Exercise Physiology
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Transcript of Exercise Physiology
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EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGYDr. Meg-angela Christi Amores
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Sports Physiology Muscles in exercise
final common determinant of success in athletic events
strength of a muscle is determined mainly by its size
maximal contractile force between 3 and 4 kg/cm2 of muscle cross-sectional area
holding strength of muscles is about 40 per cent greater than the contractile strength
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Muscle in Exercise POWER
different from muscle strength measure of the total amount of work that the
muscle performs in a unit period of time measured in kilogram meters (kg-m) per minute a person has the capability of extreme power
surges for short periods of time, such as during a 100-meter dash that is completed entirely within 10 seconds, whereas for long-term endurance events, the power output of the muscles is only one fourth as great
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Muscle in Exercise POWER
ENDURANCE
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Muscle in Exercise ENDURANCE
depends on the nutritive support for the muscle
Glycogen greatly enhanced by a high-carbohydrate
diet
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Muscle in Exercise The source of energy actually used to
cause muscle contraction is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine-PO3 ~ PO3 ~ PO3 Each of these bonds stores 7300 calories
of energy per mole of ATP
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Muscle in Exercise Phosphocreatine system- 10,300 cal Glycogen-Lactic acid system- anaerobic
glycolysis Aerobic system – oxidation of foodstuff
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Nutrient use in Exercise
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Effect of Athletic Training on Muscles and Muscle Performance
Muscles that function under no load, even if they are exercised for hours on end, increase little in strength
muscles that contract at more than 50 per cent maximal force of contraction will develop strength rapidly even if the contractions are performed only a few times each day
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Principle six nearly maximal muscle contractions
performed in three sets 3 days a week give approximately optimal increase in muscle strength, without producing chronic muscle fatigue
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Effects of training muscle strength
increases about 30 per cent during the first 6 to 8 weeks but almost plateaus after that time
Accompanied by muscle hypertrophy (increase in mass)
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Fast-twitch vs. Slow-twitch fibers Fast twitch are larger in diameter enzymes that promote rapid release of
energy from the phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid energy systems are two to three times as active in fast-twitch
Slow-twitch fibers are mainly organized for endurance
number of capillaries is greater in the vicinity of slow-twitch fibers
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Fast-twitch Slow-twitchMarathoners 18 82Swimmers 26 74Average male 55 45Weight lifters 55 45Sprinters 63 37Jumpers 63 37
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RESPIRATION
Both oxygen consumption and total pulmonary ventilation increase about 20-fold between the resting state and maximal intensity of exercise in the well-trained athlete.
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RESPIRATION the respiratory system is not normally
the most limiting factor in the delivery of oxygen to the muscles during maximal muscle aerobic metabolism
maximal breathing capacity is about 50 percent greater than the actual pulmonary ventilationduring maximal exercise
L/minPulmonary ventilation at maximal exercise 100 to 110Maximal breathing capacity 150 to 170
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RESPIRATION Increased oxygen diffusing capacity of athletes
Due to continuous flow of blood Normal Oxygen tension and CO2 pressure
Respiratory system has effecient delivery of O2 Effect of smoking:
decrease an athlete's "wind“ constriction of the terminal bronchioles of the
lungs (nicotine) increased fluid secretion into the bronchial tree paralyzes the cilia on the surfaces of the
respiratory epithelial cells
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CARDIOVASCULAR Increased muscle blood flow Strong tonic muscle contraction
decreases bloodflow due to compression
L/min
Cardiac output in young man at rest 5.5Maximal cardiac output during exercise in young untrained man
23
Maximal cardiac output during exercise in average male marathoner
30
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CARDIOVASCULAR heart chambers of marathoners enlarge
about 40 per cent the heart mass also increases 40 per
cent or more heart enlargement and increased
pumping capacity occur almost entirely in the endurance types, not in the sprint types, of athletic training
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CARDIOVASCULAR the level of athletic performance that
can be achieved by the marathoner mainly depends on the performance capability of his or her heart
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BODY HEAT Almost all the energy released by the
body's metabolism of nutrients is eventually converted into body heat
the amount of heat liberated in the body is almost exactly proportional to the oxygen consumption
heatstroke can easily develop in the athlete
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BODY FLUIDS and SALT Loss of sweat to decrease weight by 3%
diminishes performance, by 5% is serious
it is essential to replace fluid as it is lost Sweat contains large amount of NaCl Sweat glands can acclimatize, with
training mainly from increased aldosterone
secretion by the adrenal cortex
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DRUGS and ATHLETES Caffeine: increase athletic performance Male sex hormones (Androgens) : increase
athletic performance under some conditions also greatly increase the risk of cardiovascular
damage (promote Heart Attack and Stroke) decreased testicular function
amphetamines and cocaine: may increase, but eventually decrease performance, May lead to death