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An Introduction to Health and Physical Education

Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9

Exercise Science Section 4: Joint Mechanics and Joint Injuries

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Types of Joints

Cartilaginous joint Fibrous joint Synovial joint

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Types of Synovial Joints

Ball-and-socket joint

Hinge joint

Saddle joint

Gliding joint

Pivot joint

Ellipsoid joint

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The Characteristics of a Synovial Joint

Bone

Blood vessels

Nerve

Synovial membrane

Joint cavity (filled with synovial fluid)

Fibrous capsule Joint capsule

Bursa

Tendon sheath Tendon

Articular cartilage

Fibrous layer

Membranous layer Periosteum

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Tissue Properties

t  Tendons: v  Composed of collagen

(bundles of white, fibrous protein) v  Attach muscle to bone v  Vascular

t  Ligaments:

v  Tough bands of white, fibrous tissue v  Attach bone to bone v  Avascular

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Common Sport Injuries

t  Strains, pulls, and tears v  Terms used to describe injuries to

all joint tissue types t  Tendinitis

v  Inflammation of a tendon t  Dislocations

v  Bone displaced from its original location

t  Separations v  Fibrous ligaments that bind the

bones tear and separate t  Cartilage

v  Torn cartilage t  Shin splints

v  Tearing of the interosseous membrane or the periosteum

Tendinitis

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Proper Treatment of an Injury

S.H.A.R.P P.I.E.R. Principle

Swelling: instantly or over time Pressure: tensor wrap

Heat: increased temperature in the area Ice: placed on affected area

Altered: tissue will not function properly Elevate: to reduce swelling

Red: in colour Restrict: tensors, slings, or crutches

Painful: to touch or move

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The Shoulder Joint

Clavicle

Coracoclavicular ligament

Coracoid process

Scapula

Acromioclavicular ligament

Acromion

Coracoacromial ligament

Glenohumeral ligaments and joint capsule

Tendon of biceps brachii (long head)

Humerus

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Shoulder Joint Injuries

t  Biceps tendinitis v  Caused by overuse of the biceps

brachii muscle t  Shoulder separation

v  Tearing of the acromioclavicular ligament

t  Shoulder dislocation v  Occurs when the humerus “pops

out” of the glenoid fossa t  Rotator cuff tears

v  An injury to one of the rotator cuff tendons

Shoulder separation

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The Knee Joint – Anterior

Patella

Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament

Patellar ligament

Tibial tuberosity

Tibia

Quadriceps tendon

Fibula

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The Knee Joint Anterior (deep)

Femur

Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament removed

Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament removed

Lateral Meniscus

Tibial Tuberosity

Fibula

Lateral Condyle Medial Condyle

Medial Meniscus

Tibia

Posterior cruciate ligament

Anterior cruciate ligament

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The Knee Joint – Posterior

Femur

Adductor magnus tendon

Medial head of gastrocnemius tendon

Semimembranosus tendon

Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament

Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament

Fibular head

Lateral head of gastrocnemius tendon

Oblique popliteal ligament

Fibula

Tibia

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The Knee Joint – Posterior (deep)

Anterior cruciate ligament

Popliteal tendon Lateral meniscus

Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament

Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament

Medial meniscus

Posterior cruciate

Femur

Fibula

Tibia

Posterior meniscofemoral ligament

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Knee Joint Injuries

t  Knee ligament tears v  Q-angle may contribute to the

predisposition of ACL tears t  Osgood-Schlatter syndrome

v  Affects the epiphyseal plate of the tibial tuberosity

t  Patellofemoral Syndrome (PFS) v  Gradual onset of anterior knee

pain/pain around the patella Osgood-Schlatter syndrome

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The Ankle Joint – Medial View

Tibia

Medial malleolus

Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

Long plantar ligament

Deltoid ligament

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The Ankle Joint – Lateral View

Tibia Fibula

Posterior tibiofibular ligament

Lateral malleolus Anterior tibiofibular ligament

Anterior talofibular ligament

Calcaneus

Posterior talofibular ligament

Anterior talofibular ligament

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Ankle Joint Injuries

t  Inversion sprains v  “twisted ankle”

t  Eversion sprains v  Occurs to the deltoid ligament v  Pott’s Fracture

 A force on the medial side of ankle causing the deltoid ligament to rip off the tip of the medial malleolus; and a break of the fibula

Inversion sprain

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