executive summary NATIONAL ASSESSMENT …8 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 NATIONAL...

NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 1

NARGOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORTon Disaster risk reDuction 2013

Redefining Indonesian Disaster Management Strategy

executive summary

NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 20132 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 3

Redefining Indonesian Disaster Management Strategy

NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORTon Disaster risk reDuction 2013

GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

executive summary


Cover Photo“Mount Merapi Eruption 2010”Photo by Raditya Djati

PhotographersRaditya DjatiDwi Oblo Prasetyo

Graphic Design & LayoutR. Djati

DisclaimerViews included in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) and/or other ministries and agencies. The use and presentation of materials did not express any opinion whatsoever on legal status of any province, district/city or the authoritative party, or regarding border or front line delineation.

Team Writer Sugeng Triutomo

Lilik KurniawanMohd. Robi Amri

Soesmarjanto SoesmokoKurniawan Zulkarnain

Kristanto SinandangRidwan Yunus

Revanche JefrizalEko Teguh ParipurnoRachman Kurniawan

Valentinus IrawanDandi Prasetia

Djuni PristiyantoTogu Pardede

Henny Vidiarina

Team EditorRevanche Jefrizal

Kurniawan ZulkarnainSoesmarjanto Soesmoko

Raditya Djati (Photo Editor)

Translation Indonesian-EnglishNicolas Noviyanto

Fariez SetiawanRoffie Kurniawan

Sergi Ratu

Supporting TeamGita Yulianti

Arie Astuti WulandariGita Febriyanti

Bambang “Kokok” Sasongko

ISBN978-602-770-09-3

CopyrightDirectorate of Disaster Risk Reduction

National Agency for Disaster ManagementJakarta, INDONESIA

“Gotong Royong” identically for the village people to work together as their social capital to help each other. Mainly is for any purpose without any material reward and these people work to repair the roof that effected by the volcano ash.Photo by Dwi Oblo Prasetyo


AcknowledgementThe writter team would like to express gratitude to contributor part-ner in the public discussion for input and materials. They represent the Chief of General Staf Indonesian National Army (TNI); Operation Assistant of Indonesian Police; National Agency for Disaster Man-agement (BNPB); Coordinating Ministry for Welfare; Ministry of Home Affairs; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of Finance; Min-istry of Energy and Mineral Resources; Ministry of Defend; Ministry of Law and Human Rights; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of For-estry; Ministry of Transportation; Ministry of Marine and Fishery; Ministry of Public Work; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Education and Cultural; Ministry of Social Affairs; Ministry of Communication and Information; Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration; Minis-try of Research and Technology; Ministry of Cooperative, Small and Medium Enterprises; Ministry of Environmental Affairs; Ministry of Disadvantaged Region; Ministry of National Planning; Ministry of Public Housing; Ministry of Women and Child Protection; National Agency of Rescue and Search; Agency of Information and Geospatial; National Agency for Research and Applied Technology; Central Agen-cy of Statistics (BPS); National Agency for Land Management (BPN); Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI); Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN); Nuclear Dnergy Regulatory Agen-cy (BAPETEN) ; National Agency for Metereology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG).

National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (Planas PRB); Indone-sian University Forum; Indonesian Red Cross Society (PMI); United Nations Development Program (UNDP), World Bank of Jakarta; AIFDR; National Board of Climate Change (DNPI); Masyarakat Pen-

Social responsibility for the whole neighboor-hood are reflected by the people along the Code River, Working together as “gotong royong” which is the strong social resilience for the community to bounce back after the volcanic material flow through the river.Photo by Dwi Oblo Prasetyo


As mandated by the fourth paragraph of the 1945 Constitution which stresses that the function of the State is to protect all of the people of Indonesia and the entire homeland of Indonesia, the Government and the House of Rep-resentative (DPR) in April 2007 issued a Law Number 24, 2007 on Disaster Management. The Law becomes a strong legal protection to carry out Disaster Management (DM) in a systematic, integrated and sustainable way as well as coherent with an aim to protect the nation of Indonesia from all kinds of disaster threats.

Within the period of 5 (five) years, all stakeholders involving in the DM, including the National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) continues step forward racing against the escalation of disasters that struck this beloved nation. Based on the Law on Disaster Management, various efforts have been undertaken ranging from rearranging legal framework, reforming agencies that deal with Disaster Management, mainstreaming the DM in the national development plan to the strengthening of the grass-root communities together with a unified vision “towards a resilient nation”.

Various achievements we have attained as a nation so far, of course, have yet to satisfy all parties. BNPB and stakeholders continue to undertake effors to save more lives and reduce property losses. Such efforts have been recognized by the International Community. The presentation of the award as The Global Champion for Disaster Risk Reduction from UN-ISDR to the President of Republic of Indonesia Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono becomes one of indicators of successful achievements that had been attained by Indonesia.

The initiative to compile “National Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2013 (NAR on DRR)” is an initial step to depic the efforts on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) with parameters compiled and developed based on the home-grown experience of Indonesia. As a strategic review, I hope NAR can become a material for national eval-uation of the progress, constraints and gaps from the planning up to the implementation of disaster risk reduction efforts. Furthermore, the NAR will always be updated every two years that will become a reflection for everyone in providing inputs when reviewing and repositioning Disaster Management National Strategy.

Through this preface, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the drafting team (consists of experts and practitioners of disaster management) for their hardwork. They have become “silent workers” whose activities are not recognized by the public, but the results of their works have been trully meaningful in reducing disaster risks in Indonesia. I believe this initiative will become part of efforts to uphold transparency and accountability of Disaster Management activities in Indonesia.

Jakarta, May 7 2013Chief of the National Agency for Disaster Management

Dr. Syamsul Maarif. M.Si.

PREFACE Evacuation route should be access for the whole village to save them self from any hazard that oc-cured in their area. The command and information should also be dessiminated for the people. These women, mother and child are vulnerable, but they understand when to evacuate.Photo by Dwi Oblo Prasetyo


The settlement near the coastal area in Demak, Central Java is located in a floodplain area. The people living near the coast have to live with high risk of flooding. Adaptation and mitigation should be done to have their daily activities. In the other hand spatial planning based on disaster mitigation should also be done. Photo by Raditya Djati

5 YeaRS OF DevelOpMent OF InDOneSIan DISaSteR RISk PROFILE


5The past fife years of disaster management in Indo-nesia in the period of 2005-2012 have been focused on the comprehensive shift of paradigm to disaster risk re-duction. DRR in Indonesia has more or less achieved sig-nificant progress. This may be seen, among others, from all the international awards received and actual changes in the field that may be sustainable in the long run. Sev-eral achievements and lessons learned have been found throughout the period. The successes, achiements and lessons learned further encourage Indonesia to reposi-tion its disaster risk reduction strategies.Data from the Center for Data, Information and Pub-lic Relations of BNPB, show that in the past 30 years (1982-2012) there are 10.817 disaster events. The big-gest number is flood with 4,121 events (38%), followed by landslide with 1,983 events (18%), strong wind with 1,903 events (18%), drought with 1,414 events (13%) and other disaster with 1,397 events (13%). Disasters in this period have claimed 225,509 lives, both dead and missing. Earthquake and tsunami claimed 174,101

people, earthquake 15,250 people, flood and landslide 7,555 people and other disasters 28,603 people.In Indonesia disaster risks are closely related to poverty. Figure 1 below shows the correlation between poverty and disaster risks. Areas with high population density of poor people tend to experience more frequent dis-astrous events. The contrary is also true, in that areas with more historical disaster events tend to have more people with higher level of poverty. Realizing the close correlation between disaster and poverty level, Indonesian Disaster Risk Analysis has been geared towards assessing the potential losses that may be suffered by a certain region when affected by disaster. Also, the method calculate the number of people potentially exposed and areas that may be dam-aged by disaster events. Such disaster risk analysis that factored in potential losses has been implemented in all provinces throughout Indonesia. By using these data In-donesia may calculate the disaster deficit index for each province in the country.

Figure 1. Number of poor people and number of disaster events by province in Indonesia

Figure 2. a) Indone-sia’s Multi-hazard Map ; b) Indo-nesia’s Disaster Deficit Index ; c) Correlation between Disaster Risks and DDI

(a)

(b)

(c)


Cultural activities are encourage for the young generation in the resettlement area post Mount Merapi Eruption in Yogyakarta. Raising the capacity of the people could be done by bringing them back to their own culture and pack it with entertainment campaign.Photo by Dwi Oblo Prasetyo

6 KeY aSpeCtS OF aChIeveMentS anD leSSOnS leaRneD


1. National Commitmenta. Indonesian national commitment for disaster man-agement that focuses on disaster risk reduction has been institutionalized into regulations and budgeting. The country has made disaster management an inte-gral part of its national development priorities. The suc-cess in internalizing disaster management into national development planning has to be appreciated and sus-tained for the subsequent development planning cycles. Achievements in this field may be seen from:• Disaster management system has been integrated

into national development planning and budgeting system.

• This integration has triggered a significant increase in disaster risk reduction budget at the national lev-el.

• In the past five years it could be seen that 82% pro-grams related disaster management are generic in nature and 18% specifically related to certain disas-ters.

b. The commitment to promote disaster management that focuses on disaster risk reduction has to be en-hanced at all levels, from the national to the local lev-els. One of the way to assess the comprehensiveness of commitment is by observing significant participation in all its forms at all relevant levels. However, the quan-tity of participation still has to be supported with effec-tive management, transparency and accountability that are focused on achieving benefit and changes in the long run. Good governance constitutes the key to ac-tual effectiveness in attaining longer-term benefits and changes. Disaster management governance has to be implemented in an all-encompassing scope, engaging all ministries, agencies and relevant organizations from the national down to the local level. Improvement in dis-aster management governance in Indonesian is started with the regulatory framework, and then planning and budgeting system. Some lessons learned:

• Budget increase has not been followed by increase in disaster risk reduction budget in many localities. Many local governments allocate less than 0.1% of their local development budget for DRR.

• It is considered that Indonesia’s achievements in DRR have not been comprehensive and sustainable due to lack of commitment in the part of the local governments and not so effective disaster manage-ment governance.

2. Institutional Setting in Disaster Managementa. Law Number 24/2007 provides a strong institutional policy framework for disaster management, and gives a clear and powerful mandate for DM Agencies at all lev-els to coordinate activities related to disaster manage-ment. BNPB is an agency mandated by the Law and it is expected that local governments establish local DM Agencies by an equally strong legal instrument, which in the context of local government is the Local Regulation. Establishment of Local DM Agency/BPBD has to be stip-ulated under Local Regulations. Success in this aspect is achieved through:• Law Number 24 Year 2007 on Disaster Management

was followed by its ancillary regulations like Presi-dential Decree Number 8/2008 on BNPB, Govern-ment Regulation Number 21/2008 on the Conduct of Disaster Management, Government Regulation Number 22/2008 on Financing, Government Regu-lation Number 23/2008 on the Roles of Foreign Organizations and International NGOs, Ministry of Home Affairs Regulation Number 38/2008 on the Mechanism of International Support, Ministry of Home Affairs Regulation Number 03/2008 on the Mechanism of Collaboration between Local Govern-ments and International Organizations, Ministry of Home Affairs Regulation Number 46/2008 on the Guideline for Local DM Agency Organization and Administration, and Chief of BNPB Number 3/2008

on the Guideline for the Establishment of Local DM Agencies. Planning documents in Indonesia, as reg-ulated by the National Planning Board include Long-term National Development Plan/RPJPN 2005-2025, Middle-term National Development Plan/RPJMN 2004-2009, and Annual Development Plan or Gov-ernment Working Plan/RKP.

• BNPB was established by the National Government (Article 10, paragraph 1 Law Number 24/2007) as a non-departmental government body at the min-isterial level (Article 10, paragraph 2 Law Number 24/2007). Up to the present time there have been 436 Local DM Agencies/BPBD, 33 at the provincial level and 403 at the district/city level (81% of 497 districts/cities in Indonesia).

b. Laws at the central government level and local regu-lations at the local level only stipulate basic legal provi-sions that are more general in nature. A regulation that arranges the set-up of a certain institution needs to be supported with more detailed regulations. There is also a need to synchronize the new regulation with existing regulations, with analysis of the scope of work and re-sponsibilities that will ensure the performance of duties mandated to the institution. There needs to be facilitation in the formulation of these supporting regulations, particularly through adequate analysis from all perspectives. When effective facilita-tion cannot be implemented, there may be frictions due to vested interests, which in the end may decrease the values and functions regulated through the related laws and local regulations.

If at the central government supporting regulations have not been effective enough, the local governments may become confused and this may lead to inefficiency in policy formulation and implementation. Regulations enacted in the regions have to refer to those issued by the national government.

Lessons learned from this process:• As a technical non-departmental agency, it would

be difficult for BNPB to engage in coordination with the other ministries.

• Among the problem in institutional issue at the local and national levels include the too rapid pace in the establishment of Local DM Agencies at the district/city level;

• Human resources (technical, administration and epistemic knowledge) as the weakest point both at the national and local levels;

• Weakness in coordination for program planning and implementation; coordination in awareness build-ing for communities living in hazard-prone areas;

• Lack of synchronization among vertical policies (na-tional versus local);

• Disaster risk reduction has not become the govern-ment strategic issue; weak DRR policies and strate-gies; Local DM Agencies that are established under District Head or City Mayor Regulations may be vul-nerable to volatility of local budget politics;

• Competing development projects (Sectors versus BPBD/BNPB);

• Weak law/policy enforcement and inadequate lead-ership both at the national and local levels.

3. Preparedness for Emergency Responsea. Indonesia has already developed a solid procedure related to preparedness activities. Although no umbrel-la law for this has been legalized, preparedness activi-ties have been implemented widely through the devel-opment of early warning systems, evacuation plans and contingency plans.Indonesia has developed Tsunami Early Warning System just after the 26 December 2004 tsunami. At present, under the coordination of Agency for Meteorology, Cli-mate and Geophysics (BMKG), in addition to building the National Tsunami Early Warning Center, Indonesia has become one of Regional Tsunami Service Provider


(RTSP) together with India and Australia that serve all countries in the Indian Ocean region.

Achievements in this field may be seen from:• BNPB has issued a series of legal instruments re-

lated to preparedness building and disaster emer-gency response operations. These regulations in-clude Guidelines for Logistical Assistance during Emergency, Guidelines for Indonesian Disaster Data and Information Management, Guidelines for Lo-gistics and Equipment Management, Guidelines for Disaster Volunteers, Standardization of Disaster Data, Guidelines for Warehousing, Guidelines for Equipment Assistance, Guidelines for Logistical As-sistance, Guidelines for Standardization of Logistics in Disaster Management, and Guidelines for Stand-ardization of Equipment in Disaster Management.

• All these legal and policy instruments have been well socialized, trained and developed further in the regions.

• Indonesia has developed disaster early warning systems for most major hazards. The Tsunami Early Warning System has even been started to be devel-oped just after the 2004 tsunami. Under the coor-dination of Agency for Meteorology, Climate and Geophysics (BMKG), Indonesia presently becomes one of Regional Tsunami Service Provider (RTSP) for tsunami warning with India and Australia.

• To support activities related to rapid assessment, evacuation and disaster survivor search in the re-gions, the government established Rapid Response Unit (SRC PB). SRC PB was established under the President’s order in Cabinet Meeting of 5 Novem-ber 2009. Disaster preparedness became one of the 15 priorities in the first 100 days of the cabinet. As coordinator of disaster management in the coun-try, BNPB followed-up the directive by establishing two SRC PB units; one for Western Indonesia with Jakarta as the headquarters and one for Eastern In-

donesia with Malang, East Java as the headquarters in December 2009.

• Capacity building for BPBD has been done progres-sively from time to time. In 2009 capacity building for emergency response was provided to 15 dis-tricts/cities in 9 provinces. In 2010 capacity building for preparedness was provided to 29 provinces, in the form of provision of rescue cars and motor trail. In 2011 institutional capacity building for prepared-ness was provided to 33 provinces in the form of rescue cars, motor trail, field kitchen trucks and wa-ter treatment trucks. In 2012 capacity building for preparedness was provided to 33 provinces in the form of command cars, multi-purpose trucks and ambulances and standards equipment in disaster management for 265 BPBD districts/cities.

b. The development of an operation system for an emer-gency situation requires strong and continuous coordi-nation, which needs to be enhanced continuously. The use of this operation system depends very much on the other systems. Interoperability and synergy among rel-evant systems sometimes need greater attention than the building of the system itself.

The use of interrelated systems calls for a degree of trust among the users and adequate human resources. User’s trust will increase if connectivity and effectiveness be-tween the systems have been tested effectively when being operated. The need for qualified human resources has to become an integral part of the system. A very ef-ficient system does not require bigger human resources.

Some lessons learned:• Inconsistency in enforcing rules and regulations re-

lated to preparedness; between the actual imple-mentation in the field and the prevailing laws.

• Development of disaster early warning systems in-tegrated into the national system that uses stand-

ardized warning parameters for all hazards has not been completed. For tsunami early warning system, there are still some constraints in disseminating warnings among communities. Tsunami disaster early warning system employs the status of was-pada (advisory), siaga (warning) and awas (major warning) for different levels of potential disaster and this is different with the early warning system used for flood and volcano.

• The bridge between preparedness and emergency response includes contingency plan and early warn-ing just before disaster events, and rapid response and operations plan just immediately after the dis-aster. Contingency plans were formulated during preparedness and will be operationalized in times of disaster, after being enriched by the results of rapid assessment. BNPB through the Guidelines for Emergency Operations Plan tries to establish emer-gency operations procedures. In practice, in times of emergency Contingency Plans have not always been transformed into Operations Plans.

4. Community Resiliencea. Communities living in hazard-prone areas and those living outside these areas have roles to play in disaster management, not only in emergency response. Commu-nity resilience has become a key issue in Indonesia and welcomed by the international community. Community resilience is the basis for development of disaster man-agement in Indonesia. Several communities have dem-onstrated quite substantial progresses in building resil-ience. Resilience building currently is viewed from the commitment of communities in mobilizing their own resources for activities related to disaster risk reduction. There have been many programs and allocation of re-sources done by ministries/agencies and the stakehold-ers to build the critical awareness and enhance commu-nity’s capacity in hazard prone areas.

Based on data from BNPB and AIFDR, as per 18 February 2013 there are 1,023 villages involved in village empow-erment programs through various different initiatives. Government institutions implementing such programs include BNPB (Disaster Resilient Village), Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fishery (Resilient Coastal Villages), Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration (Commu-nity Empowerment, Agriculture and Economic Develop-ment), USAID/KKP (Indonesia Marine and Climate Sup-port Project), UNDP (Safer Community for Disaster Risk Reduction), UNDP-DRRA (Livelihood, Disaster Risk Re-duction for Aceh), GIZ-IS (GITEWS Capacity Building for Local Community), Oxfam GB (Building Resilience), Ar-beiter Samariter Bund (Disaster Preparedness for Youth, livestock contingency plan, Building Community Resil-ience, Livelihood), IOM (Access to Finance and Capac-ity Building for Micro and Small Enterprises, Enhancing Disaster Preparedness and Response Capacity in Garut District, West Java), Mercy Corps (DRR-CCA projects), Indonesian Red Cross/PMI (Community-based Integrat-ed DRR, Community-based Preparedness, Community Awareness), Daya Annisa (CB-DRM, Sustainable Liveli-hood), and SHEEP Foundation Indonesia (CB-DRM Muria Coalition, CB-DRM Juwana river basin).


the indicators for Disaster Resilient Village Program. Therefore, Indonesia currently has certified 30,320 volunteers1. The role of volunteers and their man-agement in times of disaster are regulated through Chief of BNPB Regulation Number 17 Year 2011 on Guidelines for Volunteers in Disaster Management.

• Communities and non-governmental organizations could collectively and individually carry out commu-nity empowerment programs through Village DRR Forum. There are several thematic forums such as Paguyuban Siaga Merapi that involves communi-ties around Merapi Volcano, Jangkar Kelut for vil-lage response teams in hazard-prone areas around Kelut Volcano, and Merapi community radio forum around Merapi Volcano.

1 Presentation by Chief of BNPB, Dr. Syamsul Maarif, in Coordina-tion Meeting on 4-6 February 2013 at Bidakara Hotel, Jakarta in front of 1,300 key officials from provincial and district/city BPBD in Indonesia.

Achievements in this field may be seen from:• Disaster resilience can best be seen at the commu-

nity level, one of the reasons for Disaster Resilient Village program. The President, Mr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, placed Disaster Resilient Village as one of the six priority programs in DRR in his remarks during the opening of the Fifth Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction on 23 Octo-ber 2012 in Yogyakarta. The President maintained that the program may become the basis for the de-velopment of disaster risk management at the local level. For this purpose, engagement of the multi-stakeholders and revitalization of local values and culture have to be enhanced.

• Community members could participate actively in disaster management by becoming volunteers. The presence of volunteers in a village becomes one of

Achievement Indicators for Resilience Village/Sub Districts

Figure 3. Achievements in the indicators may be seen in figure a.

b. Enhancement of community resilience has to be started with the development of the critical awareness of the community on the need for safety and to protect their assets and properties from disaster. Internal re-source mobilization may occur when communities have developed their critical awareness. Resilience building has to be done broadly and comprehensively in areas where critical awareness is difficult to nurture. Such programs at the community level need to coordi-nate with other development programs in a harmonized manner, both government and non-government pro-grams. These programs need to be focused on achieving benefits and not only immediate outputs that are visible in the short-term.

Lessons learned from the obstacles faced:• There are still overlapping of locations of prepared-

ness programs implemented by donor agencies and the government. This needs to be avoided by en-couraging preparedness building initiatives in new areas identified as highly prone to disaster.

• The utilization of resources in the form of experts, science, technology and budgets from the state budget and local budget as well as external donors has been started but not optimal yet; there needs to be effort to open accesses to such resources to increase utilization.

5. Partnership for Disaster Managementa. Many DRR stakeholders have more and more real-ized the importance of networking in DRR at the na-tional, provincial, district/city and community level. The establishment of Indonesia’s National Platform for DRR constitutes the first among national platforms in other countries. The National Platform for DRR in Indonesia has more or less encouraged other neighboring coun-tries to set-up their DRR platforms. This may also be-come the cause of the nomination of RI President as the

Global Champion for DRR.

Principle of partnership has also been implemented in disaster emergency response. Emergency response can-not be done by one single agency, it has to be carried out together to achieve optimal results. As a coordina-tor in emergency response, BNPB has coordinated the relevant ministries and agencies, and the National Po-lice and the Army as well as non-governmental actors.

b. No significant obstacles have been found in this part-nership aspect. In future, development of best practices for leveraging of benefits and long-term changes will be sought for this partnership aspect.

6. Indonesia’s Role in the Global Stage1. At the global stage, Indonesia’s position as a disaster laboratory has been strengthened by nurturing better understanding of disaster risk reduction. This further materializes into the country’s contribution at the glo-bal scale.

Achievements in this field may be seen from:• The nomination for Global Champion for Disaster

Risk Reduction for the President, Mr. Susilo Bam-bang Yudhoyono. The award ceremony was attend-ed by Dr. Syamsul Maarif as the Chief of BNPB and Head of the Republic of Indonesia Delegation. The UN was represented by the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Disas-ter Risk Reduction, Margareta Wahlstrom in front of several heads of state, ministers and 2,500 partici-pants from 160 countries.

• In 2009 Dr. Eko Teguh Paripurno, Head of Disaster Management Study Center of a university in Yo-gyakarta received the UN Sasakawa award for DRR for his contribution and commitment for DRR and capacity building for communities at the grassroots level. The Sasakawa award is a prestigious award at


OCHA, WFP, WHO, UNICEF, UNFA, UNDP, UNHCR, World Bank, ECHO, Build-change, AIFDR, Song-kla University Thailand, Global Disaster Response, Oxfam, Mercy Corps, JICA, DHL. National partici-pants numbered 72 persons from the national level and 89 from the regions.

• In 2013 Indonesia becomes the chair and host of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The big theme of APEC 2013 is “Resilient Asia Pacific, Engine of Global Growth” with 3 priorities, they are 1) At-taining the Bogor Goals; 2) Sustainable Growth with Equity; and 3) Promoting Connectivity. BNPB will be-come the host of the 7th Senior Disaster Manage-ment Officials’ Forum (SDMOF) to be conducted on 21-22 August 2013 in Bali. The seventh SDMOF will invite ministerial level officials in disaster manage-ment from APEC member countries.

• In APEC meeting in Kazan, Russia in 2012 Indonesia proposed Emergency Response Travel Facilitation (ERTF). ERTF is a mechanism to facilitate entry of personnel and goods from an economy to anoth-er economy affected by major-scale catastrophe. This concept adopts the APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) where qualified entrepreneurs from APEC economies that hold ABTC are registered at APEC economy immigration and may freely pass all mem-bers of the APEC economy without visa for each vis-it. Considering that the implementation of ERTF also affects the other working groups, Indonesia invited the APEC Emergency Preparedness Working Group to conduct dialogue with Business Mobility Group on immigration issues and Sub Committee on Cus-toms and Procedure for issues related to customs and excise as part of the ERTF.

• As a follow-up to ASEAN meeting in Vientiane, Laos PDR on 26 July 2005, the office of ASEAN Coordi-nating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on Dis-aster Management (AHA Centre) was established

the international level given biannually by the UN-ISDR.

• Indonesia has also organized successfully the Fifth Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Re-duction in Yogyakarta between 22-25 October 2012, which was attended by 2,600 participants from 72 countries, including two heads of states and 25 min-isters. AMCDRR 5 came out with the Yogyakarta Dec-laration on DRR in the Asia-Pacific. In the AMCDRR Indonesian President emphasized the importance of building partnership among the stakeholders. In the World Economic Forum for East Asia 2011, Dis-aster Resource Partnership (DRP) National Network for Indonesia was launched.

• In terms of cooperation for building disaster pre-paredness at the regional level, Indonesia has suc-cessfully conducted ASEAN Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise (ARF DiREx) 2011 as a forum for dis-aster exercise among ASEAN countries. ARF DiREx was conducted in Manado, North Sulawesi on 14-19 March 2011 attended by 23 out of 27 countries reg-istered. Indonesia and Japan became the Co-chairs of this event. Activities included table top exercise and field exercise.

• “International Table Top Exercise (TTX) Mentawai Megathrust” was conducted on 22-25 April 2013 in Padang, West Sumatra. This event included ca-pacity building in response capacity, with a theme “Strengthening Collaboration and Partnership in Disaster Response to Build a Resilient Region”. A to-tal of 251 people attending from ASEAN + partners from 13 countries (42 persons) including Australia, Brunei Darussalam, China, Cambodia, India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Singapore, USA, and Indonesia; Non-EAS included 11 countries (14 persons) including Canada, Finland, Germany, Ire-land, Luxembourg, Netherland, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; and 17 international or-ganizations (34 persons) from IFRC, AHA Center, UN

in Jakarta and officially launched by the Indonesian Coordinating Minister for People’s Welfare on 27 January 2011. AHA Centre is a coordination center for ASEAN humanitarian assistance in disaster. AHA Centre was established to facilitate cooperation and coordination among ASEAN member states, with the United Nations and other international organi-zations, as part of the effort to promote regional col-laboration in disaster management.

• Indonesia presently has possessed a data and infor-mation system that is the Indonesian Disaster Data and Information. The database contains district/city disaster events data from 1815 to 2012. There is also the geospatial and disaster monitoring data that could be accessed at the website www.bnpb.go.id. The Indonesian Disaster Data and Information is among the best information system tools in the Asia-Pacific region.

• Indonesian Disaster Rapid Response Unit (SRC PB) constitutes a stand-by force that has been estab-lished based on the directive of RI President. The force consists of medical team, engineering team, communication team, and rapid response team, supported by personnel from the Army and Nation-al Police with aircrafts Hercules C-130, Be-200, and CN 235 to ensure mobility to disaster affected areas within hours.

2. Many significant lessons have been learned from In-donesia’s role in the global stage. In the future it is ex-pected that this may bring long-term changes in disaster management at the regional and global levels.


7 REPOSITION COMPONENTS OF InDOneSIan DRR

Intergrating DRR into coastal zone manage-ment in Indonesia is a very important issues. Bringing the concept into the level of praxis should be done by stakeholders related in coastal area with good coordination, coopera-tion, and consultation. The North Java Sea have a high risk of erosion and conflict of interest of uses in the coastal zone.Photo by Raditya Djati


1. Strengthening Regulatory Framework for Better DRR in Indonesia

Strengthening DRR regulatory framework in Indonesia carried out in 4 components:

a. Planned Amendment of Law Number 24/2007 on Disaster ManagementPlanned amendment of Law Number 24/2007 focuses on synchronizing of “non-disaster condition” with “dis-aster potential condition”, which results in the “pre-dis-aster condition” and which will also strengthen prepara-tion for emergency response.Separate treatment of the two conditions led to DRR format that made it difficult to integrate prevention and mitigation into preparedness. Preparedness planning became separate from DRR. b. Harmonization of DM Law with existing regulationsMapping of conflicting regulations was carried out to identify overlap of authority, functions and responsibil-ity, which have contributed to the weakening of com-mitment to disaster management, at both local and national level. An example is synchronization of Law Number 33/2004 and PP 41/2007 on Local Government Authority.

c. Formulation of Supporting Technical Regulation with Close supervision on the process Various research results can be good bases to formulate technical regulations. Some topics identified in this area are as the following: • Regulations regarding synchronization of budgeting

and budget monitor of disaster management fund at line ministries.

• Technical regulations related to development of na-tional preparedness system, national early warning system, evacuation plan and contingency plan.

• Regulations related to disaster management part-

nership at national and local level. • Regulations related to declaration of emergency re-

sponse status with Presidential Decree.

d. Ensure effectiveness of Regulatory Frameworks on DRR To support effectiveness of various regulations on DRR, a mechanism is put in place to ensure that regulations are put into practice by related stakeholders.

2. Integration of DM into Development Planning

The fact that disaster management has become national political commitment needs to be advanced into inte-grating disaster management into the overall national and local development planning. Coordination among line ministries and related state institutions was the key to integrating disaster management into development planning. 3. Better Governance on DRR

The integration of disaster management into develop-ment planning increased the budget line on disaster risk reduction, but requires good governance on DRR pro-grams in order to ensure optimum benefit to communi-ties.

4. Development of Integrated Systems

Law Number 24/2007 on Management Disaster de-mands Emergency Responses Management Plan as the basis for preparedness plan. The existing condition shows the absence of supporting regulation to guide document preparation and its implementation method. Development of integrated early warning system consti-tutes efforts to close the gaps in disaster early warning. Those gaps include the use of the same parameters on information disseminated to community, application of

efficient integrate operating procedure among disaster at local level and to alleviate the burden of local govern-ment budget, and a regular training by EWS provider to users. At the community level development of EWS is directed to enhance the range of system service and community ability to response to warnings. Especially to the tsuna-mi EWS it is recommended for development and com-pletion of early warning system at the national and local level as priority.

5. Changes of Paradigm for Effective DRR

The long term goal of DRR development focus on good governance, budget allocation, implementation and monitor which targeting the local government and com-munity at grass root level. National and local govern-ment institutionally initiates and translates the change of DRR paradigm into their development program. At the local level, there is a need on strong effort to en-courage vulnerable groups to participate in DRR devel-opment not only as object. Method of paradigm changes might apply through ed-ucation strategy and integration DRR into formal and informal education and other medium of information applicable. The approach method on paradigm changes beside trend-setter also should bring forward the com-munity resilient development. It is appropriate invest-ment from government to facilitate the various ap-proaches to develop community resilience.

6. Optimizing Local Community Empowerment for DRR

Optimizing community empowerment for disaster risk reduction starts with redefinition of community em-powerment, including budgeting mechanism for imple-mentation of empowerment programs. Empowerment

programs focus on ensuring sustainable community ca-pacity building as well as strengthening of coordination among actors across various sectors and spectrums in disaster resilience. Initiatives were taken to facilitate ad-vocacy and sharing among disaster resilience actors at national, regional and local levels.Empowerment is carried out in synergy among actors and programs, based on local traditions and cultures as in the use of local popular media such as Wayang (pup-pet show) in Yogyakarta, Ludruk in Surabaya, Randai and Rabab in Minang, Lenong Betawi in Jakarta, Tari Saman in Aceh, in empowerment for disaster resilience.

7. Strengthening Partnership

Strengthening of partnership is deemed necessary to pool resources for DRR in addition to National (APBN) and Local Budget (APBD). Loose partnership allows for efficient and effective method in finding solutions to problems without involving the bureaucracy. At local level, DRR forums and inter-DRR forums were useful as a forum for sharing of experience.

The National Platform for DRR has to be up scaled and expanded to the local level. Local DRR forums need to be enhanced as a network hub to share experiences and information. There needs to be greater acknowledg-ment from the government to the results of such fo-rums. Also, the mechanism needs to be institutionalized to provide benefits from partnership in DRR.


tRenD In SeCtORal DRR DevelOpMent In InDOneSIa

Structural mitigation was provided in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, which is one of a solution for risk reduction in coastal area. These strucutres are made and then placed nearshore to protect against beach erosion. Photo by Raditya Djati


1. The Islands of Sumatera, Java, Bali and the Moluc-cas noted a trend of decrease in disaster risk, which is most evident when comparing results of disaster risk assessment and HDRI Index. This is partly a result of sig-nificantly improved capacity. Especially for the Maluku province, the enduring peace was conducive to contrib-ute in minimizing social conflict that had been a pre-dominant factor in disaster risk in the previous period.

a. Provinces on Sumatera islands are improving their ca-pacity. Reduced risk resulting from enhanced capacity contributed to self-sufficiency of the provinces in coping with disaster, especially hydro-meteorological and social hazards. In large scale disasters caused by geological ac-tivities, such as earthquake, tsunami and volcanic erup-tion, the provinces might still need financial support from the national government for disaster response op-erations, besides continuous technical assistance.

b. Provinces on Java islands are enhancing their capac-ity. Most of the provinces, however, face the issue of large-scale critical infrastructure and facilities, which put them in need for support from the national govern-ment for financing emergency response operations. The national financial assistance is allocated for mending critical infrastructure and facilities.

c. Bali province faces conditions similar to those in Su-matera. Regarding hydro-meteorological and social dis-asters, Bali is self-sufficient in terms of financing. Yet it still needs support from the national government in emergency response in geological disasters. In general, it still requires technical assistance from the national government for disaster risk reduction.

d. While sharing similar conditions with provinces on Java, the trend of decreasing disaster risk in Maluku province is closely related to lessening intensity of social conflict. Capacity enhancement for disaster risk reduc-

tion is still necessary for the province. It still needs sup-port and assistance from the national government, both financing and technical, in terms of disaster risk reduc-tion for all related hazards.

2. Risks tend to remain the same, as per disaster risk assessment compared to HDRI, in provinces on Kali-mantan, except for West Kalimantan, provinces in Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda), Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi and North Maluku.

a. Provinces on Kalimantan, with exception of West Kali-mantan, have yet to develop optimum disaster manage-ment capacity. Strategies in disaster risk reduction hae ye to see real impact. While they are self-sufficient in financing, the provinces need more technical assistance and new approaches from the national government. South Kalimantan, especially, requires budget support from the national government for disaster risk reduction and emergency response operations.

b. Provinces in Nusa Tenggara also need new approach-es to optimize disaster risk reduction. With risks tending to remain the same and weak self-sufficiency, the prov-inces require new methods in technical assistance and budget support from the national government in overall disaster management.

c. While disaster risks in the provinces on Sulawesi, namely Central Sulawesi, Gorontalo and North Sulawesi Provinces, tend to remain the same, the provinces re-quire new method of intervention from the national government in technical capacity building in disaster management. Gorontalo, especially, still needs budget support from the national government.

d. North Maluku also requires new approach in inter-vention in technical assistance. With disaster risks re-

maining the same and high self-sufficiency in financing, approach in technical assistance from the national gov-ernment may be tailored to encouraging self-sufficiency in disaster risk reduction.

3. Trend of increase in disaster risk, as based on compar-ison between risk assessment results and HDRI, might be found in the provinces in Papua, Southeast Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and West Kalimantan.

a. While some parts of Sulawesi noted stationary level of disaster risks, some other parts of the island tend to see increase in disaster risk, namely the province of Southeast Sulawesi, West Sulawesi and South Sulawesi. These provinces require technical and budget support from the national government. In South Sulawesi, budg-et support was tailored to emergency response. Despite its high revenues, the province has not managed to mend its critical facilities, infrastructure and other im-portant assets.

b. Provinces in Papua preserve relatively high level of self-sufficiency in coping with various disaster risks, especially hydro-meteorological and social ones. They need continuous technical support from the national government, as disaster risks tend to increase.

c. Disaster risks might increase in West Kalimantan, hence it needs technical support from the national gov-ernment. Technical assistance could focus on maximiz-ing regional revenue and budget towards self-sufficien-cy in disaster management.

d. Budget support as previously described does not ap-ply to recurring large-scale disasters such as earthquake, tsunami and volcanic eruption. These large scale disas-ters require holistic/integrated assistance.


Mangrove give live to other inhabitant living in the coastal zone. Planting mangroves should give positive impact for the environment also as protection for hydrodynamic impact from the sea including beach erosion, flooding, sediment loss, also for tsunami. Magroves are now planted in small island and coastal area in IndonesiaPhoto by Raditya Djati

Agus Hendratno, Lecturer at Department of Geology GMU, http://geologi.iagi.or.id/2010/04/19/keunikan-geofisik-kal dera-danau-toba-sebagai-potensi-geowisata/Asia Pacific Disaster Report, 2010Bappenas,2009, Ringkasan Telaahan Sistem Terpadu Penanggulangan Bencana Di Indonesia (kebijakan, strategi dan operasi), www.bappenas.go.id/get-file-server/node/8846/BENCANA ALAM: Waduh, Jumlah Anggaran Penanggulangan Bencana di Daerah Kurang dari 0,1% (http://www.solopos. com/2013/02/05/bencana-alam-waduh-jumlah-anggaran-penanggulangan-bencana-di-daerah-kurang-dari-01-375550). access on February the 12, 2013.Budi Brahmantyo, Dari Tambora ke Waterloo, 195 tahun yang lalu, http://blog.fitb.itb.ac.id/BBrahmantyo/?p=1357Hendi Nukasep, http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/10/29/super-vulcano-dua-diantaranya-di-indonesia-307702.html http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/10_largest_world.phpSyamsul Maarif / Chairman of the National Disaster Management Agency, Dana yang telah dicairkan dari Kemenkeu baru senilai Rp200 miliar. Source: Chairman of the National Disaster Management Agency: Dana Bencana Rp 4 T, Yang Cair Baru Rp 200 M (http:// news.liputan6.com/read/458416/kepala-bnpb-dana-bencana-rp-4-t-yang-cair-baru-rp-200-m). Access January at January the 5th 2013.Syamsul Maarif/Chairman of the National Disaster Management Agency, on National Coordination Meeting Indonesia on February 4-6, 2013 at Hotel Bidakara, Jakarta. The President Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono Opening Ceremony on 5th Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction – AMCDRR V) on October 23th 2012 at Yogyakarta. Source: AMCDRR the 5th (http://bnpb.go.id/website/asp/ berita_list.asp?id=1055). Access on October 24 th 2012. Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana, Rencana Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana 2010 – 2014, page 1 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs report, 2007

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