, people often prefer to avoid hibernation during first years of their life to prevent death. In our study, we check 120 chelonians of genus Testudo kept in the same conditions at 6° C during whole

winter (totally 5 months). We demonstrate that the decrease of weight is inversely proportional to dimension of the animal.

Surgical revision of previous

ovariectomy in client-owned turtles: 3

cases

Three previously spayed turtles presented with clinical and biochemical signs consistent with follicular development (anorexia, increased activity, increased of calcium, phosphorus and albumin values). Two turtles underwent

ultrasound examination and one turtle underwent CT scan. All presented variably sized follicles. The turtles underwent surgical removal of the remaining follicles from the prefemoral fossa. This report underlines the importance of full removal of the ovaries in reptiles.

OVARIAN ULTRASONOGRAPHY MONITORING IN A Timon lepidus

GROUP POST ADMINISTRATION OF FSH

15 specimens of female Timon lepidus underwent an ultrasound examination

in February, March and April of 2017, with the purpose of monitoring the maturation of their ovarian follicles with or without stimulation with exogenous alfa follitropin. The subjects were divided in 3 groups of 5 specimens each. The ultrasonography showed a remarkable increasing in size of the ovarian follicles in the alfa follitropin treated groups compared

to the other 2 control groups.

Biochemical Enzyme Tissue Specificity in

Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Plasma biochemistries are a common component of health assessment. This study evaluated tissue specificity of six biochemical enzymes (ALT; AST; ALP; CK; GGT; GLDH) in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). CK was primarily derived from skeletal muscle, GLDH and ALT were derived

from liver, ALP and GGT were from the kidneys, and AST was relatively non-specific. These results may help guide interpretation of plasma biochemistry panels in reptiles.

Renal Carcinoma as a Cause of Cloacal

Prolapse in Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps)

Three separately owned bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) presented with marked cloacal swelling or prolapse. All three were euthanized due to poor

prognosis. On necropsy, significant renomegaly was present which was diagnosed as renal carcinoma. Renal disease, specifically neoplasia, should be a differential diagnosis for cloacal swelling and prolapse in this species.

Diet Influences the Blood Nutritional

Parameters and Microbiome of Rehabilitating Green Sea Turtles

To understand the impact of diet on health and recovery, blood nutritional parameters and fecal microbiome composition in green turtles undergoing

rehabilitation were compared to free-ranging turtles. Rehabilitation turtles had elevated plasma triglycerides and phosphorous, lower calcium and magnesium, and significantly different microbiome composition, including decreased Firmicutes that aid in digestion of their natural diet of seagrass and algae. This information is being used to make dietary modifications and

develop gel-based diets for rehabilitation centers.

Postprandial changes in biochemical

parameters in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)

Based on studies performed in semi-aquatic turtles, a postprandial effect on blood uric acid levels is reported not to occur. However, the formation and excretion of protein waste products differs greatly between aquatic and terrestrial reptile species. Therefore, blood was collected from 6 bearded

dragons immediately before and 4, 24 and 48h after feeding crickets (1% body weight). A significant and pronounced postprandial increase in UA levels was found at 24 hours.

Evaluation of 4 different sedation protocols in bearded dragons

Procedural sedation is frequently required for various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in bearded dragons and other lizard species. The

subcutaneous route of administration represents a simple and save drug administration route, regardless of patient size. In two separate blinded,

randomized, complete-crossover studies, dexmedetomidine- midazolam was compared to dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine, and dexmedetomidine-ketamine was compared to alfaxalone following subcutaneous injection. Onset, depth, and duration of sedation, as well as cardiopulmonary effects were monitored.

Managing cloacal prolapses in reptiles

Cloacal prolapses are commonly seen in captive reptiles and occur due to a variety of underlying causes. This masterclass will review the underlying pathophysiology and anatomy of cloacal prolapses in reptiles, discuss diagnostic options and provide an overview on treatment options cloacal prolapses in chelonians and squamates.

Fatal Coagulopathy secondary to chronic hepatopathy in 3 lizards

Coagulopathies secondary to severe chronic liver disease were documented in two green iguanas and one Mali uromastyx. Computed tomography and plasma biochemistry confirmed hepatopathy in all cases antemortem. Fatal pulmonary hemorrhage and fatal hemorrhage from a broken toe nail occurred in these 3 animals. These cases highlight the risk of coagulopathies

in reptiles suffering from liver disease and the clinical importance of managing coagulopathies in these patients before fatal complications occur.

Clinical approach to reptile neoplasia

Neoplasia is commonly seen in the practice of reptile medicine. An overview of neoplastic disorders that may be encountered in the reptile patient by the clinical practitioner will be presented. The clinical presentation and

performance of different neoplastic disorders will be extensively illustrated and tumour staging as well as the establishment of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches will be discussed. Novel insights towards the etiology, pathogenesis and the treatment of neoplastic disorders will be emphasized.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT

AND OUTCOME OF A CASE SERIES OF MEDITERRANEAN TORTOISES WITH

RHODODENDRON (GRAYANOTOXIN)-INTOXICATION

Three Mediterranean tortoises were presented showing severe neurological signs. In all three cases, owners reported that they found flowers of Rhododendron spp. in the enclosure. All three tortoises (two spur-thighed tortoises and one Greek tortoise) showed different stages of salivation, weakness and lethargy, two developed tonic extensor seizures with hind

limb extension. Initiated treatment included partly successful removal of the flowers and leaves via gastroscopy, followed by stabilisation and intensive care. All three animals survived.

Nutritional Assessment of an Experimental Cricket Diet and Crickets on

the Health of Leopard Geckos

The purpose of this study was to determine whether an experimental cricket diet could improve the overall calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin D

concentrations of the crickets fed the diet, and the leopard geckos fed these gut-loaded insects. Blood, liver biopsies, and microCT scan were performed to evaluate these nutrients over 90 days. This new diet may reduce the incidence of metabolic bone disease in captive insectivorous reptiles and amphibians. LSU IACUC Protocol 16-110

Developing Methods for Semen Extension in Reptiles

There has been a scarcity of studies done to characterize semen collection in reptiles, and even fewer studies on semen preservation. Developing these techniques will be crucial to the success of assisted reproduction of threatened and endangered reptile species in the future. This study evaluated the efficacy of a variety of commercial semen extenders in

reptiles. While some semen extenders are promising for short-term cooled storage, others were poor.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) in Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps)

This case report describes diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a bearded dragon. Diagnosis was made from a high lymphocyte count (36.6 x10 3 /uL), and immunocytochemistry, consistent with

a diagnosis of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Therapy was initiated with prednisolone (1-3mg/kg PO), ceftazidime (20mg/kg IM), and nutritional supplementation. The patient did well clinically until death on day 254 after diagnosis. Necoprsy and histology results are pending at time of submission.

Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius)

Plasma Biochemistry Reference Intervals

Despite their popularity in the pet trade, biochemistry reference intervals have yet to be determined in leopard geckos. Venipuncture was performed on 26 subadult individuals (14 females and 12 males) under general anesthesia. Venipuncture sites included the ventral coccygeal vein and the cranial vena cava. No adverse effect was associated with the blood sample.

Uric acid, bile acids, calcium, phosphorous, AST, CK and Total Protein

concentrations were measured. Reference intervals were established using non-parametric techniques.

Optimizing stethoscope use in lizards

Using recordings from a 3M Littmann 3200 Electronic Stethoscope, various methods for optimizing auscultation of lizard heart sounds will be described and compared. Additionally, clinical cases where auscultation of abnormal

heart sounds contributed to diagnosis of heart disease will be discussed.

Enrichment - Making a Herp's Life

Exciting

In zoo communities, behavioral enrichment has become the standard, especially in mammalian species, however reptiles and amphibians tend to be overlooked in this aspect by some zoos and by many pet owners. There are a multitude of simple, cost effective, techniques to add enrichment to a

herp’s daily life. This program is designed to explore these techniques and help attendants learn and share how to create new, exciting enrichment programs for their pets and patients.

Kitchen Creativity: Clinical Applications of an Airtight Food Storage Container as

a Protective Wound Device

This presentation will discuss the clinical application of an innovative shell wound protective device which allows for management of damaged or

surgically incised aquatic and terrestrial chelonian shells. Using an airtight food storage container and a reptile-safe, waterproof epoxy, shell defects may be adequately covered during healing, allowing for chelonians to engage in natural behaviors. The discussion will highlight its simplicity, as well as, the pros and cons of this technique.

Anesthesia and Analgesia in Reptiles

Peri-testicular cyst in a green sea turtle:

medical and surgical management

A cold stunned green sea turtle responded well to routine treatment. At week 8, the PCV dropped to 8%. Blood culture, broad-spectrum antimicrobials, and corticosteroid therapy were instituted. The PCV eventually normalized. The left side of the plastron became enlarged around this time. A large coelomic cyst was diagnosed with imaging and

cytology. A combined laparoscopic and surgical approach was used to remove the mass. A peri-testicular cyst was diagnosed. The turtle was successfully released.

Evaluation of the feasibility of spinal

anesthesia in bearded dragons

Spinal anesthesia, while reported in chelonians, has not been reported or systematically evaluated in lizards. In a randomized, controlled, blinded,

complete cross-over, 8 sedated bearded dragons received either lidocaine or saline by intrathecal injection at the sacrococcygeal junction Motor and sensory block of the tail, cloaca, hindlimbs and trunk were evaluated following intrathecal injection. None of the animals developed complications following intrathecal injections. Lidocaine injection resulted in induction of

spinal anesthesia in 6/8 bearded dragons.

Hybrid Courses

Session Name Session Description

Expectations of exotic pet

owners during a visit to the hospital.

The lecture will provide results of an online survey regarding preferences of owners during a visit to the exotic pet hospital. Over 800 replies were analyzed and strong

preferences for a given scenario were identified. The findings provide insight of expectations and preferences of exotic pet owners regarding the care of their pet. The analysis showed interesting findings regarding the preferences of exotic pet owners according to species owned.

A new, inexpensive ventilator for use in exotic animal

anesthesia

A new ventilator (SAV4) manufactured by Vetronics UK Ltd and available Worldwide

offers significant improvements over past models. This presentation describes this inexpensive unit in detail, including available functions, limitations, and practical uses in reptile, avian and small mammal anesthesia. Lecture can be tailored to ALL species, or just birds OR reptiles OR mammals.

Mental Health and Well-Being in the Veterinary Profession

Physical, emotional, and intellectual challenges, combined with the traits of

perfectionism and introversion shared by many in the profession—may contribute to depression, anxiety, and even suicide among some veterinary professionals. This master class will overview these issues with a focus on initiatives to improve mental

health and a sense of well-being among veterinary students and professionals. Audience participation will include group experiential activities and a guided meditation.

Comparative Clinical Avian and

Reptile Hematology

The purpose of this presentation is to provide detailed identification and evaluation of the avian and reptile hematology cell lines. While subtle differences exist in the non-

diseased patient, their response to disease is quite varied. Comparative hematologic changes in response to bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic, toxins and neoplasia will be presented. Interpretation of the hemogram with prognostic evaluation will be addressed. High quality cellular images are provided with the Olympus BX46 Photography Microscope.

Reality of Health of Exotics in

the Pet Trade

Puppy mills get all the press, but the health and status of small mammals and other exotics in the pet trade is of great concern. Mortality due to poor nutrition, husbandry practices and disease is higher than should be expected. Conditions found include cestodiasis, dermatophytosis, Clostridium perfringens, Chlamydia caviae, Bordetellosis, and other bacterial and viral pathogens. Exotic pet veterinarians should be taking an

active role in addressing and treating these problems.

Interactive Assessment of

Guinea Pig and Parakeet Welfare: You be the Judge

The Animal Welfare Judging/Assessment Contest (AWJAC) is an AVMA program that provides an opportunity for participants to take part in animal welfare assessment which can be complex and challenging. This interactive session will provide attendees with realistic scenarios to help them appreciate the many factors that go into a

thorough welfare assessment, identify areas for improvement, and provide sound, science-based opinions relating to the welfare of the particular species addressed in the scenarios.

Clinical Use of Advanced

Imaging of Koi Carp Using Computed Tomography and

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A koi carp was presented for a coelomic mass and another for neurological behaviors. Both animals were anesthetized for CT with isoeugenol using an out-of-water technique.

CT of the first fish identified a fat-opaque mass that was biopsied and surgically removed. CT of the second fish indicated spinal scoliosis. Further MRI revealed multifocal spinal cord compression with degenerative changes. Results indicate that advanced imaging is a useful modality for diagnosis of clinical disease in teleosts.

Effect of Temperature on the

Clinical and Biochemical

Relationships of MS-222 Anesthesia in Goldfish

Fish maintain functionality at a variety of temperatures via various adaptions. Acute

divergence from an acclimation temperature may result in the inability to process xenobiotics, including anesthetics. The goal of this study was to understand how temperature divergence influences the anesthetic effects of MS-222 in goldfish. This will serve as a means to predict anesthetic outcomes and establish a research model for determining factors important to the basic mechanisms of general anesthesia.

USE OF TLRP TO TREAT

CHRONIC ORAL CAVITY DISORDERS IN REPTILES: TWO

CASE REPORTS

Hereby we present two cases of oral cavity disorders treated with heterologous Thrombocyte-Leukocyte Rich Plasma (TLRP): one ball python (Python regius) with chronic facial cellulitis, and one veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) with severe maxillary osteolysis secondary to chronic periodontal disease. In both cases, complete blood work, microbiological culture and antibiogram, and CT scan were performed.

MRI of the normal fish brain The aims of this study are to evaluate the feasibility in live fish, best techniques and inter-species differences in the MRI neuroimaging features between few common fish species.

Case Files of the Walking

Wounded: Trauma Management in Wildlife

This masterclass will review principles of wound management for avian and chelonian patients and will use wildlife case examples to help clinicians understand the practical

applications of things like bandaging, wound VACs, topical medications, and emergency stabilization procedures. Multiple video will be used to insure understanding of more complex procedures. Questions posed using Poll Everywhere software will be used to insure audience engagement and understanding.

Building blocks in a successful

retail pet animal care and welfare program

Retail pet stores are a common source for many companion pets including reptiles,

small mammals, and birds. While meant only as a temporary housing situation for these various species, the highest standards of husbandry are paramount to ensure a healthy pet makes it from the retail environment into an owner’s home. This lecture will highlight the industry-leading standards, resources, training tools, and validations methods from a national pet retailer’s in-store animal care and welfare program.

Therapeutic contraindications in pet exotic species

The selection of medications for exotic pets presents many challenges as most drugs are used in an extra-label manner without pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, and safety studies. What may be a safe and commonly used drug in one species can have detrimental and fatal effects in a different species. Contraindicated drugs of certain exotic pet species will be discussed through a review of documented cases.

Vital components of an animal vendor standards and audit

program

Retail pet stores are a common source for many companion pets including reptiles, small mammals, and birds. Sourcing those animals from quality animal breeders and distributors is critical to ensuring their health and welfare. This lecture will highlight components of a national pet retailer’s vendor certification and standards of excellence program, including a rigorous audit inspection process.

Mycobacteriosis in exotic pet

practice

Mycobacterial infection s are uncommon in companion pet animal. However due to public health implication, the exotic practioner should be aware of this entity especially regarding the potential emergence of antibiotic resistance associated with empiric treatment. This review will focus on epidemiological and clinical aspects of mycobacteriosis in small animals (ferrets, lagomorph, rodents), birds, reptiles,

amphibians and fish. Extensive analysis of the current litterature will be exposed.

Putting it all together: Clinical cases correlated with clinical

pathology and anatomic pathology

The goal of this master class, co-taught by boarded professionals, is to present real clinical cases, generate complete differential diagnosis with likely pathogenesis using evidence based medicine, create a diagnostic plan, interpret data, and correlate histopathologic findings. The cases may be avian, small mammal, reptilian, piscine, or a

mix dependent upon the needs of the conference organizers. These may also be organized by underlying etiology or organ system, e.g. nutrition, neoplasia, or renal.

Alternative Vet for Alternative Pets, Integrating Holistic

Modalities in Exotic Pet Practice

Exotic pet practice poses its share of unique challenges due to the patient size, unique physiology and anatomy. As a profession, we have made huge strides in diagnostic and therapeutic fields. The same is true for the holistic modalities in human and

veterinary medicine. Integration of these modalities into the exotic realm provides hope for cases limited in western medicine. This presentation explores practical integration of various holistic modalities for common exotic pet conditions.

The Journey from DICOM to 3D

This presentation will focus on transforming Two-Dimensional DICOM data sets into anatomically accurate 3D models (STL, or Stereolithography, files) and detail each

stage of the process. We will examine several software options are available for creating models and the pros and cons of each application. I will demonstrate the process of importing a data set into the selected application, examine the toolset and visualization settings, and create and export a raw 3D STL surface model of a sample CT data set. Next, I will talk about the STL editing process, model smoothing, noise

reduction, decimation techniques, shader and texture settings, and final optimization of the 3D anatomy. This section ends holding an optimized set of 3D files of the area-of-interest ready for the next step in the 3D journey.

Augmented Reality, Virtual

Reality, and the zSpace Dimension

DICOM data sets and/or the 3D models created from them can be effectively imported into a variety of hardware/software viewing systems. This presentation will

detail a few examples of the different systems available, the pros and cons of each, features, costs, and benefits, and demonstrate real-world cases where these systems helped to build consensus about a possible diagnosis, aided a surgical procedure, and increased cognition in understanding complex anatomy. If available, guided demonstrations of the zSpace , Odyssey, and/or Vive environments will illustrate the

strengths and weaknesses of each technology.

Now Let’s Talk About 3D

Printing…

It seems logical to take these optimized 3D models 3D print them, right? Maybe, and then again, maybe not! This presentation runs through the steps of the additive manufacturing process, examines the different technologies currently available for 3D printing, compares costs, features, and foibles of a few types of printers, and will

exhibit various examples of 3D anatomy created with 3D printers. I will also discuss the pros and cons of printing, and if the ultimate value of the models is worth the time consumption and financial cost of creating printed models. Examples of successes and failures will further illustrate the topic, and I will demonstrate a surgical trainer prototype created from a patient-specific 3D printed model.

The Democratization of

Anatomy: Welcome to A360 & Sketchfab

AutoDesk 360 is an online library of resolution-independent 3D objects that can be viewed in an interactive environment from computers, tablets, or smart phones anywhere are any time. Multi-layered anatomy models can be uploaded, annotated, measured, explored, shared, the list goes on and on. This presentation will demonstrate the A360 environment, upload a sample model onto the cloud drive, and detail the

variety of tools and features available within the workspace. Interested participants will be able to sign up for their own 5Gb of free virtual space of their own. I will also discuss a new professional-level 3D web environment called Sketchfab and provide an overview of its robust toolset.

Technician Courses

Session Name Session Descriptions

3D Printing: Art and

Engineering in the Clinic

The use of three-dimensional printers has grown from a prototyping device in the engineering field to a multipurpose tool in human and veterinary health care. In this brief discussion, we will consider the benefits and drawbacks of including a 3D printer to a clinic's arsenal of equipment.

Avian Behavior and

Implementing Natural Positive Reinforcement Techniques at

Home

Educating clients on the etiology of avian behavior is essential when implementing training protocols. Wild bird behavior can assist in providing the basis of understanding and assist with behavioral modifications. Implementing positive reinforcement techniques, along with allowing them to utilize their innate instincts, have proven to be most effective. Training your clients how to execute these techniques can

be challenging, but using step-by-step customized training protocols, along with proper husbandry, can facilitate with behavioral transformations.

Streamline and increased

efficiency in exotic emergency & trauma triage protocols

This lecture will prepare the team to create an efficient hospital plan for assessing the triage patient. It will present practical applications to maximize the evaluation for your patient's needs and emergency stabilization efforts. Will review techniques for the

rapid determination of common emergencies in exotic patients, including applications of the point of care ultrasound VetBLUE techniques and Foucud assessment.

Examples of Complementary Medicine in Exotic and Wildlife

Patients

This is a presentation of the utilization of acupuncture on a chicken, rabbit, and red tail hawk to reduce pain, inflammation, and stimulate appetite. Acupuncture is also used to awaken a bearded dragon and a rabbit from anesthesia. Low level laser is also

explored in wound management in an owl.

Avian and Exotic Companion

Mammal Pre-anesthetic

Assessment and real life cases for Veterianry Technicians

Ryan Cheek, LVT, certified in ECC and Dr. Greenacre will co-teach this Master Class reviewing thorough pre-anesthetic assessment of birds and exotic companion mammals for the veterinary technician. Information will be shared by lecture, real life case examples, and open discussion. Information will include PE, assessing and correcting

dehydration, pain, temperature, as well as assessing pre-op blood work and other diagnostic tests, blood pressure, etc. encouraging using best practices for the best anesthetic outcome.

Teaching Parrots Alternatives to

Biting and Lunging: Angry Birds

Biting and lunging are common behavioral problems of companion parrots that may lead to reasons for relinquishment. In the absence of functional assessment, behavior-

change strategies are more likely to be forceful, less ethical, and can result in an augmentation of the problem behavior(s). Using the principles of functional assessment, this discussion demonstrates how a scientifically based behavior-change plan can be formulated and implemented in a practice setting. Enrichment and target training are emphasized.

Basics of Clinical Pathology in

Small Mammals

Toxicity in Amphibians

Amphibian Nutrition and GI

Parasites

Local Anesthetic Blocks in

Reptiles

Case Report on Nidovirus in

Pythons