Exercise Science Section 11: Performance Enhancing...

©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

An Introduction to Health and Physical Education

Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9

Exercise Science Section 11: Performance Enhancing Substances

and Techniques


Ergogenic Aids

t  Ergogenic aids are used by some athletes to: v  Improve physical appearance v  Prevent and/or treat injuries,

illnesses, or disease v  Cope with stress v  Increase athletic potential v  Bridge the “genetic gap”

t  Three types of Ergogenic Aids: v  Nutritional aids v  Pharmacological aids v  Physiological aids

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Nutritional Aids

t  Nutritional supplements include: v  Vitamins and minerals v  Protein and amino acid

supplements v  Carnitine v  Creatine v  Caffeine

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Vitamins and Minerals

t  Regularly taking megavitamins may cause: v  Illness v  Tissue damage v  Toxic effects to body

t  Supplements are beneficial when a clear deficiency is indicated

t  Athletes are advised to increase food intake, resulting in dietary sources of vitamins and minerals

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Protein and Amino Acid Supplements

t  Benefits/risks of protein and amino acid supplements are fraught with conflicting research findings/evidence

t  Studies report that ingesting excessive amounts of protein can produce toxic effects due to overproduction of urea resulting in: v  Dehydration v  Muscle cramps v  Impairment of

thermoregulatory function

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Carnitine - Your body uses carnitine to metabolize fats so they can be used for energy.

t  Carnitine is advertised as a “fat burner” that claims to: v  Decrease lactate production v  Increase VO2max v  Delay fatigue v  Spare glycogen v  Induce loss of body fat v  Enhance aerobic and anaerobic

capacity t  Experimental data has failed to support

these theories

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Carnitine - Your body uses carnitine to metabolize fats so they can be used for energy.

Possible side effects include: t  nausea, t  rash, t  increased appetite, t  body odor, t  abdominal cramps, t  vomiting, t  headache, t  anemia, t  muscle cramps t  diarrhea. t  increase the frequency of your seizures.

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Creatine t  Creatine is an "osmotically active

substance," it pulls water into your muscle cells, which increases protein synthesis,

t  Research shows that creatine is most effective in high-intensity training and explosive activities.

t  Creatine is an oral supplement that claims to increase: v  Phosphocreatine storage in muscle v  Speed v  Power v  Strength

t  Effectiveness of creatine supplement still unclear

t  More studies need to be conducted on the safety of long-term use

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Creatine – Side Effects

t  But there have been reports of: t  kidney damage, t  heart problems, t  muscle cramps and pulls, t  Dehydration, t  diarrhea,

t  Why Kidney Damage: t  To get rid of the extra creatine, you have

to make more urine--about 25% more each day – causes to enlarge kidney

t  Problem - very little creatine gets to muscle so athletes needs to take a lot to see effect

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Caffeine

t  Evidence suggests caffeine increases performance during prolonged endurance and intense short-term exercises v  Increase alertness v  Reduces fatigue

t  Energy drinks contain as much as 80mg of caffeine

t  Ingesting caffeine can cause: v  Dehydration v  Nervousness v  Irritability

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Pharmacological Aids

t  Pharmacological aids include: v  Pain-masking drugs v  Anabolic steroids v  Prohormones v  Human growth hormone v  Erythropoietin

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Pain-Masking Drugs

t  Pain-masking agents (narcotic analgesics) include: v  Morphine v  Heroin v  OxyContin

t  Side effects include: v  Inability to detect pain to

prevent serious or permanent injury from occurring

v  Physical and psychological dependence © iStockphoto.com/”Shorrocks”


Anabolic Steroids

t  Anabolic steroids change muscle mass and strength by two processes.

t  First, the steroids lead to an increased production of proteins, which are the building blocks of muscle. The steroids also block the effect of the hormone cortisol on muscle tissue, so that existing muscle is broken down at a slower rate.

t  Additionally, anabolic steroids lead to cells differentiating into muscle more readily than fat.

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Anabolic Steroids

t  Athletes take Anabolic steroids to: v  Increase muscle mass v  Increase strength v  Decrease body fat

t  Harmful side effects include: v  Organ damage (liver, kidney)

! propose that extreme increases in muscle mass require the kidneys to increase their filtration rate, placing harmful levels of stress on these organs. It's also likely that steroids have direct toxic effects on the kidneys.

v  Increased cholesterol v  Increased blood pressure v  Increased aggression

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Prohormones

t  Prohormones are a type of androgenic steroid t  Use of prohormones (androstenedione in particular) claim to:

v  Increase physical power v  Decrease body fat

t  No scientific data to support these theories t  Harmful side effects include:

v  Baldness v  Breast enlargement (in males) v  aggression and violent behaviour


Human Growth Hormone

t  Synthetic preparations of the Human growth hormone (HGH) is used to achieve: v  Increased muscle mass v  Limited weight gain v  Improved aerobic endurance

t  Health risks include: v  Heart problems v  Excessive growth of hands and feet v  Dangerous enlargement of organs (heart, kidneys, liver)


Erythropoietin

t  Erythropoietin (EPO) used by some athletes competing in endurance sports

t  Shown to cause increase in levels of hemoglobin v  Allows more oxygen to be carried to tissues

t  Higher red-cell count causes heart to work harder v  Increases risk of cardiac fatigue and heart failure


Restricted Pharmacological Substances

t  Restricted pharmacological substances include: v  Alcohol v  Marijuana v  Local anaesthetics v  Corticosteroids v  Beta blockers

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Local Anaesthetics

t  Local Anaesthetics v  Causes:

! Block pain ! Further injury can result

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Corticosteroids

t  Restricted pharmacological substances include: v  Corticosteroids:

! Used to open airways ! Can be toxic

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Beta blockers

t  Beta Blockers v  Causes:

! Can cause low blood pressure

! Disrupts sleep patterns

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Physiological Aids

t  Physiological methods include: v  Blood doping

! Intravenous administration of blood, red blood cells, and related blood products:

² Raises the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity ² Increases cardiac output ² Decreases lactate levels ² Improves sweating response

v  Drug masking ! Certain drugs are used to reduce the presence of banned

substances ! Includes agents that dilute concentration in:

² Bloodstream ² Diuretics


Drug Testing

t  Drug Testing v  Ensures an even

playing field v  Test are performed

randomly v  Performed year around ©

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lade”


Ethical Issues

t  Ethical Issues v  What would you do? v  How would your decision impact your family,

country, or nation? v  How would it impact your future?

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Exercise Science Section 11: Performance Enhancing...

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