Exhibition Inventing a New Communist Capital - Titograd in the Years Following World War II
Transcript of Exhibition Inventing a New Communist Capital - Titograd in the Years Following World War II
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Darko Karai
Milo Vukanovi
INVENTING A NEW COMMUNIST CAPITAL
TITOGRAD IN THE YEARS FOLLOWING WORLD WAR II
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The construction of ideological and visual image of the new Montenegrin capital Titograd in the
years following after World War II is a showcase of urbanism policies in socialist Yugoslavia.
Yugoslav socialist regime decided to construct a new town instead of rebuilding the old town of
Podgorica destroyed in World War II, symbolically altering its geography by renaming it to
Titograd in 1946.
The phenomenon of Titograd and its relation to the memories of the World War II and post-
WWII is not a unique case, neither in former Yugoslavia, nor in Europe in general. After
Podgorica was renamed to Titograd, each of the Yugoslav federal republics and autonomous
provinces renamed one of their towns: Titova Mitrovica, Titova Korenica, Titov Veles, Titovo
Velenje Titov Vrbas, Titov Drvar an Titovo Uice. This process was widespread in Communist
Europe. In Germany Chemnitz was renamed to Karl-Marx-Stadt in 1953. Stalingrad and
Leningrad play an important role in Russian remembering of past Communist regime, as well asin remembering the WWII. Hungary had its own Sztalinvaros from 1951 to 1961.
Many other European towns went under great changes under the communist regimes, and we
believe that the case of Titograd will bring up the issue of questioning not only the importance
of monuments and memorials in remembering World War II, but also the importance of newly
created cityscapes as sites of remembrance.
For analyzing these phenomena we researched on the plans of construction of a new capital of
socialist Montenegro in place of a WWII destroyed town, which is the case of the invention of a
new urban space, altering both its urban and human geography. New buildings were built fastafter the war to illustrate the political and social change; new memorial sites commemorating
World War II were constructed; and the old cityscape of Podgorica, the town that preceded
Titograd, was almost gone.
The construction of Titograd is a great example for critical thinking about the new regime
influencing the politics of remembrance towards the pre-WWII regimes that were to be
forgotten. For this reason we opted for the analysis of the usage of cityscape as a specific large-
scale site of remembrance, which is the main method in the project.
~
We would like to thank Iskra urid for her valuable support in mentoring the project and in
realization of this pdf/internet exhibition.
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I. SHORT HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF PODGORICA
Before World War II
Podgorica is today the biggest town and the capital of Montenegro. It is positioned in the
central region of the country, where Zeta an Bjelopavlidi valleys merge. The town is located on
the confluence of Moraa an Ribnica rivers.
This area has been inhabited since the Stone Age, but its urban history starts with the arrival of
the Romans in the 2nd
century B.C. In that period, in the wider area of the city there were three
urban settlements, Doclea, Birziminium and Alata. It is still a subject of argument, which of
these three cities had the most profound influence on the formation of the latter medieval
settlement. Out from them, Doclea was the most important town, with the biggest population
and with a very developed urban planning.
After the migration of the Goths and Slavs, as well as a devastating earthquake in the late 6th
century, these Roman urban centers died out. In the following centuries there are not many
written sources documenting a larger settlement in the location of the present day town.
According to an inscription in the church of Saint George in Podgorica a settlement was built in
the 10th century, and the first houses on the bank of the river Ribnica were raised by Marko, theLord of Gorska upa (District). The first mentioning of the name Podgorica dates back to the
18th
of August 1326. The town did not have a greater significance since the second half of the
15th
century. Later the town became an important strategic point. Between 1452 and 1455 it
was even under the control of the Venetian republic, until the Ottomans finally conquered it
the following year.
In 1474 on the confluence of Moraa an Ribnica rivers, the Ottomans start ed to build a fort,
under which the walls of Ottoman Podgorica developed in the next four centuries, with
Ottoman oriental urban planning and architecture. Regardless of frequent uprisings of the
surrounding Montenegrin population, the city expanded, using its favorable strategic position
for trading activities, so at the beginning of the 17th
century Podgorica had around 900
households.
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Up: Photographs of Nemanjas fortress from 1862 and Nemanjas fortress with the Ottoman bridge on
Ribnica River from the 1950s
(Milan Pavid an Orle abovid, Titograd: Fotomonografija. Zagreb: Agencija za fotodokumentaciju, 1958)
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Up: Photographs of the Ol Town (Stara Varo) in Pogorica from 1931 and Ottoman bridge on Ribnica
river from the 1950s
(Milan Pavid an Orle abovid, Titograd: Fotomonografija. Zagreb: Agencija za fotodokumentaciju, 1958)
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During the 19th
century Montenegrins tried to conquer Podgorica several times. The town
became finally a part of the Principality of Montenegro after the Congress of Berlin in 1878. At
that time the town had around 1,500 households.
Up: Postcar with the image of Ol Town (Stara Varo) in Pogorica before Worl War II
Podgorica experienced a flourishing development being a part of the Principality (and from
1910 the part of the Kingdom) of Montenegro. In the Ottoman period the entire town, with the
fort, was located on the south bank of the river Ribnica, however after 1886 it started to
develop on the north side of this river. The older part of Podgorica became to be known as the
Old Town (Stara Varo), an on the other sie of Ribnica river the New Town, known also as
Mirkos town (Nova Varo; Mirkova Varo) was built at the end of the 19 th century and the
beginning of the 20th
century. New industrial companies, banks, schools and modern
transportation infrastructure were built in that period. The development of the city was
stopped firstly by the Balkan Wars and after by the World War I. In the interwar period various
different local institutions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were located in Podgorica. The town
experienced some development in this period, not keeping however the level of pre-World War
I development.
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Up: Postcar with the image of New Town (Nova Varo) in Pogorica before Worl War II
Down: The photograph of hotels in the New Town (Nova Varo) in Pogorica before Worl War II
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The destruction of Podgorica during World War II
Italian bombing, on the 6th of April 1941, marked the beginning of the World War II for theinhabitants of Podgorica. Between the wars the town had over 14,000 inhabitants and it was
formed of two parts. The old Ottoman part with a 15th
century fort and a new one, which was
built in the late 19th
and early 20th
century, and was constructed in a more Central European
style. Eleven days after the first bombs fell on the towns of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the army
was in complete surrender and the country was divided between the Axis powers and their
allies. Little more than a week after Italians took control over the town, first plans were made
for an armed uprising against the occupation. On the 8th
of July 1941, in a village nearby
Podgorica, the Regional Committee of the Communist party of Yugoslavia made a decision to
start the uprising of the Montenegrin people which started on the 13th
of July. In the first daysof the uprising the rebel forces took a series of successful operations in the surroundings of the
town. After the arrival of Italian reinforcements from Albania, Podgorica was entrenched and
surrounded by barb wire thus turning it in to a camp, while the fights continued in the
countryside. The situation remained unchanged after the replacement of Italian troops by the
German ones in 1943.
The town suffered from the biggest destruction during bombing in 1943 and 1944. It was
bombed 72 times, making it one of the most bombed places during the World War II. The most
intense bombing of Podgorica happened on the 5th
of May 1944. Allied bombers dropped 270
tons of bombs on the town. The attack resulted in four German casualties and approximately
100 killed Chetnik soldiers, while 400 Montenegrin civilians were killed. During this course of
bombing a Catholic church, an Orthoox cemetery an the Glavatovid mosque were estroye.
In the main street there were bomb created craters 10 meters in diameter and from 2 to 3
meters in depth.
Bombing led to death of more than 2000 citizens and caused a complete destruction of the
town. According to some sources, less than a dozen of buildings where left standing. Besides
that, it is worth mentioning that 1599 citizens of Podgorica died in the antifascist struggle on
different fronts.
Partisan units liberated Podgorica on the 19th
of December 1944. After the liberation, works
started on the revival of the economy of the town, organization of provisions and trade
network, opening of schools and traffic communications. After a mass rally was organized in
memory of the antifascist uprising of Montenegro on the 13th
of July 1946, which was attended
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by Josip Broz Tito, the leader of the Yugoslav partisans and the president of the Communist
Party of Yugoslavia, Podgorica was renamed by the Montenegrin authorities to Titograd.
Up: Photographs of the World War II destroyed Podgorica
(Milan Pavid an Orle abovid, Titogra: Fotomonografija. Zagreb: Agencija za fotookumentaciju, 1958 ;
and National museum of Montenegro in Cetinje, Fond: World War II)
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II.PODGORICA TRANSFORMED TO TITOGRAD
The construction of Titograd in the first years after World
War II
Yugoslav socialist authorities did not just set the goal to rebuild the city, but they also decided
to build a new capital of socialist Montenegro. Cetinje was the capital of Montenegro until 1946
with all the governing institutions and the central royal court situated there. All theadministrative buildings and housing units had to be built on the ruins of the World War II
leveled town of Podgorica. Political plans of the regime did not only change the name and
status of Podgorica after the World War II; they changed its urban landscape and visual
appearance. The old town of Podgorica was almost completely replaced by the newly
constructed Titograd.
Before World War II, the town was completely locate on the right bank of river Moraa,
between the hill Gorica to the north and the hill Ljubovid to the south. The city was ivie by
the river Ribnica. On its south confluence with river Moraa stoo the 14th century Ottoman
fort. Around that fort, on the south bank of Ribnica, there was an Ottoman part of the town,
which was named the Ol Town (Stara Varo). Besie the Ol Town, on the south sie , there
were two more Ottoman type neighborhoods, Drpe Manida an Dra. On the north bank of
Ribnica, during the late 19th
and early 20th
century, a new part of town developed. It was
named New Town or Mirkos Town (Nova Varo ili Mirkova Varo). The streets of New Town
were designed in a wide, grid structure and their straight lines and right angle corners visually
differed very much from narrow curvy streets of the oriental Ottoman parts of Podgorica. Two
banks or Ribnica River were connected with a number of small stone bridges.
There were no neighborhoods on the West side of the Moraa river in prewar Podgorica. Therewas only a summerhouse of the Montenegrin ruler from the late 19
thcentury, with a couple of
buildings which serve as a hospital. The banks of Moraa river were connected with two
briges. Vezirs Bridge, somewhat north of the town, which was built in the late 18th century,
and a new steel bridge, closer to the town center from the 1930s.
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The level of devastation of Podgorica during the World War II was large. The most severe
destruction was in the New Town where the majority of modern buildings were devastated.
Besides that, both briges across Moraa were destroyed. Out of all the formidable buildings
only the Ottoman clock tower and the building of Gymnasium stood intact. The Town hall was
damaged and the reconstruction that was done soon after World War II slightly changed itsvisual appearance.
Up: Photograph of the first stage of the reconstruction of Podgorica from 1945 showing the level of
towns destruction
(Milan-Mio Brajovid, Stara Podgorica, Podgorica: Kulturno-prosvjetna zajednica, 2002)
The city of Podgorica spread across the North-South line between the hills of Gorica and
Ljubovid before World War II. The first urban planning new authorities made were to changethis starting with the construction of the new brige across Moraa river in 1949, and with
building new boulevard which connected the two banks. The boulevard spread from East to
West, and next to it the buildings of new institutions were built. The main phase of the towns
expansion in the 1960s and 1970s followed on, affecting until then undeveloped side of the
river Moraa. By 1955, via the new boulevar, which was name Lenins, besies the
institutional buildings, a post office, galleries, financial institutions and the main hotel were
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constructed. The first building constructed on the West bank of Moraa River was the Police
headquarters. The system of the New Town grid structure of the streets was copied later in the
town planning on the West bank of Moraa River. That quarter of Titogra was named Novi
Grad (not to be confuse with Nova Varo, translated in this text as the New Town). Some other
institutional buildings were constructed on the Lenins Boulevard too.
The grid structure of the New Town has been preserved until today, and this part of town is
considered to be the urban center of Titograd. Most of today standing buildings in the New
Town were newly constructed after the World War II, with a minor number of them being
reconstructed in their original style. The south part of the New Town, which was considered to
be the wealthiest and most beautiful part of the city before the war, suffered from the highest
level of devastation and was never reconstructed. In the same location the new boulevard,
buildings of institutions and parks where built. The first resident buildings were constructed
there by the German POWs. They predominantly served as the living blocks for the new
administration which came to live and work in Titograd. No matter of all the new constructions,
the location of the main pre-World War II town square has been preserved until today with
minor changes. Pre-WWII main commercial centre, which was situated at Njegos street
moved to the nearby Freedom Street (Ulica Slobode) after World War II.
This happened because the Freedom Street was the starting point of a new boulevard which
headed south, over a newly constructed concrete bridge over the river Ribnica. This new
southern boulevard went through the heart of the Old Town, and gave the first impulse in its
destruction after World War II bombings. The second step was initiated with the construction
of the railway station, and the second north-south boulevar through Drpe Manida an Draneighborhoods, which went parallel with the first one. These two boulevards where eventually
surrounded by residential buildings. Thus, only the small isolated oriental Ottoman urban
landscape zones remained between the blocks as the constructions continued in Titograd
during the period of socialist regime. The medieval fort, destroyed in the World War II
bombings, was never restored.
The construction of a new railway station followed the building of a new railway line from
Titograd to other Montenegrin town ofNikid. This was one of the biggest constructions of this
period; however, it caused a devastation of the archeological remains of the Roman city of
Doclea, over which the new railway line passed.
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Up: The photographs of Njegos street before WWII, at its end, and after the war
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Up: Map of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, including the borders of six socialist republics,
two autonomous provinces, and their capitals
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Up: A part of the map of Titograd from 1988 showing the central quarters of the Montenegrin capital
(Karta Titograda, Ljubljana: Geodetski zavod SRS Ljubljana - Turistiki savez Titograd, 1988)
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Urban development and Yugoslav socialist regime
Death to fascism Freedom to the people!
POBJEDA
Agency of the National front of MontenegroNumber 27 Cetinje, 13 July 1946 Year III
July 13Montenegrin peoples holiday
Marshal Tito in Montenegro
Over 10,000 people welcomed Marshal Tito in
Podgorica
Up: The newspaper article about the visit of Yugoslav
president Josip Broz Tito to Montenegro, 11 and 12July 1946. Although Podgorica is still mentioned in the
text, the official initiative of changing its name to
Titovgrad was formed at the time of Titos arrival to
the town. Town was named Titograd soon after that.
(Pobjeda, 13.07.1946, cover page)
Left: The photograph of Tito in Podgorica, July 1946.
(http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t
=868232&page=7, used: 20.09.2012)
http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=868232&page=7http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=868232&page=7http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=868232&page=7http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=868232&page=7http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=868232&page=7 -
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Death to fascism Freedom to the people!
POBJEDA
Agency of the National front of Montenegro
Number 30 Cetinje, 28 July 1946 Year III
PODGORICA TITOVGRAD
NEW TITOVGRAD WILL FOURISH ON THE RUINS OF
PODGORICA
Presidency of the National assembly of the Peoples
Republic of Montenegro passed the Act of changing
the name of the town of Podgorica by which it gets
the name of Titovgrad, fulfilling this way desire of
the whole nation of Montenegro and honoring the
creator and leader of the new state of our unitary
nations. The suggestion for this change of the name
came from the National assembly of the town
Podgorica as a faithful interpretation of desire and
determination of people living in town and in its
surroundings, and as an expression of love of the
Montenegrin people for the name and work of the
leader of our nations
The Act of changing the name of the town ofPodgorica to Titovgrad
Giving the expression of love of the Montenegrin
people towards the Leader of our nations;
Acknowledging the leader of national upraising, the
creator and leader of our new state Federal Peoples
Republic of Yugoslavia;
Fulfilling the desire of the whole nation of
Montenegro, especially the desire of the town and
canton of Podgorica;
On suggestion of the National assembly of town
Podgorica from 13 July 1946 to rename Podgorica to
Titovgrad
PRESIDENCY OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF THE
PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF MONTENEGRO
Passes:
THE ACT
of changing the name of the town of Podgorica to
TITOVGRAD
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Active efforts of the workers and
managers on the bridge of Moraa
in Titograd will be crowned with a
total success
The works on the bridge over Moraa
River, the greatest and the most
important construction work in
Titograd, develop very well. Working
efforts of this large working companywill soon end with a total success and a
great working victory due to a proper
organization of the work
Left: One of many articles published
about building the bridge of Moraa in
the official newspapers of the Peoples
Republic of Montenegro Pobjeda in
1947. The bridge of Moraa was one of
the largest constructions in Titograd in
the first years after World War II, and
was used excessively in the official
printed media in Montenegro to
present the development of urban
infrastructure.
(Pobjeda, 11.10.1947, p.3.)
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WITH THE CONSTRUCTORS OF
TITOGRAD
Titograd, November
- - Although November, it is not theend of the construction season yet.
We are building Titograd, and that
requires persistence and decisionto make all the jobs done the way
it was planned. That is the
obligation for all of us, for each
worker it was written in all the
hearts. It is, therefore, no wonder
that the works do not cease
It is not a single man, it is not
several of them, but it is all the
people that participate in the
construction of Titograd. All of
them, from a small child to an old
man, can be rightfully named theconstructors of the capital of our
Republic. It is hard to enumerate
even the most important works
they do because there have been
hundreds of them, and there are
more and more of them every day.
Their works are growing into the
new streets and buildings which
are gaining new inhabitants, and
speak the best about them.
Left: An article from the
newspapers Pobjeda promoting
the builders of Titograd in 1948. A
special care was given to naming
individual workers, and to their
individual and group achievements
which were mentioned in the text.
However, the article ends with the
information that it was not only
them who construct Titograd, butthat the whole nation does it
together, what was the usual
propaganda used for massive
promotion of new socialist values.
(Pobjeda, 29.11.1948, p.3.)
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TITOGRAD
Podgorica was a
revolutionary center of the
advanced antifascist
organizations even before
the war. They kept
deservingly the rights and
the honor of working class
even in the heaviest
moments, being faithful totheir great traditions.
Communist party and the
fighting youth of Podgorica
and towns surrounding
were the avangard of the
revolutionary movement of
Montenegro, being
inspired by the great
Leninist-Stalinist ideas
O, how Titograd changes
its visage. No more it is the
town tightened by the river
beds of Moraa and
Ribnica in which the
skeletons of the buildings
stand gruesomely empty in
the place where love and
youth flourished times ago.
It is a new socialist town in
which the formerly
restricted mans forces are
deliberated. Titograd is fullof creative energy that
transforms it to a great
economic and cultural
center of Montenegro
We construct Titograd
Thousands of hardworking
hands
Build a new town.
Town which bears the
name of TitoNow flourishes and
overgrows
Titograd, 1949.
Nikola Aleksi, 4th
grade
high school student.
p: The newspaper article promoting the construction of Titograd in 1949. The author of this article presented how the advancing
nstruction of Titograd correlates to the towns Communist past and present. A poem written by a high school student aboute construction of Titograd, mentioning the origin of the towns name, accompanied the article. This served an additional
opaganda about youth promoting ideas and values of the new regime.
objeda, 01.05.1949, p.6)
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TITOGRAD GROWS INTO THECENTER OF OUR REPUBLIC
'Podgorica is destroyed we will build it all
together because it is our duty, and because
all the victims Podgorica gave demand it
from us. We will do it, and I promise you
that in the name of the Federalgovernment'. (Marshal Tito short before 13
July 1946 in Podgorica)
Under the hill of Gorica one can see two
towns from the window of train driving from
Nikid to Titograd. One of these towns existed
some time ago and languished, finally
becoming a ruin. That was Podgorica which
was destroyed in the war. The second town is
new and young, enclosed by construction
scaffolds, cut with wide and straight
boulevards. It grows fast into a great living
monument worth of Titos time in which it is
being built
People from Podgorica were showing Stara
Varo to tourists with abashment before the
war. Houses, better say huts, were low
constructions and dark in that area. One
whole block of such buildings can be found
nearby Ribnica even today. Titograd people
will not be ashamed of this part of the town
in foreseeable period. New buildings infiltrateto this part of town through the wide
ferroconcrete bridge. Ruins and dark
buildings will disappear. Only the ruins of
Nemanjas fortress and the old clock tower
will remain standing as monument of the past
times next to the blocks of flats, constructed
according to the excellent town-planning
regulations
Hundreds of workers walk on Nemanjas river
bank street, the bank street of the river of
Moraa, Njegos street an Freeom Street.
Radio Titograd transmission is awaited on the
towns square to be heard through the
loudspeakers. The evening show starts.
Speaker is telling us about the construction of
Titograd and about the new conditions in the
Republic
p: The newspaper article reporting the construction of Titograd in 1949. The completely negative image of the old Podgorica
as spread in the text of the article along with the positive promotion of the new constructions of Titograd. The article praises
e plans of destruction of the old parts of town, and ends with the information on the current propaganda promoting the
nstructions in Titograd.
objeda, 12.05.1949, p.3.)
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TITOGRAD IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
'O, Central committee, we refuse all the slanders' the front brigades
sing
Left: The newspapers article reporting about the constructions
developing in Titograd. The text includes a report on the lives of
volunteer builders during their working day, while they sing the songsabout political and ideological issues.
(Pobjeda, 19.07.1949, cover page)
TOGRADGROWS INTO A GREAT SOCIALIST TOWN (Pobjeda, 24.07.1949, p.3.)
TITOGRAD FIRST PRODUCT OF THE
FIVE YEAR PLAN
DEVELOPS INTO A GREAT TOWN WORTH OF
TITOS EPOCH
(Pobjeda, 07.08.1949, p.3.)
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p: A newspapers article about the role of Titograd antifascist women in
e construction of the Montenegrin capital.
objeda, 21.01.1950, cover page)
ght: Article about an exhibition of war photographs and postwar
nstructions from 1941 to 1951, organized in the House of Yugoslavmy in Titograd in 1951. The aim of the exhibition was to promote the
ccesses of the Communist party during and after World War II.
objeda, 12.07.1951, p.2)
President of the Government of the
Peoples Republic of Montenegro
Blao Jovanovid aware the most
distinguished constructors of Titograd
While receiving the awards, the rewarded
workers promised they will continue
working hard in constructing our country
and the town that got Titos name
(Pobjeda, 26.05.1951, cover page)
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p Left: Article mentioning the start of construction of the Monument of partisan fighter on the top of Gorica hill nearby Titograd1951. The Monument and the attached memorial landscape area were built throughout the 1950s.
objeda, 06.05.1951, cover page)
p Right: Photograph of the Monument of partisan fighter on Gorica hill from 1958.
Milan Pavi and Orle abovi, Titograd: Fotomonografija. Zagreb: Agencija za fotodokumentaciju, 1958)
own: Article reporting unveiling the bust of a partisan and national hero of Yugoslavia Ivan Milutinovi in Titograd in 1954
Pobjeda, 24.10.1954, p.15)
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Up: The official urbanistic plan of Titograd from the 1950s, according to which all of the pre-World War II quarters of the
town were planned to be destroyed, and replaced by new blocks of buildings. This plan was not fully realized, some areas
with the pre-World War II architecture remained standing. This plan was soon exchanged with a new urbanistic plan.
(Milan Pavi and Orle abovi, Titograd: Fotomonografija. Zagreb: Agencija za fotodokumentaciju, 1958)
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p: Photographs of administrative buildings, living blocks, a hotel, and the bridges constructed from WWII to the end of 1950s
Milan Pavi and Orle abovi, Titograd: Fotomonografija. Zagreb: Agencija za fotodokumentaciju, 1958)
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III. USAGE OF THE IMAGE OF TITOGRAD IN SOCIALIST
YUGOSLAVIA
Up: The cover page of a book promoting Titograd in the late 1950s (Milan Pavid anOrle abovid,
Titograd: Fotomonografija. Zagreb: Agencija za fotodokumentaciju, 1958). This was the main
publication promoting Titograd in the first decades after World War II.
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Postcards of Titograd from the 1950s to the 1980s
Photographs used for creating the postcards in this period promoted the parts of Titograd
constructed during the socialist regime of Yugoslavia, very often including the Monument of
partisan fighter on the hill of Gorica as the main place of World War II memory in the town,as well as some administrative buildings of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro, bridge over
the river of Moraa, and Nemanjina obala boulevard, all being constructed in the first two
decades after WWII. In that way the memory of the pre-World War II town of Podgorica with
its architecture was neglected and left to oblivion.
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Postcards of Titograd from the 1950s to the 1980s II
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Postcards of Titograd from the 1950s to the 1980s III
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Titograd on the post stamp from 1965
Up: An example of a stamp issued in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1965, showing the
part of Titograd with the brige of Moraa an aministrative builings, constructe in the late 1940s
and early 1950s. This is one of a set of six stamps commemorating the twentieth anniversary of the
liberation of Yugoslavia in World War II.
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Titograd in the school textbook from 1983
Up: Titograd presentation in the school textbook Moja domovina: SFR Jugoslavija (My homeland:
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) from 1983. Tasks for students were listed under the
photography epicting the moern part of Titogra: The capital of the Socialist Republic of
Montenegro is Titograd. According to whom did it get its name? According to this photograph, is
Titograd a newer or an old town? Prove your answer with the evidence you see on the photograph.
The aim of presenting this photograph of Titograd accompanied by the tasks for students was to
create the image of Titograd as a completely new town that is marked by its modern architecture
d b th f Y l id t J i B Tit