PRACTICE: Gerund vs.infinitive.

Directions: Select the correct answer for each sentence.

1. Whenever we met, Jack avoided..at me.

A. to look B. looking.

2. Most people enjoyto different parts of the world.

A. to travel B. travelling.

3. Marjorie needs.another job.Her present company is going out of business.A. to find B. finding.

4. May I change the TV channel, or do you wantmore of this program?

A. to watch B. watching.

5. Joan is considering..her major pre-med studies to psychology.

A. to change B. changing.

6. Although Joe slammed on his brakes, her car couldnt avoidthe small dog that suddenly darted out in front of his car.

A. to hit B. hitting.

7. I hope.my autobiography before I die. Do you think anyone would read it?

A. to write B. writing.

8. Joyce thanked us for..them to dinner and said that wanted to have us over for dinner next week.

A. to invite B. inviting.

9. If you delay.you bills, you will only incur more and more interest charges.

A. to pay B. paying.

10. My lawyer advised me notanything further about the accident.

A. to say B. saying.

1APRACTICE: Gerund vs.infinitive. Directions: Choose the best answer or answers. In some cases, both answers are correct.1. John was trying.the door with the wrong key.

A. unlocking B. to unlock.

2. The audience began..before the curtains closed.

A. clapping B. to clap.

3. The soccer teams continuedeven though it began to snow.

A. playing B. to play.

4. We beganout when the weather is warm and sunny.

A. eating B. to eat.

5. We began.to the news when we heard the Olympics mentioned.

A. listening B. to listen.

6. I was just beginning.asleep when the phone rang.

A. falling B. to fall.

7. I hate.late for appointments.

A. being B. to be8. The cake was starting..when I took it out of the over.

A. burning B. to burn.

9. Shes so impatient. She cant stand.in for anything.

A. waiting B. to wait.

10. I prefer.my bicycle to work because the automobile traffic is too heavy.

A. riding B. to ride.

11. Lillian prefers.to taking the bus.

A. walking B. to walk.

12. Tim prefers.than to jog for exercise.

A. walking B. to walk. 13. The baby lovesin the car.A. riding B. to ride.

14. Near the end of the performance, the audience began.their feet on the floor.A. stamping B. to stamp.

Cause and effect. Directions: Choose the correct completion. Example: B.( Since )Iwas tired, I went to bed.

A. Because of B. Since C. Due to

1. The workers have gone on strike..,all production has ceased.

A. Because C. So that D. Therefore

2. A small fish needs camouflage to hide itselfits enemies cannot find it.

A. So that B. Because C. So D. Due to

3. Our apartment building has two robberies in the lat month,.Im going to put a new alarm system.B. So that C. so D. Since

4. The Chippewas are Native North Americans. Their language is one the most complex in the, world,.it constrains more than6.000 verb forms.

A. Consequently B. So C. So that D. For

5. .the bad grease strain on the carpet, we had rearrange the furniture before the company arrived.

A. Because. C. For. D. Because of.

6. The price of airline tickets has gone down recentlythe tickets cost less, more people are flying than before.

A. Consequently. B. Because of. C. Because. D. For.

7. Lets ask our teacher how to solve this problem..we cant agree on the answer.

A. Since. B. Because of. C. Consequently. D. So.

8. Dolphins are sometimes caught and killed in commercial fishing nets..they often swim in schools with other fish, such as tuna.A. Due to. B. Because. C. So. D. Therefore.

9. We can finally afford to trade in the old car for a new one..Ive gotten the raise Ive been waiting for.

A. So that. B. Consequently. C. Now that. D. So.

10. Two of the factories in our small town have closed, unemployment is high.

A. Consequently. B. Because. C. So that. D. For.

11. I had nothing for lunch but an apple, I ate dinner early.

A. For. B. Since. C. Due to. D. Therefore.

12. I needed to finish the marathon race..I could prove that I had strength and stamina to do it. I didnt care whether I won or not.

A. Because of. B. So that. C. For. D. Therefore

PRACTICE: TEST. Connecting ideas.

Directions: Choose the best completion.

1. I couldnt use the pay phone,.have any coins with me.

A. Yet. B. Despite. C. For. D. Even though.

2. Bats are fascinatinghave many interesting and amazing qualities.

A. Animals.Therefore, they. B. Animals, they. C. Animals. They. D. animals. Because they.

3. I need to find an apartment before I can moveI can find one in the next week or so, I will move to Chicago the first of next month.A. If. B. Even if. C. Whether. D. Only if.

4. Sam and I would love to meet you at a restaurant tonight, but we can do thatwe can find a babysitter.

A. If. B. Unless. C. Only if. D. Even if.

5. Timmy doesnt do well in school..his inability to concentrate on any one thing for longer than a minute or two.A. As. B. Because of. C. Because. D.Therefore.

6. Cars have become much more complicated..,mechanics need more training than in the past.

A. Because. B. Therefore. C. So that. D. For.

7. The Northern Hemisphere has mostly westerly windsthe rotation of the earth toward the east.

A. Due to. B. Because. C. Therefore. D.So.

8. Emily is motivated to studyshe knows that a good education can improve her life.

A. Therefore. B. Because of. C. Because. D.So. 9. Sonia broke her leg in two places,she had to wear a cast and use crutches for three months.

A. Nevertheless. B. Consequently. C. For that. D. Because.

10. Carol showed up for the meeting..I asked her not to be there.

A. Even though. B. Despite. C. Because of. D. Because.

11. Peter works hard at everything he does. His brother,,seldom puts out much effort.

A. On the other hand. C. Even though.

B. Otherwise. D. Consequently.

12. The road will remain safe..the flood washes out the bridge.

A. As long as. B. Unless. C. If. D. Since.

13. I think I did okay in my speech last night.Id had almost no sleep for 24 hours.A. In spite of. B. Unless. C. So that. D. Despite the fact that.

14. I talked to Anna throughout the evening,..nothing I said changed her opinion.

A. Yet. B. and. C. Otherwise. D. So that.

ALHOUGH / INSPITE OF

2. a. Although/ In spite of an approaching storm the two climbers continued their trip up the mountain.

b. Although/ In spite of storm was an approaching storm, the two climbers continued their trip up the mountain.

d. Although/ In spite of the storm that was approaching the two climbers continued their trip up to the mountain .

e. Although/ In spite of the fact that a storm was approaching .the two climbers continued their trip to the mountain .

3. . Although/ Despite his many hours of practice, George failed his driving test for the third time.b. Although/ Despite he had practiced for many hours, George failed his driving test for the third time.c. Although/ Despite practicing for many hours, George failed his driving test again.

d. Although/ Despite his mother and father spent hours with him in the car trying to teach him how to drive, George failed his driving test repeatedly.e. Although/ Despite his mother and fathers efforts to teach him how to drive, George failed his driving test.4. . Even though/ In spite of repeated crop failures due to drought, the villagers are refusing to leave their traditional homeland for resettlement in other areas.

b. Even though/ In spite their traditional homeland for resettlement in other areas.the villagers are refusing to leave.

I/ Matching esercice: past perfet1. By the time I got to her house. a. I hadnt seen him before. 2. When I turned on the TV. b. She had already left. 3. It was nice to see Amine. c. But he had already got one.4. I wasnt hungry in the evening. d. Id never met her before.5. I went to see if the painters had finished. e. I had left the door open.6. I met Alis wife at the party. f. The program had already started. 7. When I got home, I realised. g. Id had a hugee lunch.8. I bought him a camera. i. But they hadnt even started.II/ Match the questions and the answers

1. Was she still waiting for you.

a. No, she had already gone out.

2. Did you have enough money to by the shoes. b. No, he had already sold it to someone else3. Did you buy Najats laptop?.

c. No, she had already seen the film.4. Did you see Nawal at Aichas house last night?.d. Shed been in London.5. Did she go to the cinema with you?

e. No, I was late he had already gone home6. How long was it since you had seen them?.

f. No, Id spent too much on the dress.7. Did Grey go to the party with you?.g. No, he had already arranged to do something else.8. Where had she been all day?.

h. I hadnt seen them for nearly ten years.III/ Mix and Match

1. Kamal couldnt come to dinner yesterday evening.

a. That was the first time I saw her2. I had already spoken to Jane about it.

b. Before I told you.

3. When they asked me if Id had a lot of experience in sales. c. But I think she had. She know

What to do.

4. I hadnt seen him for a long time when.

d. But she still hadnt got it5. I thought he had worked there for a long time. e. Shed already been invited somewhere

6. She said she had never done it before. f. He told me he had found a new job.

7. I hadnt met Sheila before the party. g. I told them I had 8. She said they had tahen the train. i. But hed only just started.9. When I saw him him yesterday.

PRACTICE 1. Because vs. because of. ( Charts 17-2 and 19-1 )

Directions: Complete the sentences with either because or because of.

1. We delayed our tripthe bad weather.

2. Sues eyes were red.she had been crying.

3. The water in most rivers is unsafe to drinkpollution.

4. The water in most rivers is unsafe to drinkit is polluted.

5. Some people think Harry succeeded in business..his charming personality rather that his business skills.6. You cant enter this secured areayou dont have an official permit.

7. My lecture notes were incomplete..the instructor talked too fast.

8. Its unsafe to travel in the countrythe ongoing civil war.

PRACTICE 2. Because vs. therefore. ( Charts 17-2, and 19-2 )

Directions: Complete the sentences with either because or therefore.

1. Matt didnt go to work yesterdayhe didnt feel well.2. Matt didnt feel well,he didnt go to work yesterday.

3. Sharon hid her feelings from everyone,no one suspected the deep emotional pain she was suffering.

4. No one ever knows whats going on inside of Sharonshe hides her feelings behind a mask of smiles.

5. .young Joseph was an inquisitive student, he was always liked by his teachers.6. The television broadcast was interrupted in the middle of the eighth inning;.,most of the audience missed the conclusion of the baseball game.

PRACTICE 3. Showing cause and effect. ( Chart 17-2, 19-1 and 19-2)

PART I. Complete the sentences with because of, because, or therefore. Add any necessary punctuation and capitalization.

1. ..it rained, we stayed home.

2. It rained.we stayed home.

3. We stayed home..the bad weather.4. The hurricane was moving directly toward a small coastal town..all residents were advised to move inland until it passed.

5. The residents moved inlandthe hurricane.

6. .the hurricane was moving directly toward the town. all residents were advised to move inland.

7. Piranhas, which are found in the Amazon River, are ferocious and bloodthirsty fish. When they attack in great numbers, they can devour an entire cow in several minutestheir extremely sharp teeth.

PART II. Complete the sentence with due to, since or consequently. Add any necessary punctuation and capitalization.

8. .his poor eyesight John has to sit in the front row in class.9. .John has poor eyesight. he has to sit in the front row.

10. John has poor eyesighthe has to sit in the front row.

11. Sarah is afraid of heights.she will not walk across a bridge.

12. Sarah will not walk across a bridge.her fear of heights.

13. Mark is overweight..his doctor has advised him to exercise regularly.14. a diamond is extremely hard it can used to cut glass.

PRACTICE 7. So that. (Chart 19-5) Directions: Combine the ideas using so that.

1. Rachel wanted to watch the news. She turned on the TV.

Rachel turned on the TV so that she could watch the news.

2. Alex wrote down the time and date of his appointment. He didnt want to forget to go.

Alex wrote down the time and date of his appointment so that he wouldnt forget to go.

3. Nancy is carrying extra courses every semester. She wants to graduate early.

4. Jason wants to travel in Europe. Hes tired of work and school and is planning to take a semester off.

5. Suzane didnt want to disturb her roommate. She lowered the volume of the TV set.

6. Whenever we are planning a vacation, we call a travel agent. We are able to get expert advice on our itinerary.

7. Its a good idea for you to learn how to type. Youll be able to type you own papers when you go to the university.

8. Lynn wanted to make sure that she didnt forget to take her book to the library. She tied a string around her finger.

9. Ed took some change from his pocket. He wanted to buy a newspapers.

10. I wanted to listen to the news while I was making dinner. I turned on the TV.

11. I unplugged the phone. I didnt want to be interrupted while I was working.12. Yesterday Linda was driving on the highway when her car started making strange noises. After she pulled over to the side of the toad, she raised the hood of her car in order to make sure that other drivers that she had car trouble.

PRACTICE 8. cause and effect. (Charts 16-3, 17-2, and 19-119-5)

Directions: Choose the correct completion.

Example: B I was tired , I went to bed.

A. Because of B. Since C. For D. Due to

1. The workers have gone on strike., all production has ceased.

A. Because B. So that C. Now that D. Therefore

2. a small fish needs camouflage to hide itself.., its enemies cannot find it.

A. So that B. Because C. Therefore D. Due to

3. Our apartment building has two robberies in the last month,Im going to put an extra lock on the door and install a telephone in my bedroom.

A. Now that B. So that C. So D. Since

4. The Chippewas are Native North Americans.Their language is one of the most complex in the world,it contains more than 6000 verbs forms.

A. Consequently B.So C. So that D. For

5. .the bad grease stain on the carpet, we had to rearrange the furniture before the company arrived.

A. Because B. Now that C. For D. Because of

6. The price of airline tickets has gone down recently.the tickets cost less, more people are flying than before.

A. Consequently B. Because of C. Because D.For

7. Lets ask our teacher how to solve this problem..we cant agree on the answer.

A. Since B. Because of C. Consequently D. So

8. The fire raged out of control. It got..bad that more firelighters had to be called in.

A. Such B. Therefore C. So D. So that

9. Dolphins are sometimes caught and killed in commercial fishing nets..they often swim in school with other fish, such as tuna.

A. Due to B. Because C. So D.So that

10. We can finally afford to trade in the old car a new one.Ive gotten the raise Ive been waiting for.

A. So that B. Consequently C. Now that D.Therefore11. Two of the factories in our small town have closed..,unemployment is high.A. Consequently B. Because C. So that D. For

12. . I had nothing for lunch but an apple, I ate dinner early.

A. For B. Since C. Due to D. Therefore13. I needed to finish the marathon race..I could prove that I had the strength and stamina to do it. I didnt care whether I won or not.

A. Because of B. So that C. For D. Therefore

14.The Eskimo* way of life changed dramatically during the 1800sthe introduction of firearms and the influx of large numbers of European whalers and fur traders.

A because B. For C. Due to D. So

15. During extremely hot weather, elephants require both mud and water to keep their skin cool..they have no sweat glands.A. And B. Because C. So D. Due to the fact that

PRACTICE 10. Despite/in spite of vs. even though/although. (Chart 19-6) Directions: Choose the correct completions.

1. a. Even though/ Despite her doctor warned her, Carol has continued to smoke nearly three packs of cigarettes a day.

b. Even though/ Despite her doctors warnings, Carol has continued to smoke nearly three packs of cigarettes a day.

c. Even though/ Despite the warnings her doctor gave her, Carol continues to smoke.

d. Even though/ Despite the fact her doctor warned her of the dangers to her health, carol continues to smoke.e. Even though,/Despite she has been warned about the dangers of smoking by her doctor, Carol continues to smoke.

2. a. Although/ In spite of an approaching storm, the two climbers continued their trip up the mountain.

b. Although/ In spite of a storm was approaching, the two climbers continued up the mountain.

c. Although/ In spite of there was an approaching strom the two climbers continued up the mountain.

d. Although/ In spite of the strom that was approaching the mouantain area,, the two climbers continued their trip.

e. Although/ In spite of the fact that a strom was approaching the mountain area, the two climbers continued their trip.

3. a. Although/ Despite his many hours of practice, George failed his driving test for the third time.b. Although/ Despite he had practiced for many hours, George failed his driving test for the third time.

c. Although/ Despite practicing for many hours, Georges failed his driving test again.

d. Although,/Despite his mother and father spent hours with him in car trying to teach him how to drive, George failed his driving test repeatedly.

e. Although/ Despite his mother and fathers efforts to teach him how to drive, George failed his driving test.

4. . Even though,/In spite of repeated crop failures due to drought, the villagers are refusing to leave their traditional homeland for resettlement in other areas.

b.Even though/ In spite of their crops have failed repeatedly due to drought, the villagers are refusing to leave their traditional homeland for resettlement in other areas.

c. The villagers refuse to leave even though/ in spite of the drought.

d. The villagers refuse to leave even though/ in spite of the drought seriously threatens their food supply.

e.The villagers refuse to leave even though/ in spite of the threat to their food supply because of the continued drought.

f. The villagers refuse to leave even though/ in spite of the threat to their food supply is serious because of the continued drought.

g. The villagers refuse to leave even though/ in spite of their food supply is threatened.

h. The villagers refuse to leave even though/ in spite of their threatened food supply.

LYCEE OUHOD ANNEE SCOLAIRE:2011/2012

PROFESSEUR: MR LEKBIR BAADI

LYCEE OUHOD ANNEE SCOLAIRE:2011/2012

PROFESSEUR: MR LEKBIR BAADI

LYCEE OUHOD ANNEE SCOLAIRE:2011/2012

PROFESSEUR: MR LEKBIR BAADI

LYCEE OUHOD ANNEE SCOLAIRE:2011/2012

PROFESSEUR: MR LEKBIR BAADI

LYCEE OUHOD ANNEE SCOLAIRE:2011/2012

PROFESSEUR: MR LEKBIR BAADI

LYCEE OUHOD ANNEE SCOLAIRE:2011/2012

PROFESSEUR: MR LEKBIR BAADI

LYCEE OUHOD ANNEE SCOLAIRE:2011/2012

PROFESSEUR: MR LEKBIR BAADI

LYCEE OUHOD ANNEE SCOLAIRE:2011/2012

PROFESSEUR: MR LEKBIR BAADI

LYCEE OUHOD ANNEE SCOLAIRE:2011/2012

PROFESSEUR: MR LEKBIR BAADI