EXIF .

• EXIF

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Exif

1 'Exchangeable image file format' ('Exif', often incorrectly 'EXIF') is a

standard that specifies the file format|formats for images, sound, and ancillary tags used by digital cameras (including smartphones), Image scanner|scanners and other systems handling image and sound

files recorded by digital cameras


Exif

1 This standard consists of the Exif image file specification and the Exif audio file

specification.


Exif - Background

1 The Japan Electronic Industries Development Association (JEIDA)

produced the initial definition of Exif


Exif - Background

1 The metadata tags defined in the Exif standard cover a broad spectrum:


Exif - Technical

1 The Exif tag structure is borrowed from TIFF files. On several image specific properties, there is a large overlap between the tags defined in the Tagged Image File Format|

TIFF, Exif, Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography|TIFF/EP, and Design rule for Camera File system|DCF standards. For

descriptive metadata, there is an overlap between Exif and IPTC Information

Interchange Model info, which also can be embedded in a JPEG file.


Exif - Technical

1 In addition, Exif also defines a Global Positioning System sub-IFD using the

TIFF Private Tag 0x8825, holding location information, and an

Interoperability IFD specified within the Exif sub-IFD, using the Exif tag

0xA005.


Exif - Technical

1 Formats specified in Exif standard are defined as folder structures that are

based on Exif-JPEG and recording formats for memory. When these formats are

used as Exif/DCF files together with the DCF specification (for better

interoperability among devices of different types), their scope shall cover

devices, recording media, and application software that handle them.


Exif - Geolocation

1 a few cameras and a growing number of mobile phones have a

built-in GPS receiver that stores the location information in the Exif header when a picture is taken


Exif - Program support

1 Exif data are embedded within the image file itself. While many recent

Graphics software|image manipulation programs recognize

and preserve Exif data when writing to a modified image, this is not the case for most older programs. Many

image gallery programs also recognise Exif data and optionally display it alongside the images.


Exif - Technical

1 Apart from not being a maintained standard, the Exif format has a number of drawbacks, mostly relating to its use of legacy file

structures.


Exif - Technical

1 * The derivation of Exif from the TIFF file structure using offset pointers in

the files means that data can be spread anywhere within a file, which

means that software is likely to corrupt any pointers or

corresponding data that it doesn't decode/encode. For this reason most image editors damage or remove the Exif metadata to some extent upon

saving.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Exif - Technical

1 This is used increasingly by camera manufacturers to store myriad

camera settings not listed in the Exif standard, such as shooting modes,

post-processing settings, serial number, focusing modes, etc


Exif - Technical

1 * The Exif standard specifically states that color depth is always 24 bits.(JEITA CP-

3451) Section 4.4.3: Pixel Composition and Sampling However, many modern cameras, such as the Nikon D70 which captures 36

bits of color per pixel, can capture significantly more. Since Exif/DCF files

cannot represent this color depth, many manufacturers have developed proprietary,

non-compatible Raw image formats.


Exif - Technical

1 * Exif is very often used in images created by scanners, but the

standard makes no provisions for any scanner-specific information.


Exif - Technical

1 * Exif metadata are restricted in size to 64 kB in JPEG images because according to the specification this

information must be contained within a single JPEG APP1 segment


Exif - Privacy and security

1 Many users may be unaware that their photos are tagged by default in

this manner, or that specialist software may be required to remove

the Exif tag before publishing


Exif - Privacy and security

1 According to documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the NSA is

targeting Exif information under the XKeyscore program.


Exif - Related standards

1 [http://www.metadataworkinggroup.org/ Metadata Working Group] was formed by a

consortium of companies in 2006 (according to their web page) or 2007 (as

stated in their own press release). It released its first document on 24

September 2008, giving recommendations concerning the use of Exif, IPTC Information

Interchange Model|IPTC and Extensible Metadata Platform|XMP metadata in

images.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Exif - Viewing and editing Exif data

1 In Windows XP, a subset of the Exif information may be viewed by right clicking

on an image file and clicking properties; from the properties dialog click the Summary

tab and then the Advanced button. However, using this tab to edit Exif

information may damage certain Exif headers. As of the release of Service Pack 3,

Windows XP still shows evidence of corrupting Exif tags when modifying JPG file

properties via the file properties window.



1 On Unix systems using the GNOME desktop environment, a subset of

Exif data can be seen by right clicking the file in the Nautilus file

manager and selecting properties. In KDE, it can be seen by right clicking in the Dolphin (software)|Dolphin file manager, selecting Properties and then Information. Many Unix image viewers give the full set of Exif data.



1 Sharing photographs with Exif information may present privacy

problems such as revealing a location. Such information may be edited out before sharing the file. Alternatively, there are metadata

removal tools that will remove Exif information.


Exif - Example

1 The following table shows Exif data for a photo made with a typical

digital camera. Notice that authorship and copyright information

is generally not provided in the camera's output, so it must be filled in during later stages of processing.

Some programs, such as Canon's Digital Photo Professional, allow the name of the owner to be added to

the camera itself.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Exif - FlashPix extensions

1 The Exif specification also includes a description of FPXR (FlashPix-Ready)

information which may be stored in APP2 of JPEG images using a structure similar to that of a FlashPix file.(JEITA CP-3451)

Section 4.7.2: Interoperability Structure of APP2 in Compressed Data These FlashPix extensions allow meta information to be

preserved when converting between FPXR JPEG images and FlashPix images


Exif - Exif audio files

1 The Exif specification describes the Resource Interchange File Format|RIFF file

format used for WAV audio files, and defines a number of tags for storing meta

information such as artist, copyright, creation date, and more in these files.(JEITA

CP-3451) Section 5: Exif Audio File Specification The following table gives an

example of Exif information found in a WAV file written by the PENTAX Optio WP|Pentax

Optio WP digital camera:https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Exif - MakerNote data

1 * ExifTool: Canon, Casio, FujiFilm, GE, HP, JVC/Victor, Kodak, Leaf,

Minolta/Konica-Minolta, Nikon, Olympus/Epson, Panasonic/Leica,

Pentax/Asahi, Reconyx, Ricoh, Samsung, Sanyo, Sigma/Foveon,

Sony


Exif - MakerNote data

1 Unfortunately, the proprietary formats used by many manufacturers break if the

MakerNote tag is moved - i.e. by inserting or editing a tag which precedes it. The reason to edit to the Exif data could be as simple as

to add copyright information, an Exif comment, etc. In some cases, camera

vendors also store important information only in proprietary makernote fields, instead

of using available Exif standard tags. An example for this is Nikon's ISO settings tag.


List of vector graphics markup languages - Exif

1 The 'Exif' (Exchangeable image file format) format is a file standard

similar to the JFIF format with TIFF extensions; it is incorporated in the JPEG-writing software used in most

cameras


List of vector graphics markup languages - Exif

1 The actual Exif metadata as such may be carried within different host

formats, e.g. TIFF, JFIF (JPEG) or PNG. IFF-META is another example.


Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography - Differences from TIFF and Exif

1 * All tags used by TIFF/EP which are defined by the Exif standard to reside

within the Exif Sub-IFD now reside directly under the first (main) TIFF

IFD.



1 * The Exif IFD Sub-IFD, Interoperability Sub-IFD and the MakerNote Tag have all been

omitted.



1 * Unlike the Tagged Image File Format|TIFF 6.0 standard, the TIFF/EP standard defines a method of dealing with thumbnail images. This however is different from the method that is used in the Exchangeable image file

format|Exif standard.


Relexification

1 Relexification is not synonymous with loanword|lexical borrowing,

which describes the situation where a language merely supplements its basic vocabulary with words from

another language.


Relexification - Language creation and the relexification hypothesis

1 Michif, Media Lengua, and Lanc-Patuá creole are mixed languages

which arose through relexification., ,


Relexification - Language creation and the relexification hypothesis

1 , , , and , for example, have argued that the similarities in syntax reflect a hypothetical Universal Grammar, not the workings of relexification

processes.


Relexification - Second language acquisition

1 Spontaneous second language acquisition (and the genesis of pidgins) involves the gradual

relexification of the native or source language with target-language

vocabulary. After relexification is completed, native language

structures alternate with structures acquired from the target language.


Relexification - Conlangs and jargon

1 * A literary example of relexification is the comical mock-Latin used by a character in James Joyce's A Portrait

of the Artist as a Young Man:


Circular points at infinity - Complexified circles

1 Converting this into a homogeneous equation and taking the set of all

complex-number solutions gives the complexification of the circle. The

two circular points have their name because they lie on the

complexification of every real circle. More generally, both points satisfy the homogeneous equations of the

type https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Richard W. Fisher - Opinions: Texification vs. Californification

1 In an interview at the Texas Monthly, Fisher said, I'd rather see the

Texification of the United States than the Californification. California's a

beautiful place. I was born there, and I go out there often.


Outer plexiform layer

1 It is much thinner than the inner plexiform layer, where amacrine cells

synapse with retinal ganglion cells.http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-ii-anatomy-and-physiology-

of-the-retina/inner-plexiform-laye/


Outer plexiform layer

1 The synapses in the outer plexiform layer are between the rod cell

endings or cone cell branched foot plates and horizontal cells. Unlike in

most systems, rod and cone cells release neurotransmitters when not

receiving a light signal.


Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor

1 'Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor' is a rare tumor that arises primarily on the upper extremities of children

and young adults.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).

Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.


Inner plexiform layer

1 The 'inner plexiform layer' is an area of the retina that is made up of a

dense reticulum of fibrils formed by interlaced dendrites of retinal

ganglion cells and cells of the inner nuclear layer. Within this reticulum a

few branched spongioblasts are sometimes embedded.


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