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ion: limited uNEsco/MoIEx-xIw3 Paris, 25 June 1997 Original: English (CCTqq pldF, 06) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR THE SAFEGUARDING OF MOENJODARO THIRTEENTH SESSION ISLAMABAD, 13 and 17 September 1997 REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
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ion: limited uNEsco/MoIEx-xIw3 Paris, 25 June 1997 Original: English (CCTqq pldF, 06)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR
THE SAFEGUARDING OF MOENJODARO
THIRTEENTH SESSION
ISLAMABAD, 13 and 17 September 1997
REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
REPORT ON THE PRESERVATION OF MOENJODARO, SUBMITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
TO THE THIRTEENTH SESSION OF THE UNESCO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
The Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan extends its highest considerations and deeply-felt thanks to the Director-General of UNESCO, the Chairman and Members of the UNESCO Executive Committee for Moenjodaro and UNESCO Secretariat for their full cooperation and continuous support to its efforts to preserve Moenjodaro, and takes great pleasure in the preparation of this report for the thirteenth session of the UNESCO Executive Committee.
I. INTRODUCTION
1. The archaeological site of Moenjodaro, inscribed on the World Heritage List, is that of a very ancient civilization which flourished between 2500 and 1500 BC. Situated on the right bank of the River Indus in Sind Province, Pakistan, it has been recognized as one of the greatest metropolises of the ancient East whose elaborate town planning includes square blocks, a public bath and drainage system as well as individual houses.
2. The excavation of the site began in 1922 and continued intermittently until the mid-sixties. The excavated site represents only 10% of Moenjodaro, the rest of which lies underground. Salt- efflorescence on the surface of the walls and structures have caused heavy damage to the exposed ruins. This problem, which has resulted in the disintegration of the brickwork, has been mostly attributed to the intricate canal system of the Sukkur Barrage which led groundwater levels to rise from 25 ft. in 1992 to near waterlogging conditions by the late sixties. Sporadic efforts by Pakistani Archaeologists and visiting foreign experts were unsuccessful, and the site was almost completely destroyed. The erosive action caused by the advance of the River Indus, with severe floods occurring each year, posed another major threat to the entire site.
II. THE MASTER PLAN
3. Responding to requests from the Government of Pakistan and UNESCO, the world community expressed solidarity for the Safeguarding Campaign for Moenjodaro by providing considerable funds, technical assistance and equipment. The Master Plan for the Preservation of Moenjodaro, prepared by the Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro (APM) with the assistance of the International Consultative Committee and approved by the Government of Pakistan and UNESCO, comprises four schemes:
(a) River Training Works;
(b) Groundwater Control Scheme;
(c) Conservation of Structural Remains;
(d) Landscaping and Plantation Scheme.
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III. EXECUTION
(a) PROTECTION AGAINST THE RIVER INDUS
4. Moenjodaro, situated at about one kilometre from the River Indus at its nearest point, has been under attack from the River Indus because of its ever-shifting course and overflowing banks. This scheme concerns the construction of seven spurs and armouring of the bank with stone- pitching. Five such spurs have been completed thus far. Pursuant to expert advice and the decision taken by the 16th meeting of the International Consultative Committee (ICC) (for additional information, please consult the Secretariat), it was decided that, instead of constructing the sixth and seventh spurs, attention should be paid to the following:
It was recommended that the mud embankment protecting the Moenjodaro site from the River Indus be consolidated with the assistance of the on-site archaeologist.
The Irrigation Department has been requested to undertake the work with the assistance of an archaeologist from the Department of Archaeology and Museums (DAM).
A second recommendation was made that the piping work which created weaknesses in many mud bunds be addressed, and the Irrigation Department has been requested to look into the problem and take measures to avoid any weakening of the bunds.
A third recommendation concerned the complete revetting of the existing bund on the Indus River from mile-point 16/7 as far as 17/5, including work on the Apron.
The Executive Engineer has indicated that the Irrigation Department will require Rs 20 million to complete the work.
5. It is a matter of great satisfaction that the five spurs have withstood the force of three exceptional floods, which reached a peak discharge of about one million cusecs. (A detailed report of the scheme, prepared by Irrigation Department, is available at the Secretariat).
(b) GROUNDWATER CONTROL
6. This scheme, which was successfully completed in 1987, comprised the installation of 27 tube-wells in two stages to lower the water-table to a depth of 32 feet. A circular drain was also constructed to carry the resulting discharge as far as the Dadu Canal into which it is pumped to be used for irrigation. However, many tube-wells have suffered from being in continuous operation over a long period, with a resulting drop in discharge capacity. A large number went out of commission, over the years, for one reason or the other. The Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro replaced no fewer than six tube-wells in order to minimize fluctuations in the groundwater level. A review of the target depth of 32 feet by the Board of Governors of the Authority and the International Consultative Committee led to a decision, which is now being implemented, to maintain the groundwater level at 15 feet. The plan to construct a stand-by channel to carry the pumped water into the River Indus has been withdrawn until further notice.
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7. The Executing Agency, the Water and Power Development Authority, estimated that an expenditure of US$ 100,000 was required to renovate the damaged portion of the Disposal and Collector Drains, replace the transformers and execute other necessary work.
8. In addition, the Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro spends over US$300,000 per annum on the operation and maintenance of the Groundwater Control Scheme.
9. The International Consultative Committee held its sixteenth meeting in Karachi in April 1996. The following decisions were taken:
(i) pumps should be used only when the groundwater level rises above 43 m above mean sea level (approximately 15 ft below the average plain level of 47.5 m);
(ii) piezometer readings should be recorded on the computer at the Moenjodaro laboratory;
(iii) when the pumps are not in service, the groundwater level, soil humidity and progress of humidity in the walls of the structures should be carefully monitored;
(iv) a 100 feet deep test well should be sunk which would also provide fresh water for the Plantation Scheme;
(v> an analogue model study should be carried out, with solar energy being used, for pumping at 100 feet to produce the fresh water.
10. The first two decisions have been put into effect, and the Authority has asked the Director of the Moenjodaro Conservation Cell (MCC) and the concerned Laboratory to execute the third decision, with the work being carefully supervised by the Authority itself. The fourth decision, concerning the test well, is to be implemented when funds are received from the Government. In regard to the fifth decision, the Lahore Water and Power Development Authority has been approached to carry out the analogue model study once solar power is harnessed for use. (For the WAPDA Report, please consult the Secretariat).
(c) CONSERVATION OF STRUCTURAL REMAINS
11. The excavations at Moenjodaro first started in 1922, and since then the archaeological remains have been under attack by climatic conditions, such as variations in temperature, wind action, rainfall and environmental degradation. The movement of salts by capillary action from the water-table as well as wind-borne salt also add to the stress on the structures, causing their deterioration and disintegration. To combat this continuous threat, the Master Plan recommended the following measures:
(9 underpinning of the decayed and undermined brick walls;
(ii) horizontal and vertical damp-proofing to stop the movement of the salts;
(iii) mudbrick-capping of the exposed walls;
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(iv) replacement of salt-laden earth by fresh soil;
(v) a proper drainage system to remove the rainwater which collects at different levels in the structures;
(vi) removal of debris.
(For the report by the Moenjodaro Conservation Cell and Department of Archaeology, please consult the Secretariat).
UNDP AND JAPANESE TRUST FUND PROJECTS
12. The Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro @PM), assisted by UNESCO, concluded an agreement with UNDP and the Japanese Trust Fund (JTF) concerning complementary projects aimed at developing economical and scientific conservation methods, using traditional materials and techniques as well as high-tech equipment, in order effectively to preserve this large site against destruction by salt and harsh environmental conditions. The Projects envisage (i) Institution Building, (ii) Technical Training, (iii) Research, Experimentation, Documentation and Surveys, (iv) Improvement and Modemization of the Laboratory and (v) Promotional Activities.
(i) Institution Building in the Department of Archaeology and Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro
13. The small Cell within the Department of Archaeology and Museums which was responsible for the physical work of conservation, and was staffed by 27 employees and headed by a junior engineer, has now been strengthened as provided for in the UNDP Project. It is now called the Moenjodaro Conservation Cell (MCC) and headed by a full-fledged director with a supporting staff which includes engineers, architects, chemists and conservators.
(ii) Technical Training
14. This training programme comprises group training in the context of an international symposium and workshops, local on-the-job training, training in fore& countries and study visits.
15. Group training was provided by an international Symposium and a Workshop held in February, 1992, which were attended by international and local experts and participants. Three more workshops were held in March, 1993, September, 1994 and November, 1995, and were attended by local participants from the Archaeology Department, the APM as well as outside bodies, such as, Universities, the Karachi Development Authority, Public Works Department and Railway Department. Dr Hideo Noguchi from UNESCO, consultants from UNESCO who included Mr Richard Hughes and Prof. Michael Jansen, and many others, delivered lectures and gave physical assistance to conservation work at the site.
16. Three engineers were sent abroad, one to ICCROM Italy on a four-month training programme, and two to Aachen University in Germany for a university course lasting three months.
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17. The two-week study visit of two senior staff members of the APM to Indonesia and Sri Lanka was completed in July, 1993. Two other senior staff members visited Sri Lanka to attend the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Expert Group meeting from 26-30 June 1995. A report was submitted to UNESCO.
(iii) Research, Experimentation, Documentation and Surveys
18. Under the supervision of UNESCO consultants, work is being carried out on various technical aspects of conservation, in particular data-collection and documentation of soil moisture, temperature studies and water quality. However, a mass of data in various disciplines has been collected for whose interpretation an expert is still required. Again, the subject of soil mechanics and geotechnical studies necessitates a high level of expert knowledge which the Moenjodaro Conservation Cell’s young architects have not yet reached. (Indeed, the temporary nature of the project has sometimes caused key engineers to leave it for more promising and permanent careers elsewhere).
19. A Pakistani consulting firm was hired to carry out geotechnical study at the site and has submitted its report. There are ongoing model experiments on the STUPA, the Great Bath, rain- damaged structures, original and non-original walls.
20. In the context of documentation work, the photographs and architectural features of the monuments are being presented according to a format designed by the consultants. UNDP provided over US$ 30,000 for the purchase of a Total Station and Graphic Computer for Documentation and Survey Works which has been acquired. UNESCO contracted an American conservator, Mr Frank Briscoe, who provided local experts with useful experience and helped to produce a “Manual of Conservation” on the Stupa, a work which satisfies a long-felt need.
(iv) Improvement and Modernization of the Laboratory
21. The existing Laboratory of the Archaeology Department has been enlarged and equipped with the latest equipment provided within the framework of the UNDP and Japanese Trust Funds Project. The Water and Soil Laboratory staff was given a three-week training course in the Water and Soil Laboratory of the Water and Power Development Authority in Lahore, Pakistan. The equipment received fi-om UNESCO have been installed and are being put to extremely beneficial use. Equally, the experiments suggested by the consultants are regularly carried out in the Laboratory.
(v) Promotional Activities.
22. The Government set up a Committee to look into specific aspects of cultural tourism under an integrated approach aimed at promoting the “Save Moenjodaro Campaign”.
23. Under a sub-contract with UNDP, UNESCO provided the services of a Japanese architect and consultant, Mr Sohiko Yamada, who attended the 16th ICC meeting in April, 1996, and submitted a draft report in June, 1996, which envisaged the revision of the Master Plan and put forward the concept of an archaeological park and an accompanying development plan for Moenjodaro. The Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro has submitted such a plan to the Government of Pakistan which is considering it. Mr Yamada is one of the international
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consultants who have rendered great service to the Project since February, 1992. The others include Professor Michael Jansen, Mr Richard Hugues, Dr W.S. Loan, Mr Frank Briscoe and Mr Fazal Farooq, and Dr Hideo Noguchi from UNESCO.
24. The Fourth Tripartite Meeting was scheduled to take place in February, 1997, in order to carry out a review of the project. Expressed in statistical terms’, the UNDP Project’s output up to June, 1996, is as follows:
Local Comnonent
Item
(i) Physical progress
(ii) Financial
Local Component
Provision of Rs 11.7 million US $463,000
Foreign Component
According to recent UNDP Budget Revision K
Progress % achieved
70%
80%
Remaining % work
30%
20%
70% 30%
Progress of total project budget us $595,000 UNDP Project us $339,000 JTF Project 93%
(including 13 % programme support expenditure)
7%
(d) LANDSCAPING AND PLANTATION
25. The proposed scheme envisages landscaping of the area surrounding the archaeological remains and plantation of salt-tolerant trees and grass so as to reduce the drifting of salts, borne by the wind or simply present in the atmosphere, to the structures.
’ Financial statements concerning expenditure for the years 1994-95, 1995-96, 1996-97 and 1997-98 are appended to this document.
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26. The on-site local and foreign experts accordingly recommended the plantation of suitable species of trees and grass, especially those which presumably formed part of the original ecological environment of a flourishing Moenjodaro.
27. The plantation work was carried out in the areas near the drains and pumping stations as the experts recommended, and has produced encouraging results. A tractor with accompanying equipment and a water tanker were purchased for the work, and a total of US$42,390 has been spent on the scheme.
28. The Landscaping and Plantation Scheme is one of the subjects of the draft for the updated Master Plan for Moenjodaro, 1993-2003, by W.S. Logan (October, 1993), which has been given to the members of the International Consultative Committee. The draft mainly concerns the mid-term management of the Moenjodaro archaeological site and the development of tourism.
29. During the 16th ICC Meeting held in Karachi between 9 and 12 April 1996, the Plantation Scheme was discussed in some depth and detail. Prof. Sadatoshi Tabata of Japan and Prof. Michael Jansen of Germany identified areas where such plantation work can or cannot be carried out. The number and kinds of plants specified by Prof. Sadatoshi Tabata will be taken into account during the establishment of a detailed trees plantation plan.
30. A number of decisions were taken at the 16th ICC Meeting as follows:
(i) A small-scale presentation and amenities programme was to be carried out without delay in order to prepare the site for the ceremonial events to celebrate the completion of the campaign. Particular attention was to be given to the garden area between the museum and the citadel and at least two visitor resting-places shaded by trees (near the citadel and DKG site).
The work is being executed by M/s A. K. Khan Associates under a UNESCO sub-contract and for an expenditure of US$39,000.
(ii) Grass, to be tended by the pump-house staff, was to be planted along the collector drain.
The Deputy Project Director has been instructed to carry out the work, and the APM will monitor its progress.
(iii) The major wind direction was to be identified and a protective belt of trees planted to serve as a windbreak.
Data from the Automatic Weather Station, built using UNDP equipment, now provides full details of wind directions and velocities. The decision could be put into effect with the participation of the Department of Archaeology and Museums, and the Forestry Department, provided the major obstacle of the scarcity of fresh water is overcome. The APM has undertaken a study of the required expenditure. . .
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(iv>
w
Documentation concerning plantation work was to be completed without delay, and the Forestry Department was to be entrusted with the task of identifying and mapping all the existing plants and their species.
The decision has been noted for follow-up action.
Regional landscape studies were of great significance and should be carried out in conjunction with a study covering a much wider area of Moenjodaro’s historical landscape.
Follow-up action will require in-depth study and could be carried out in co-operation with various concerned Government agencies. A relevant programme is to be established by a qualified landscape engineer.
CONCLUSION
31. The Government of Pakistan wishes to thank the Executive Committee for its past assistance to the different schemes of the Master Plan for the Preservation of Moenjodaro. It trusts that during the present session the Committee will envisage suitable action in the context of continued support for the Save Moenjodaro Campaign.
ANNEX I
STATEMENT SHOWING TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOR THE DIFFERENT SCHEMES OF THE MASTER PLAN FOR
THE PRESERVATION OF MOENJODARO INCLUDING UNDP ASSISTANCE AND THE JAPANESE TRUST FUND, FROM JULY 1994 TO JUNE 1996
FIGURES IN MILLION RUPEES
1994-95 1995-96 GRAND TOTAL
TITLE OF SCHEME WORKS MAINTENANCE WORKS MAINTENANCE WORKS MAINTENANCE
Ground Water Control River Training Works
4.35 1 2.386 1.919 2.800 6.270 5.186
Conservation Works 0.350 0.267 0.711 0.399 1.061 0.666 UNDP / JTF 2.400 2.550 4.950 Landscaping & Plantation 0.040 0.001 0.041 Administrative Charges 0.561 0.591 1.152
4.701 5.654 2.630 6.341 7.33 1
Total for Works & Maintenance is Rs. 19.326 million
11.995
1
ANNEX II
STATEMENT SHOWING TOTAL ESTIMATED ANNUAL BUDGETS FOR THE DIFFERENT SCHEMES OF THE MASTER PLAN FOR
THE PRESERVATION OF MOENJODARO INCLUDING UNDP ASSISTANCE AND THE JAPANESE TRUST FUND, FROM JULY 1996 TO JUNE 1998
1996-97
TITLE OF SCHEME WORKS MAINTENANCE
FIGURES IN MILLION RUPEES
1997-98 GRAND TOTAL
WORKS MAINTENANCE WORKS MAINTENANCE
Ground Water Control River Training Works (for construction of 6th spur)
15.200 4.800 7.200 2.800 22.400 7.600 6.752 0.416 10.928 0.650 17.680 1.066
Conservation Works 3.911 1.300 2.695 1.567 6.606 2.867 UNDP / JTF 1.900 3.800 5.700 Landscaping & Plantation 2.750 0.365 1.627 0.500 4.377 0.865 Promotion of Cultural Tourism 2.783 0.650 2.900 0.985 5.683 1.635
31.396 9.43 1 25.350 10.302 56.746 19.733
Total for Works & Maintenance is Rs. 76.479 million
Distribution: limited UNESCO/MO/EX-XIIV3/Add 1 Paris, Original: English
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC .AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
THE GOVERNMENT OF SINDH PROVINCE
Irrigation and Power Department
SUMMARY REPORT
ON THE RIVER TRAINING WORKS
FOR THE PRESERVATION OF MOEN JODARO
Submitted by the Executive Engineer Northern Dadu Bund Division, Larkana
January 1997
I. INTRODUCTION
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1. The archaeological remains of Moenjodaro are situated on the right bank of the River Indus, some 70 miles downstream from the Sukkur Barrage. The periodical destructions caused by this mighty river’s ever-shifting course and floods have been known since ancient times.. The River Training Scheme, one of the four schemes within the Master Plan for preserving Moenjodaro, was thus designed specifically to meet the constant threat which the Indus poses to the remains.
2. The Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro (APM), created in 1975, had detailed river surveys and model tests conducted. In the light of the results obtained, it proposed the construction of seven protective spurs, inclusively between miles 16/7 and 22/6, along the Larkana Sehwan Bund which lies between Moenjodaro and the river.
3. After the Indus River Commission had given its approval in principle to the proposal, the Director of the Hydraulic and Research Laboratory in Hyderabad (responsible for conducting the model tests) suggested the execution of stone pitching and apron work along the L.S. Bund in addition to the seven T-head spurs. The original work plan envisaged a 1984-1991 schedule.
II. EXECUTION OF WORK PLAN: 1985-1993
4. In 1985, the Provincial Irrigation Department began to implement the plan, carrying out the stone pitching and apron work from miles 22/O to 22/6 that year, and constructing the first two spurs, in 1986, at the same two mile locations. Both the APM and the International Consultative Committee (ICC) at its tenth meeting reviewed the work done, and the Committee suggested that the spurs complex be extended to the upper section of the Larkana Sehwan Bund.
5. Spurs 3 (1987), 4 (1988) and 5 (1992-1993) were accordingly constructed at miles 21/4, 20/5 and 17/3 respectively, in addition to 12,360 feet of stone pitching and apron work from miles 20/5 to 22/6, and again from mile 17/l + 330 feet, to 17/3 + 150 feet.
6. A total amount of Rs 123.958 million has been spent so far on the work. The last two spurs, at miles 16/7 and 19/4, were originally scheduled for 1988-1989 and 1990-1991 respectively, but have not been built because of the lack of resources and the reassessment recommendation made by the ICC. 0
7. The Executive Engineer believes that, although the work executed up to 1993 has contributed markedly to the containment of the river, the above-mentioned remaining work should be carried out as a matter of urgency, more particularly in the light of the 1994 floods (see paragraph 11 et seq. below).
III. OVERVIEW OF RIVER MOVEMENT OPPOSITE BUND SECTIONS
8. Starting with the miles 16/3 to 17/5 section of the Larkana Sehwan Bund, lateral displacement towards the bund took place in the river’s current in 1987-1988. After 1988, the river was more docile. It could not be termed inactive, however, given the absence of any sign of deposition.
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9. The river current opposite mile 17/6 started deflecting away from the bund line, but again draws near to it at mile 20/5. The current here thus appears to be stable and the river training works in this section can be postponed given the long river ordinates of 7,000 feet. Mile 19/4, the chosen location for one of the two spurs which have not been constructed, is in this bund section.
10. The section of river opposite miles 21/5 to 22/6 has been stable since the execution of the River Training Scheme. However, in 1993 there was a slight erosion of the berm along a stretch between the spurs at miles 22/O and 22/6, although the river flow remained parallel and the stone apron intact. In February 1994, the Full Committee of the Indus River Commission ratified the findings of the Subcommittee which had visited the site in question and advised close monitoring of the situation.
IV. THE 1994 FLOODS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
11. The 1994 floods affected the upstream section of the L.S. Bund in particular, while highlighting the general tendency of the river to flow nearer to bunds, starting from below the Sukkur Barrage as far as Moenjodaro itself.
12. The floods lasted for over two months, and the resulting river flow against the right bank reactivated a number of old erosion sites including the Ruk spurs fifteen miles downstream of the Sukkur Barrage and the Agani Akil Loop Bund opposite Larkana City. Breach-like situations occurred and the required measures were taken to ensure security.
13. The restoration and protection works which were initiated after the 1994 floods were continued during those of 1995 and 1996. Consequently, the lateral movement of the river has been contained, and in some stretches the current is flowing parallel to the bunds.
14. However, the construction of protective structures against floods upstream of Moenjodaro will result in the river’s adjustment through erosion and deposition both longitudinally and laterally. It is thus highly probable that the river might attack the L.S. Bund opposite Moenjodaro in future floods. Excavator ordinates at mile 16/7 do indeed point to this probability with respect to the section of bund between miles 16/3 and 17/5.
15. Lastly, a report by the International Consultative Committee also underscores the vulnerability of this bund section, especially if there is a concentration of lateral movement against it. The Committee recommended that stone pitching and apron work at least be carried out.
16. To conclude, the Executive Engineer of the Northern Dadu Bund Division has duly requested the Research Laboratory in Hyderabad to build and test a model of the river’s behaviour opposite Moenjodaro and to monitor and assess the overall performance of the River Training Works. The Laboratory’s report is pending.
ANNEX I
SUMMARY OF COMPLETED RIVER TRAINING WORKS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF MOENJODARO
Type of work Length of pitching
and apron
Length of shank of
spurs
Expenditure incurred in Rs million
Year of construction
Remarks
1) Stone apron and pitching along Larkana-Sehwan Bund from mile 22/O to 2216
*
3960 fl 19.374 1985
2) Spur at a) Mile 22/O b) Mile 2216
4620 ft
3) Spur at mile 2114 and stone pitching apron and stone pitching at mile 21/4 to 2210
2640 12 2100 ft 30.887 1987
4) Spur at mile 20/5 with stone apron and pitching from mile 20/5 to 2114 along Larkana-Sehwan bund
2660 ft 38.845 1988
5) Spur at mile 17/3 and stone apron and pitching mile 17/1+330 fi to 17/3+150 ft along Larkana-Sehwan bund
1140 ft 900 ft 17.393 1993
510 n> 17.459 1986 530 fi)
Total 12360 ft Total exnenditure: Rs 123.958 million
ANNEX II
PROPOSED WORKS
Type of work
1) a) Construction of spur at mile 16/7 and providing stone pitching and apron from mile 17/1+330 ft L.S. bund and providing reserve stock of stone at spur 1713
Length of pitching and
apron
Y 1650 fi
Length of Estimated shank of cost in Rs
spur million
1135 ft 38.0
Proposed Remarks year of
construction
Approval was 1995-96 given by Chairman
IRC vide Govt. Notification No. F/9-1 7/83dt 1 O-2-94
b) Providing stone pitching and apron from 17/3+150 ft to 17/5 and 2014 to 20/5
1830 ft 15.0 1995-96
28.0 1995-96 2) Construction of stand-by
charmel for disposal of underground water into river at mile 22/0+500 ft along L.S. bund
3) Construction of spur at mile 1914 and providing stone pitching from mile 17/5 to 2014
15180 fi 3700 fi 200 1996-97
Total 18660 ft 3700 ft Rs 28 I .O million
Executive Engineer Northern Dadu Division
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_..-.-.-. -.-.-r.-.-.-.r.-.-.-.- .-_ -.-. -.-.-.a-.-. -.-. _.-.-..-.-.n..-.-.-.-.-,-.-. -mm.-
ANNEX IV
Statcmon'c showing tho nrdinatas ?&z~ositc L.s.mnd ;.'ile 16/s to 23)~ -_-se- __-_- -e-e -___-__ ----------__----_- Trol!l 1993 in l?'::>. :
-----------__-__-___------------ _-__ -_-_-_ - --
After Extent After Extentj After Extent lftsr Bli 1 B
Extent After Extent After Extent AfteI Fbk. of /,bk. of Abk. of Abk. of plSk. of ,&bk. of
1993 Erosion Abkalani
1991 1993
Erosion -1992 Erosion 1993 Erosion 1995 Erosi on 1991. 1992. 1993 1993 1996.
-1993. pr5
!-C/3
16/4
16/i
G/O
17/l
17/2
17/3
17/4
l-i/S
i7/6
19 /4
20/o
20 /s
a/5
4203 -
2053 -
1730 -
12zo -
1135 -
1159 23
1m -
1220 -
1323 - 1700 - 1733 -
2500 -
7oco -
5330 -
2690 -
a713 -
2273
2150 -
2100 -
2DO: IL'
2143 -
2120 -
2230 '-
1523 -
1470 -
900 75 '.
4230
2050
1730
1200
1135
1133
1220
1223
1323
1700
1733
2530
7000
5333 2693 2713
2150
21m
2100
2143
2123
2230
19x1
1470
900
.52)
195 98
~6
240
23
2'270
-' '
-
46
36
24
1730
1200
1135
‘i130 .~..
1230 :
1220
1331 1700 17m
25m
7330
5330
zl90
2715
2153
2103
2190
2140
2;a
290
1520
14b
SO0
520
195
98
106
- 240
l-i30 30. 17cp
1200' 260 943
1135
1130
1230
2270 -
1331
1700
1ioo
2533
7003
5330
2693
2710
1730 ‘. -.
: -
130
23
2273'
.-
::_
_I .-
.s __:
1s
1. 5. -
1270
1230
122.3
a/6 -
a/7 2153
21/o 2E3
2l/2 2103'
21f3 2140
21j4 212.3
21/5 1933
21/f-+- 152)
2L/7 14 70
22/o 975
22/l 560
22/2 195
22/3 124
22/4 142
22/5' 272
40
55
250
193
180
70
I30
1203
113'5
1170
1230
122)
1320
1700
1733
25x 70%
5330
2690
2713
2153
2lm
2273
'.'_
_ .‘. ' .'. 2 103
: 1135
i.lWO./
1233
lzx,
1331 1705
.-liZO 2503
7330
5xm
26930
2713
2279 - 2273
2153
2130
2DO
2143'
21a)
2153
2130
2J?O.
_ 2140
2120
21%
212)
1980
1523
1473
_ _ - ET30
- 15x) 0 14m
.198cl ;:
- 1523 j::
-.. _ ,_. :
.~ 1470
9-n
:-. <'.. 560
900
.i 523
195 - 98
.-530.
5zJ -:
195
98
1~6
. 560. .25
195 195 -.
124 124 -
142 _:. - 142 -
- 272 '._ 272 -
- ?I06 248 1 - 248
22/6 1753 -. 1753 - 1753 L 1703 5s 1700 - 1703 - 1703 \\
.22/7- .22X1 - 22l33 ..-, 2233 - 223c) - 2233 -.. 2233 -- 2xn
ANNEX v
/ ',lJtcnf?rlt sll"vr:"q J.t,,hir:.I:l IlJ~i!bdz~(c I, I '/.,uious Llirr~gcs 4n ;,>-.cil,
_.-.-.-. -.-,- . . . . -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-....-.-.-.-. -.-.-.
I)., I<! ,~iiurliU U~rr~rjc I
3JL<. :tniri Sarr.7 <I‘, ,;,.- .-,‘I.-.-.-.-.-,- .-._.-, -._3.-.-
I L’ / T c/s
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. -.-.-.-.-.-C-.-..-.-.-.-.-.-.-. -.-.-.-.*.-.-.-.-.-. -.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-, P
3
2i-s67
zJ+- GO I!)-U-70 ,7..3..7J o-7-72
,q-G-73
?1j-i74 , qL7.j
17-0-76 1.!-‘f-77 Jr,-r-7C 1 l-C-79
15-0-00 b-3-01 ,li-c-07 1%g-c3 .:-y-c4 ,5-6-25
J 3-G-06
3-9-07
.lG-5-92
3J-7-93
‘21-7-5.:
L= 3-o-95
22-3-9 6
:.:“~~rr;,,‘e
:“J-c-fjg >6J x>, 3!-C-G’) 553257 1%0-x ?4?!327
23-G-711 -95GiS
.!>7-72 71’3719
13-c-7: GlIGC
7-9-7; JG,!?Q
Y-9-75 *?x>o 23-s-76 79:9c2 Jy-:--,;’ 3.:y,511 -_ 27-G-i’; 71?7?;?
l5-C-79 332552 L’J-G-CO 232810
k
26-~-06 332?‘::,
ICI-q-C7 J3?i9?
77i435
B4462
i, ’ :.,
ANNEX VI
, __ ._. ,. ,n, I -’ : -. -K!F OF
” a, ., .
.’ 112
“.,.i ;li;. LI ; .,, --. .-. ._.-_
ANNEX VIII
I-‘LAN SHOWING .LOCATION OF . . PROTtCTtotq WORKS FOR MOEN-JO-DARO
Distribution: limited UNESCO/MO/EX-XllU3/Add 2 Paris, Original: English
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
TI& GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
Water and Power Development Authority
REPORT ON
THE MOENJODARO GROUNDWATER CONTROL SCHEME
Submitted by the Project Director Lower Indus Right Bank Drainage Project
Larkana, January 1997
I. INTRODUCTION
1. The archaeological remains of Moenjodaro formed part of a major Harrapan city which was inhabited in about 2500-l 500 BC and belonged to the Indus Valley civilization. These monuments, which bear striking testimony to the dawn of urban civilization, are located on the right bank of the Indus, at about 200 miles north of Karachi in Larkana District.
2. When archaeological excavations began and led to the discovery of Moenjodaro in 1922, the underground water-table was then recorded at about 25 feet. By contrast, present levels vary between 5 feet insummer and 12 feet in winter.
3. A number of factors contribute to the maintenance and increase of this high water- table. To begin with, the average ground level is 152 feet above mean sea level, whereas the maximum flood level of the Indus, only one-fourth of a mile away at its nearest point, is 170 feet (i.e. 18 feet above ground). Three miles away to the west lies the Dadu Canal with a capacity of 1500 cusecs and a water level of 158 feet (i.e. 6 feet above ground).
4. Summer flooding by the river implies an unavoidable additional recharge to the site’s groundwater, 80% of which comes from the river and the rest, 20%, from the Dadu Canal. Above all, the water-table increase is due to the existence of the Sukkur Barrage, constructed in 1932, and intensive irrigation following the introduction of a Perennial Irrigation System.
5. As a result, two major problems have to be confronted in preservation work on the archaeological remains. First, the site is threatened with erosion by the Indus River, and this is dealt with by the Irrigation Department. Second, the monuments are deteriorating under attack from salts which infiltrate into them by capillary action from the shallow water-table. This problem is being addressed, first, by archaeological conservation work carried out by the Department of Archaeology and Museums and the International Consultative Committee. Second, continuous action is being taken by the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) to lower the water-table itself, all within the framework of the Groundwater Control Scheme.
II. SALIENT DATA CONCERNING THE GROUNDWATER CONTROL SYSTEM
6. Groundwater control was entrusted to WAPDA in January 1980, at th,e request of the Chairman of the Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro (APM). This control is based on a system which comprises:
(i) 27 tube-wells;
(ii) 39 piezometers;
(iii) a disposal system with two collector drains and a channel; and
(iv) a pump station comprising 10 pumps.
-2-
7. The tube-wells were installed in two stages, as follows:
(i) Stage I
Number- of tube wells 14
Depth to which water-table is to .be lowered 20 ft
Individual discharge capacity Y
3 cusecs
Year of coming into operation ‘1983
(ii) Stage II
Number of tube wells 12
Depth to which water-table is to be lowered 32 fi
Individual discharge capacity 3 cusecs
Year of coming into operation “1985-86
8. In addition, the tube-wells are equipped with motors of 60 BHP, and have an averaged cased depth of 320-330 ft, of which 110 ft is in M.S. casing and the remaining casing is in fibre glass. The diameter of the fibre glass casing is lo”, whereas that of the M.S. casing is 14” (see Annex I).
Geologv
9. The typical drilling log of well no. MD- 15, showing the geological section for a depth of 350’, is enclosed (see Annex II).
The disposal system has three components as follows:
Lenath Capacity (cusecs)
(a) Collector drain (north) 7.65 0 40
(b) Collector drain (south) 8.65 40
(c) Disposal channel (built in 1983) 7.65 100
l With the exception of an old experimental tube-well of the Department of Archaeology and Museums which was restored and put into operation as tube-well no. 14 in September 1985.
l * The UNESCO Executive Committee, at its tenth Session (June, 1992), allocated US $39,000 for the installation of another tube-well.
-
-3-
111. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE, AND ANNUAL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURE OF GROUNDWATER SCHEME AT MOENJODARO
10.
i> ii)
iii) iv)
(Rs in millions) CAPITAL EXPENDITURE STAGE I STAGE II
Tube-wells 3.370 2.560 Disposal system with appurtenant works 12.360 Electrification 9.000 1.620 Construction of earth embankment 1.950
ANNUAL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
0 ii)
iii) iv) 4
Major repairs Minor repairs Adm. expenses Electrification expenses Quarterly APM funds
STATEMENT OF MONTHLY AND QUARTERLY OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURE OF MOENJODARO
11. Description
The pump station comprises: Capacitv
8 pumps equipped with 25 BHP motors _
5.6 cusecs
2 pumps equipped with 80 BHP motors 25 cusecs
2.900 1.200 1.100 7.000 0.700
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
8. 9. 10. 11.
Salary of work staff Pay of daily-wage staff Salary of Equipment Engineer Travel allowance of Equipment engineer Travel allowance of Driver Petroleum, oil and lubricants of WAPDA vehicle Petroleum, oil and lubricants of APM vehicle Repair of both vehicles Other expenses Stationary, photostat, etc. 2.5% WAPDA Dept. charges
Monthly Quarterly expenditure expenditure
90,000.00 45,ooo.oo
7,ooo.oo 2,ooo.oo 2,500.OO
270,OOO.OO .1~5,000.00
21 ,ooo.oo 6,OOO.OO 7,500.oo
7,ooo.oo 21,ooo.oo
7,ooo.oo 8,OOO.OO 3,ooo.oo 2,ooo.oo 5,833.OO
179,333.oo
21 ,ooo.oo 24,OOO.OO
9,ooo.oo 6,OOO.OO
17.500.00 538,OOO.OO
-4-
a> b) C> 4
e>
Monthly expenditure Quarterly expenditure Quarterly funds received from APM Amount to be saved out of Rs 700,000 (c minus b) Remaining monthly available funds for maintenance of tube-wells, pump station and drains = 162,OOO.OO + 3 F
Rs 179,333.oo Rs 538,OOO.OO Rs 700,000.00 Rs 162,OOO.OO
Rs 54,ooo.oo
NOTE: As stated above, monthly available funds for the 27 tube-wells, pump station and drains only amount to Rs 54,000.00, are insufficient to meet requirements, and need enhancement as follows:
i>
ii)
iii)
iv)
v>
Funds required from APM on quarterly basis Rs 1,200,OOO instead of Rs 700,000 approved during the year 1994
Quarterly expenditure as stated above in item (b)
Balance amount for one quarter (i minus ii)
Monthly funds for maintenance of tube-wells, pump station and drains: Rs 662,000 t 3
Deficit per month (iv minus e)
Rs 1,200,000.00
Rs 538,OOO.OO
Rs 662,OOO.OO
Rs 220,667.OO
Rs 166,667.OO
12. The wage structure improved, with a 35% increase with effect from 1.6.94 and a 7% further enhancement in pay with effect from 1.6.95. At the same time, .the Government imposed a 12.5% sales Tax in 1994-95, and there was a 7% devaluation of the Pakistani rupee in October, 1995. Consequently, the wage bill has increased considerably. The above changes in Government policy have led to great increases in the prices of pumps and tube- well spares and other components. Hence the Rs 1,200,000, rather than Rs 700,000, which are required on a quarterly basis to ensure the smooth running of the Groundwater Control Scheme.
13. Supplementary funds are also required for the following work and expenditure (bearing in mind, inter alia, the unprecedented cost increases in spares and repair work):
-
-5-
Gravel Electrical/mechanical spares for tube-wells Repair work on disposal channel Replacement of delivery pipes .Purchase of 14 transformers
Rs 400,000.00 Rs 1,600,000.00 Rs 1,100,000.00 Rs 2,500,OOO.OO Rs 1.800.000.00 Rs 7,400,000.00
14. Finally, attention should be drawn to the fact that the Government-approved increases of 35% in the wage structure (with effect from June 1994), and 7% in living allowances (with effect from June 1995) are yet to appear in the quarterly budget. The resulting financial pressure means that major allocations are being used to pay Operation and Maintenance Staff, and repair work on tube-wells is being neglected. Indeed, the APM has not increased expenditure on Operation and Maintenance, despite our repeated requests.
IV. OPERATION OF THE TUBE-WELLS
15. The Groundwater Control Scheme is unique because the lowering of the water-table which it envisaged was unprecedented in scale. The success of the scheme depended on the care and consistency observed in its day-to-day operation. At the International Consultative Committee meeting which was held in Karachi in July 1985, it was decided that each tube- well was to be worked for 16 hours per day. And after the completion of Stage II in January 1986, this decision was applied to all 27 tube-wells.
16. Unavoidably, the passage of time and heavy wear and tear have taken their toll. For instance, tube-wells 8, 9, 14, 23, 25 and 26 started pumping large quantities of sand and gravel, and had to be either repaired or re-bored in 1992-93. A table of the condition over time of both individual tube-wells and pumps is given hereunder.
17. HISTORY AND PRESENT CONDITION OF TUBE-WELLS AND PUMP STATION OF MOENJODARO
Tube-well No.
Date of commission
Condition of tube-well
Remarks
1 1983 Out of order 1. Transformer burnt 2. Needs replacement of pump
Parts
2 1983
i) Column shafts (9) ii) Top shaft (1)
iii) Stuffing box (1) iv) Column pipes (6) v) Bowel assembly impeller (1)
vi) Direct disposal system needs replacement
Working Needs replacement of item no. 2 condition spare parts which are worn out.
-6-
3 1983
15 1986
Out of order Items 1 & 2
Item 2 Working condition
. 4
16
5
17
1986 -do- -do-
-do-
Items 1 & 2
Item 2
1986
1983
1986 ..
-do-
Out of order
Working condition
1983 Out of order
1986 Working condition
6
18
Items 1 & 2
Item 2
664) 1983
19 1986
7 1983
20 1986
8 1983
Out of order Items 1 & 2
-do-
-do-
-do-
Transformer burnt.
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do- (Re-bored
1992-93) 1995
Working condition
Out of order
Working condition
9 1995 Item 2
21 1986
10 1983
Items 1 & 2
Item 2
22 1986 Working condition
Item 2
11
24
1983
1986
Out of order
Working condition
Out of order
Working condition
Items 1 & 2
Item 2
12
23
1983
1995
Items 1 & 2
OK in all respects.
25
13
1995
1983
-do- -do-
Items 1 & 2 Direct disposal system needs replacement.
Out of order
-7-
26 1995
-
14 1995
PUMP STATION
Pump No. 1 1983
” ” No. 2 ” ” No. 3 ” ” No. 4 ” ” No. 5 ” ” No. 6 ” ” No. 7 ” ” No. 8 ” ” No. 9
” ” No. 10
Re-bored in 1992-93. Working condition
Out of order Re-bored in
1992-93.
Working condition
-do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do-
OK in all respects.
0 ii)
a>
i> Top shafts ii) Column shafts
iii) Column pipes iv) Bowel assembly, impeller V> Stuffing boxes.
b)
18. The table above shows that only 13 tube-wells are now in working condition.
Direct disposal system Needs completion of 11 KV, Electrification, Transformer, Control panel and Cable. For electrification estimates submitted which were deferred by the APM, see its letter no. 8485 dated 08.05.1994.
Needs replacement of following spare parts:
Motors are in good working condition.
Consequently, a new working schedule was established as follows:
W INTER
Working hours Tube-well number
Total no. Pumps of Remarks of tube- pumping wells in station operation
6.00 a.m.-2.00 p.m. 2, 4, 17, 26 4 2, 5, 8 Pump no. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10 on stand-by
2.00 p.m.-l 0.00 p.m. 10, 16, 18, 24 4 3, 4, 7 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10
10.00 p.m.-6.00 a.m. 9, 22, 23, 25 4 6, 9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10
Tube-well no. 15 to remain on stand-by.
-
-8-
6.00,a.m.-2.00 p.m. 2, 4, 24, 25
SUMMER
4
2.00 p.m.-.lO.OO p.m. 16, 18, 24, 26 4
10.00 p.m.-6.00 a.m. 9;10, 17, 23 4
3, 5, 9 Pump no. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 on stand-by
2, 7 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10
4, 6, 8 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10
V. A REVIEW OF GROUNDWATER CONTROL PROBLEMS, AND REQUESTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING REPAIR AND RENOVATION WORK W ITH ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE
19. The disposal channel, which forms part of the disposal system, is lined with plain concrete cement blocks to protect it against scouring and seepage. Turbid free effluents imply weed growth as a result of oxidation. The weeds clog the channel and have to be cleaned from time to time to maintain this section of the disposal system in good condition. In addition, the channel was de-silted in April, 1995.
20. At present, however, the panels of the disposal channel, built in 1983, have become cracked and uneven and require prompt replacement in order to ensure the unhindered flow of water, and prevent the efficiency of the entire system being affected. It is therefore recommended that an allocation of Rs 1 million be earmarked to repair the damaged panels.
21. It is also requested that the channel be de-silted every two years. An estimated expenditure of Rs 200,000 would enable the necessary work to be carried out in April 1997, during the closure of the Dadu Canal.
22. In general, the present condition of the motors and pumps of the tube-wells and pump station is poor, and they need overhauling. Delivery pipes, for example are completely rusted and damaged, and necessitate immediate repair work. The pump station requires renovation work on electrical and mechanical components as well as on the0 building itself. The total estimated cost is Rs 100,000.
23. The inside walls of the column pipes of the tube-wells have also been damaged by chemical action. To protect them, it is proposed that either “appoxy” paint or plastic lining be used. The latter have been successfully tried in the column pipes of the SCARP Khairpur tube-wells. Although expensive, the method greatly prolongs tube-well life.
24. The control panels and electrical components have been damaged by long years of use. The overhauling of the panels and replacement of the electrical components is recommended.
25. The Electricity Department may be instructed to provide an independent feeder for tube-wells and the pump station. This would ensure control over the fluctuation which is the
-9-
main cause of the burning of transformers, control panel parts and motors, etc.
26. Tenders were invited for the procurement of transformers from Siemens and spare parts from K.S.B. in 1995. It was learnt, however, that the required transformers were unavailable. The Director-General of the APM is again requested to use his influence to secure the purchase of the transformers as repairing them is very costly, and they soon fail again.
27. Individual concrete examples of problems are provided, first, by tube-well no. 14. It was re-bored in 1993, but remained out-of-order owing to the non-completion of the following
(9
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
work:
the supply of electricity using an 11 KV transmission line approximately 800 feet long;
a direct disposal system in the channel of approximately 600 feet, and a delivery pipe;
the installation of a new 100 KVA transformer;
the renovation or re-installation of a control panel including a cable and electrical components.
Taking into account the condition of the tube-well, we wish to recommend the provision of Rs 300,000 or the completion of work on the tube-well.
28. Second, the water supply system is based on tube-well no. 15, using an overhead tank, at a distance of about 1000 feet. In the month of September-October 1996, it was discovered that the pipe was leaking, and heavily damaged stretches over a length of some 300 feet were repaired or replaced. When checked, the entire length of the pipe was found to be either damaged or rusted. The Executive Engineer (Hamal Lake) has already sent an estimate of Rs 478,000. The visits by dignitaries lend even greater urgency to the required repair work on the pipe. We again wish to recommend the allocation of Rs 700,000 so that the water supply line can be fully repaired or replaced over its entire length.
29. Piezometers are located at uneven spots, and many are either choked up or completely worn out (i.e. nos. 9, 13, 14, 16, 18; and E, G, K, M , 0 and R). They need to be replaced, and it is recommended that new piezometers be located near the tube-wells, within the periphery of the tube-well grid. Replacement is estimated to cost about Rs 100,000.
30. It is recommended that sheds be provided for the tube-well transformers to protect them from bad weather.
3 1. A small site-workshop should be established for incidental repairs and to save time and money. At present, spare parts have to be obtained from Sukkur/Larkana.
32. An allocation of Rs 1.6 million should be desirable for the purchase of a reserve stock of spare parts of pumps, motors and electrical components from manufacturers, which should be maintained to ensure the good working order of the entire system.
- 10 -
33. Lastly, but by no means least, proper residential accommodation should be provided for the Equipment Engineer and his colleagues.
CONCLUSION
34. Such, to conclude, are the requirements for maintaining the water-table at the required depth of 15 feet, a task to which we are devoting all efforts. For the Groundwater Control Scheme as a whole would fail if proper funding were not provided.
-
P VYP BOWL .- .---
SUCTIOY ptw -
_.. -_ p”“p (U5PEN$ION ttOu!+t-
I I.
WPIJYP CA¶lkS
-6’PICAL
320
3Y P ARRAhiGEMENT OF I TUBEWELL
T--T- -.
, I. ’ .: ANNEX II
E- .215J - -
* 7 i
221.6 - -
8-p
9- 2329
:l.6.0
i
I ‘.
10. 2352 II 1;
IL 1
0109 < 15 - -0131 -- ;
16--' oi5i t 17- 02;8'
20-j 0351 _ - 21- O&Ski -I- 22 -- 0532
211rI
: : !. 2
z!:u:
2257
2316
2339
2LOl
2L19
2638
2457
0119 Olf.2
0208
0230
0302
0337
WO6
0519
0545
OGY4
1;50 '
2129
1630'
045
1625
isi7
2032
2230
2105
OIL5 0259
01 IS
OG30
(I!!:
OGlS
II;!10
11111 1
0011
0308 L
GO10
0009
0007
0007 h
0009
0010 0011
OOlL
0012
3019
:321. .
0015
Do2r.
0013
0025
c435' ."
OG59.
lf.?L .
OIL',
c:co
0x7
005L: J.
0218
0155
0043 ?OL 3
0515
-.- ---
5 L L-l T T E n
_.-_ LAM -. s L 0 T T E
'IT -. . I1 L A t1 I( .-. 5 L a .r 1 E 1:
Li?- ..-
I- :-
t -.
38f. ;- --
1 -
.--.-m-e _i LOO ,' _ - _
-
- - .
-L
?L..i .GQ.- CL-. II .--- ICiZ--
ANNEX III
S!.. . . . _ ,- r ;. 3 - ^ c
. ._ .d. jpq ./cl ::I: , 1 z,./ ii I’“5 ,_- 1t;c;:;.
:;r.. _--------- ----- .- _---A
L.
C /* *
10.
11.
12.
13. 14. 15. 16, 17. 18.
19. 20. 21. 22.
23. 24.
25. 26. 27.
28.
29. 30.
31. 32.
, 339
MY-1
E-2
M-3 xlz-4
.!a-5 ’ ID-G
Ial -6A w-7 MD-t! ND-9 MD-IO MD-l 1 ND-12 MD-13 MD-14
m-15 W-16
1yD-77 Lflblf3 m-10 a
MD-20 m-21 m-22
MD-23 MD-24 MD-25 MD-26 North Drain Scuth Drain.
l/r72.W Fj;a ?!.I51 .:e ;;:z?
45?.52 ZJj: m 3512 5s ?Frn 453.12 ppill 3CIl.6lr '~.Fll
331.52 ppm 432.CO pPm
116C.32 ppm 1479.40 ppn
498.00 ppm 926.08 pPm 553.60 ppm 382.08 Ppm 755.6? ppm 526.72 ppm 368.CO aprn 4?3.C% ppm 275.20 ppm 331.52 ppm 625.28 ppm
1212.80 ppm 1529.60 ppm 17X~.80 ppm 1292.80 ppm
304.00 ppm 655.20 mm
1820 1761
792 .,'2 ppm 895.36 202t?.!?o PPm - 1516.W rw -
690.56 ppm 497.28 912.64 ppm 903.68
1305.60 ppm 1113.60
754.56 ppro 990.38
1632.00 1137.92
G20.16 265.60 321.92
1811.20 214~+.Ob
ppm' 1657.60 m 1568.CO ppm j ppm 377.28 wm 608.CO wm pp.2 e4 I .63 >p .n 952 .?O p?m ppcl 4oc.00 wm 290.56 wm
‘Fp31 435.20 mm 364.W PP" ppm 1529.60 PF'" ik52.co m ppm 1361.60 mm 2137.60 PP91
1452.80 wm 1363.20 mm
1153.28 ppm 1344.00 mm
mm wm PFm I)?'"
455.04 641.28
458.2a
wm PP”’
I I
w I
1079.04 ppm 1005.44 ppm
591.36 ?pm
1.28 ?i,ln
161.28 !i:‘:!i
247.04 g;; :!I
922.88 ;‘;:I2
1123.84 p,p;n
1779.20 PP’” 981.12 PPm
1382.40 wm 1064.32 mm
821.12 “2” 312.32 ppm
1523.20 wm 828.16 wm
1200.64 PPm 757.76 mm
1152.00 w 723.'20 I PP’”
1193.60 : PP’” ofal -47 : ppm
k
._ ‘;. .‘, ,’ .‘.’
:, .,,:.: .
:t, -/ ’ ,. : ._ ,., . , ..Jr !,
_‘,. :
,\l‘il\l~:s I\’
..,.. . . . . _ . . . _ _. __
-_---_-----_-------_--__-_------____--_-_-______--_---_-____----_-___-_____^_____________-___-______ > Sr: El011 t I1 Ilo. of n. tl. I’ No:
D13chargc of Pumps
I’wnp Ill& cnch I’u1np
I’uropn~r III llou I‘5 Acr~c vcct I~cmaI-It.5 ______-_------__----____^_______________-------------------------------------------------------------
1 2 3 I, 5 G 7 l!
1. l/96 #I
2. 2196 ”
7. 7/96 n
0. 0/¶6 n
9. 9/96 ”
IO. lo/96 ”
II. II/96 ”
8 2
0 2
0 2
0
2
0
2
0
2
8
2
0
2
0
2
a
2
0
2
25 00
25 00
25 00
25 00
25
00
25
00.
; 25 00
25 00
25
80
25 00
25 ‘BO
5.6 25.0
5.6
25.0
5.6
25.0
. 5.6 25.0
5.6
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ANNEX VI
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ANNEX VII
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Distribution: limited UNESCO/MO/EX-XIW3/Add 3 Paris, Original: English
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
THE GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
CONSERVATION OF STRUCTURAL REMAINS
- A BRIEF REPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE MOENJODARO CONSERVATION CELL (19924996)
- A BRIEF REPORT ON THE DRAINAGE WORK CARRIED OUT IN THE DK AREA OF MOENJODARO FROM
7 JULY TO 27 AUGUST, 1996
by the Department of Archaeology and Museums
- REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE WATER AND SOIL INVESTIGATION LABORATORY (1992-1996)
by WASIL
January 1997
I I ‘I
A BRIEF REPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE
MOENJODARO CONSERVATION CELL (19924996)
1. The Moenjodaro Conservation Cell began its major activities with the organization of the Second Workshop at Moenjodaro in February-March, 1993.
2. The examination of the archaeological remains, in the context of the workshop, led to the discovery of the following site emergencies:
walls dangerously destabilized by the unrefilled holes which had been opened for damp proof courses;
seriously undermined walis;
walls which were leaning for a variety of reasons;
walls which contained high concentrations of salts;
cracks on the top surfaces of the walls;
erosion of the earth in the remains as a result of rain activity;
erosion of the base of walls standing on debris and earth filling;
the presence of wind-borne salt-laden loose earth deposited on the surfaces of the walls.
3. Advice and decisions were taken at this Second Workshop, and follow-up action consisted in an extensive programme of emergency conservation work. However, all regular and experimental work had to be suspended because of the heavy rains which lasted from the last week in May to the second week in September, 1994.
4. The suspension of conservation work and the long neglected rain-preparation action caused the heavy rains to result in the collapse of several original and non-original walls. The Stupa, Great Bath and Granary were also heavily damaged.
5. The rain erosion patterns were mapped and decisions were made in situ about the preventive measures to be taken against further structural collapse. A comprehensive programme was thus launched to recover the losses, and the consultants were to be kept informed about the situation.
6. The Moenjodaro Conservation Cell organized its Third Workshop in September 1994. There were detailed discussions of the situation in the aftermath of the long and heavy rains, and a programme of remedial and conservation work was established as follows:
1. Recovery and restoration of all the original and non-original walls
I I ‘I
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7 -. Preservation of the Stupa and the Great Bath
3. Restoration and preservation of seriously endangered structures, in particular the Granary and Temples
4. Barriers for controlling rainwater.
7. A slogan was also established saying that no wall or structure would collapse in future at Moenjodaro, and indeed the Moenjodaro Conservation Cell has ensured that no wall has collapsed since its initial measures in the context of the 1995 monsoon.
8. All losses were recovered according to schedule, the barriers were erected and rainwater diverted from sensitive to safe zones. The foundations of the walls along which rainwater flowed were properly secured, and their surfaces protected against erosion. The lower sections of the walls were plastered with mud-chaff, and other measures were taken to control rain damage.
9. At the same time, the projects concerning the Great Bath and Stupa w-ere properly designed with the assistance of consultants, and submitted to UNESCO and the Ministry of Culture for approval and funding. The projects were begun after the necessary approval had been obtained.
Work on the Great Bath
10. Preservation measures and basic documentation work were completed. Drainage work was carried out and the drain channel was thoroughly cleaned so as to rid the Great Bath of all the accumulated water in the structure. One of the original walls was saved by the construction of a temporary wall in front of it. Pointing of walls and training in pointing was carried out with the assistance of Mr Frank Briscoe, the UNESCO consultant.
Work on the Stuna
11. The Stupa project was designed on a major scale and envisaged the employment of all available scientific methods. This complex project was divided into parts and phases, with the three parts being: a preliminary survey; model experiments; and execution of the work.
12. Preliminary survey work comprised:
(9 recordings of data and measurements;
(ii) taking of photographs;
(iii) making of drawings;
(iv) the identification of problems and preparation of estimates, etc.
- I I ‘I
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Model experiments
13. Ten different models were designed for training and experimental purposes, and all the required research findings were obtained prior to the actual conservation / preservation work.
Execution of the work
14. This was divided into three phases as follows:
Phase I:
(9 repair of the Stupa drum/core;
(ii) extension of the Stupa base for Stupa protective sacrificial walls;
(iii) sacrificial walls all over the Stupa core;
(iv) resetting of loose bricks;
(4 underpinning of the undermined or eroded sections.
Phase II:
(i) pointing of the Stupa cell area and the Great Bath’s pillars;
(ii) pavement of the Stupa courtyard with adobe;
(iii) removing and reshaping of the Stupa’s flanks;
(iv) pacca drain for drainage of the rainwater in the Stupa area.
Phase III:
(9 walkway around the Stupa courtyard;
(ii) grille around the Stupa base;
(iii) repair of the stairs;
(iv) conservation of the Stupa cell area along the front stairs.
15. The first phase of the work on the Stupa was completed in June 1996, but administrative problems have resulted in the suspension of the second phase and the Stupa has been put under the responsibility of the Department of Archaeology and Museums.
16. The available staff of the Moenjodaro Conservation Cell was then entrusted with the task of documentation. By the end of September 1996, the following work had been accomplished:
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- compilation of data on interior spaces / measurements of all site areas, including the DK-ABC and Dales Areas;
reports on the condition of all site areas, including the DK-ABC and Dales Areas;
a brick-by-brick data recording concerning the Great Bath and two main original walls in the Great Bath area;
data recording concerning the DK-G North and five blocks of the DK-G South Areas.
17. Fair copies of all documentation are being kept. But the non-availability of the architect and computer graphic facility has meant that no drawings have been made and no data stored on the computer.
Future conservation work
18. All future conservation work is to be executed by the Department of Archaeology and Museums, with the Moenjodaro Conservation Cell being prepared to provide whatever assistance may be required of it.
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CONSERVATION AT MOENJODARO
A BRIEF REPORT ON THE DRAINAGE WORK CARRIED OUT IN THE DK AREA OF MOENJODARO FROM 7 JULY TO 27 AUGUST, 1996
by the Department of Archaeology and Museums
1. The archaeological remains at Moenjodaro have been affected by drainage problems since excavations first began in the 1920s.
2. The principal reason for such problems has been the topographic variation of the surface levels in the excavated areas. Heavy rainwater runoff has been playing havoc among the structures and accumulating to a height of several feet in low-lying areas.
3. More particularly, the damage caused by the flowing and standing rainwater has included the deterioration of the archaeological fabric, structural destabilization by the washing out of foundations, saturation slumping and the eventual collapse of the walls from prolonged contact with standing water, overloading of the structures by the saturated earth retained by them, mechanical abrasion of materials by water moving over them at speed, transportation of soluble salts (both from surrounding areas and moving salts) through individual structures, erosion of top soil and development of gullies, furrows etc. at sensitive spots.
4. The seriousness of the problem was vividly illustrated by the destruction caused by the 1994 rains. They resulted in the total or partial collapse of over 90 walls and other damages of the type mentioned in the preceding paragraph.
5. The Department of Archaeology and Museums had standing rainwater removed from the excavated sites by manual labour and alcon pumps, but this failed to save the adjoining structures from the damaging effects of rainwater ponding. Moreover, on many occasions in the past the alcon pumps were found to be out of order and the rainwater could not be pumped out within the desired time limit.
6. On receipt of an allocation of Rs 500,000 from the Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro in March 1996, the Department of Archaeology and Museums decided to give priority attention to drainage problems.
7. An archaeological engineer, Mr Mohan La1 Ochani, was given the task of, first, making an in sifu study of the DK Area which had been experiencing ponding of rainwater in the long lane and the first street to a height of 6 and 2 feet, respectively. Second, he was to suggest the measures which were the most suitable from an archaeological and technictil point of view, as well as being affordable to install and operate.
8. Spot levelling work was carried out in the DK Area itself and surrounding areas, and an assessment was made of the volumes of rainwater to be managed. In order to prevent the
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future pending of rainwater runoff in the DK Area, the following two drainage systems were proposed:
(i) storage of rainwater which accumulates in the long lane and the first street of the DK Area at some distant location. This would involve construction of a sump, 38 feet in diameter, 15 feet 7 inches deep near the parking lot and an underground gravity flow drain from the long lane up to the sump, so as to drain the lane of rainwater. It would also involve the construction of a storage tank at the southern end of the first street in order to facilitate the evacuation of the rainwater which accumulated in it to a height of about 2 feet;
(ii) gravity-flow drainage of the DK Area by maintaining a suitable gradient in its streets and lanes. This would involve filling / cutting, and the construction of the drains required for the purpose.
9. The Director-General of Archaeology studied the advantages and disadvantages of the two proposed systems and agreed to the adoption of the gravity-flow drainage system. Work was begun on 7 July and completed on 27 August 1996, at a cost of Rs 500,000.
10. The details of the work executed in the DK Area are as follows:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Isolation of the low-lying DK-G Area, South, from adjoining areas. This required the construction of a 298 feet pacca drain of section 2’3” x 1’5” on the eastern side of the first street in order to channel the rain runoff from the eastern unexcavated mounds toward the low-lying areas in the south; preventing the rainwater runoff of the vast southern area from entering the DK-G Area, South, through the Chiefs house by the maintenance of a gradient; diversion of the rainwater runoff of the vast western area towards the north-east comer by giving it a suitable gradient; diversion of the rainwater runoff of the DK-G Section (North) towards the east by giving a suitable gradient to the central street and erecting barriers in front of the low lane, loop lane and other openings.
Filling with silt-free pure clay (obtained from the Indus) in the first street, long lane, loop lane, crooked lane and the rooms up to the levels required for ensuring drainage of the entire DK-G Section, South, by gravity; 1:400 gradient in the streets and lanes in order to prevent erosion of the top soil. Room floors have been raised by 3 feet in relation to the street in order to prevent the accumulation of rainwater in them.
Construction of 1088 feet trapezium-shaped drain from the entrance of long lane as far as the low-lying area near the Moenjodaro protection ring bund. This drain has a flat brick floor and one foot deep brick lining at its sides.
Construction of a 537’ 9” pacca brick-lined drain from the vicinity of the Assembly Hall as far as the Katcha drain, running along the footpath, in order to channel the rainwater east away from the central street.
Filling and sloping of the rooms in which drainage is impossible for want of a proper outlet.
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6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
Construction of b&ecUunbaked brick barriers in the Chiefs house and many other places in order to divert the rainwater to less sensitive areas.
Stabilization of sloped surfaces by either packed earth or baked/unbaked bricks, attention being paid to their angle of repose so as to prevent their erosion by rainwater runoff.
Preservation of three famous and important wells in damaging effects of rainwater by covering them with a cover.
the DK Area from the specially designed steel
Protection of the chutes of the long lane and the first street from rain and the sun by providing them with specially designed steel shelters.
Providing a steel bracket support for the overhanging bricks in the first street of DK-G Section, South (which represents the Intermediate Period of Moenjodaro).
Construction of a culvert at the crossing of the Katcha drain and the metalled road.
Construction of a flat brick-paved concave-shaped path drain in the long lane.
Revitalization of the old well at the entrance of the long lane.
Purchase of one 21” colour TV and one video cassette recorder to be used for showing documentary films to visitors and the documentation of conservation works.
11. These recent preventive measures have produced results. They have solved the chronic problem of the ponding of rainwater in the DK Area, subject to the provision of proper maintenance. The next rains should provide evidence as to the effectiveness of other measures (see the Secretariat for relevant photographs).
Outstanding problems and required funding,
12. The damp-proofing, DPCs, of a number of wells has become ineffective and they now require vertical damp-proofing. To do this, and other essential works, such as the construction of a bund sluice, the Department of Archaeology and Museums needs about Rs 500,000. The drainage of the HR, VS, L and SD Areas, using the same techniques as in the DK Area, would imply a further expenditure of about Rs 1 million. In all, DAM thus requires the amount of Rs 1.500 million to ensure proper drainage of the entire Moenjodaro site.
ri
REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE
WATER AND SOIL INVESTIGATION LABORATORY (19924996)
by WASIL
1. Moenjodaro suffers from a chronic problem of conservation which is related to the movement of water and salts from the subsoil structure of the site and the nearby area. The Water and Soil Investigation Laboratory (WASIL) was initially established by the Department of Archaeology and Museums with UNESCO’s assistance in 1973-1974, and its main function is to study the movement of water in the ground as well as in the brickwork of the structures. In addition, the Laboratory measures the relative humidity in the atmosphere and total salt contents in the water, soil and bricks, and carries out particle size analyses.
2. Before 1992 however, the Laboratory was not fully equipped to carry out analytical work. This changed as a result of the UNDP/JTF projects in the context of which the Laboratory was equipped with different kinds of scientific equipment. The staff was trained locally by the visiting consultants and in the Water and Soil Laboratory of the Water and Power Development Authority in Lahore.
3. The Laboratorv’s present tasks comprise:
water-table measurement (piezometers);
measurement of moisture contents in the soil at various spots within the remains through auger holes;
measurement of temperature in the subsurface at various levels (10 cm, 20 cm. 50 cm, 100 cm);
measurement of the temperature of the structures including the Stupa, using “therm0-couples”;
measurement of humidity in the room as well as outdoor (thermo-hygrometer used);
chemical analysis of water (tube-wells, piezometers, drains and Dadu Canal);
analysis of bricks;
particle analysis for silt, clay and sand percentages;
soil analysis from various spots for conservation purposes (mud mortar, mud slurry, mud plaster);
compilation of data;
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assistance given to the Director MCC in his model studies on the Stupa (at the structure and models behind MCC building).
4. The total number of analyses made by the Laboratory from 1992-1996 is as follows:
Work 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Water analysis samples: 450 375 350 275 150
Auger holes: 90 70 60 9
Soil samples: 150 1071 529 295 59
Temperature: Continuous through the year.
Humidity
(Visitor numbers: 1200 1000
-do-
1500 1800 900)
