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 G Ighc`l Ogthnogc Knv`k`ot

Zgc`sthohgoZnchthms 

 git`r  GrGiGt 

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mnot`ots

Zr`gm` . hx

Hotrnlumthno2 \`nr`thmgc Irgk`wnre gol Fhstnrhmgc Dgmearnuol . 7

7 \` Hsrg`ch Znst+Nscn ]trgt`ay2 \` L`knargpfhm \r`gt gol tf`

]fh rnk Mnohmt T`sncuthno tn Mnohmt Kgoga`k`ot . 47

4 Hsrg`ch Zudchm Gtthtul`s tnwgrl Z`gm` whtf tf` Zgc`sthohgos2

Qfhmf Z`gm`> . =8

= Grggt‘s F`rhtga` n Znchthmgc Mnotrnc . 17< \` Znchthms n T`nrk ho tf` Zgc`sthohgo Ogthnogc Gutfnrhty  . 87

0 Zgc`sthohgos ho ]`grmf n Gutfnrhtgthv` C`gl`rsfhp g`r Grggt . 7:8

9 \` @kpnw`rk`ot n Fgkgs gol tf` Nutdr`ge n 

Zgc`sthohgo Hoiafthoa . 7<=

Mnomcushno2 Hs \`r` g Qgy Nut n tf` Mrhshs> . 717

@phcnau` . 761

Ont`s  . 768

Dhdchnargpfy   . 788

Hol`x  . 4:=

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Grggt‘s F`rhtga` n Znchthmgc Mnotrnc

\` rnnts n tf` murr`ot Zgc`sthohgo shtugthno an dgme tn tf` ogtur` n tf` r`ahk`

tfgt wgs mr`gt`l dy Grggt g`r tf` `stgdchsfk`ot n tf` Zgc`sthohgo Ogthnogc

Gutfnrhty &ZOG(# gol tn fhs r`ahk` whtfho tf` strumtur` n tf` Zgc`stho` Chd+

`rgthno Nragohzgthno &ZCN(/ \` wgy ho wfhmf Grggt c`l tf` Zgc`sthohgos mgo

prnvhl` g pgrthgc `xpcgogthno nr dntf Zgc`sthohgo gmfh`v`k`ots shom` tf` s

gol gcsn nr tf` Zgc`sthohgos‘ ghcur` tn gttgho tf`hr ogthnogc angcs/ Ho goy ̀ v`ot#

Grggt‘s styc` n ruc` mnosthtut`s no` `xpcgogthno nr tf` Zgc`sthohgo shtugthno

tnlgy# homculhoa tf` rhs` n Fgkgs ho nppnshthno tn Grggt‘s mnotrnc gol tf`

f`a`knoy n Igt`f/

Grgigt‘s Mnotrnc nv`r ZCN Hosthtuthnos# 7896”788=

Irnk tf` s tfrnuaf # Xgss`r Grggt lnkhogt`l tf` c`gl`rsfhp n dntf

tf` Igt`f knv`k`ot gol tf` ZCN gol hts vgrhnus hosthtuthnos/ \hs mnotrnc `o+

mnkpgss`l pnchthmgc# ogomhgc# gol pudchm r̀ cgthnos# gol nragohzgthnogc lnkghos/

Ho tf` cgst nrty y`grs n fhs ch`# Grggt wgs tf` nocy aur` whtf tf` pnw`r tn

uoht`# kge` l`mhshnos no d`fgc n# gol c`gl tf` Zgc`sthohgos“tn tf` l`ar`` tfgt

tf` `vncuthno n tf` Zgc`sthohgo prndc`k mgo d` sghl tn fgv` d``o go `xpr`sshno

n Grggt‘s knl` n l`mhshno kgehoa# gol fhs ch` g lhr`mt mnothougthno n tf`

l`mhshnos f` tnne ho tf` ogk` n fhs p`npc`/ Grggt‘s Gmfhcc`s‘ f``c wgs shkuctg+

o`nuscy tf` prhomhpgc snurm` n fhs str`oatf2 fhs d`ch` tfgt f` gcno` pnss`ss`l tf`

mgpgmhty tn drhoa tf` gsphrgthnos n tf` Zgc`sthohgo p`npc` tn ruhthno/

=

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4 . Zgc`sthohgo Znchthms g`r Grggt

Nv`r tf` l`mgl`s Grggt `kpcny`l kgoy k`gos n hou`omhoa vgrhnus gs+

p`mts n tf` Zgc`sthohgo prndc`k/ Ho gllhthno tn fhs nwo c`gl`rsfhp qugchth`s# f`

gppnhot`l holhvhlugcs cnygc tn fhks`c# tn pnshthnos n pnw`r# tf`r`dy `osurhoa

tfgt ZCN hosthtuthnos wnucl kge` tf` l`mhshnos f` gvnr`l/

Mnotrnc ni tf` Grk`l Inrm`s

Xgss`r Grggt wgs `c`mt`l mfghrkgo n tf` ZCN‘s @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt`` gt tf`

f s`sshno n tf` Zgc`stho` Ogthnogc Mnuomhc# wfhmf wgs f`cl ho Mghrn I`dru+

gry ”# / G kgbnr mfgoa` hotrnlum`l lurhoa tf` s`sshno# no` mnoshl`r`l

g p`rsnogc vhmtnry nr Grggt# wgs tfgt nr tf` rst thk` tf` mfghrkgo n tf`

@x`muthv` Mnkkhtt`` wgs gcsn ogk`l supr`k` mnkkgol`r n tf` –nrm`s n tf`r`vncuthno‛5 ho ntf`r wnrls# Grggt fhks`c wgs pcgm`l gt tf` f`gl n tf` khchtgry 

whoa n tf` ZCN/ Ht wgs gcsn l`mhl`l tfgt tf` ZCN‘s grk`l struaac` wnucl d`

nv`rs``o dy r`pr`s`otgthv`s n tf` vgrhnus Zgc`sthohgo grk`l gmthnos/ Irnk tfgt

thk` nowgrls# Grggt s`rv`l dntf gs mfghrkgo n tf` ZCN‘s @x`muthv` Mnkkht+

t`` gol gs supr`k` mnkkgol`r n tf` –nrm`s n tf` r`vncuthno/‛

\f` Wuntg ]yst`k

Grggt `xpcnht`l tf` quntg syst`k n r`pr`s`otgthno ho ZCN hosthtuthnos tn augr+got`` pgssga` n tf` l`mhshnos f` suppnrt`l gol tf` s`c`mthno n fhs mnolgots

tn hkpnrtgot pnsts/ \` Igt`f knv`k`ot gcwgys fgl tf` cgra`st quntg# suppc`+

k`ot`l dy sn+mgcc`l hol`p`ol`ots# wfn fgv` a`o`rgccy `htf`r d``o suppnrt`rs

n Igt`f nr d``o suppnrt`l dy ht# gs w`cc gs r`pr`s`otgthv`s rnk wnk`o‘s nrag+

ohzgthnos# stul`ot uohnos# trgl` uohnos# prn`sshnogc gssnmhgthnos# gol ntf`r

mnosthtu`omh`s/ Ho tfhs wgy Grggt gssur`l fhks`c g kgbnrhty tfgt gccnw`l fhk

tn ruo tf` ZCN‘s hosthtuthnos# wfhc` r`kghohoa whtfho tf` nrkgc r`aucgthnos n 

tf` nragohzgthno/

No` n tf` uolgk`otgc prhomhpc`s n tf` pnchthmgc gmthvhty n tf` ZCN wgs

tfgt –hol`p`ol`ots‛ w`r` gssnmhgt`l whtf `v`ry gmthno5 knst n tf`k# fnw`v`r#

w`r` hl`oth`l whtf Igt`f/ \` quntg syst`k# gmmnrlhoa tn wfhmf pnshthnos gol

uols w`r` lhstrhdut`l# mnosthtut`l tf` nuolgthno n tf` ZCN‘s nragohzgthnogc

strumtur`# gol# gs sumf# a`o`rgt`l r`qu`ot lhsgar``k`ots gol qugrr`cs/

\` quntg syst`k wgs hosthtut`l ho nrl`r tn augrgot`` tf` mnothou`l f`a`+

knoy n tf` grk`l struaac` nragohzgthnos whtfho tf` ZCN# gs ht `xhst`l ho #

gol tf`r`nr` tf` tru` m`ot`r n pnw`r cgy `cs`wf`r`/ \` syst`k augrgot``l

tf`s` nragohzgthnos knst n tf` s`gts ho tf` Zgc`sthohgo Ogthnogc Mnuomhc &ZOM(gol tf` M`otrgc Mnkkhtt``# gs w`cc gs r`pr`s`otgthno no tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkht+

t``/ Gmmnrlhoacy# l`mhshno kgehoa `cc uol`r tf` mnotrnc n tf` pnchthmgc arnups#

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Grggt‘s F`rhtga` n Znchthmgc Mnotrnc .

gol l`mhshnos w`r` gcwgys kgl` nutshl` tf` c`ahscgthv` gol `x`muthv` nragos n 

tf` ZCN/ D`mgus` tf`s` nragos fgl on r`gc pnw`r# g vgmuuk wgs mr`gt`l gt tf`

tnp n tf` pnw`r strumtur`“g vgmuuk tfgt wgs cc`l dy no` kgo# g shoac` holh+

 vhlugc wfn fgl r`pcgm`l tf` hosthtuthno/

]hom` tf` s tf` Igt`f knv`k`ot fgs d``o gdc`# gt vgrhnus c`v`cs# tn r`+

strhmt tf` struaac` nr –l`knmrgthm r`nrk‛ tn g mnot`st nr tf` lhstrhduthno n 

quntgs5 ht l`smrhd`s tfhs gs gmthno no d`fgc n –ogthnogc uohty‛ gol gs g r``m+

thno n tf` o``l tn glnpt pnchmh`s tfgt mnkkgol g mnos`osus/ \`r` hs on lnudt

tfgt# vh`w`l ndb`mthv`cy# tf` quntg syst`k pgv`l tf` wgy nr g arglugc trgos`r

n l`mhshno+kgehoa pnw`r gwgy rnk tf` ogthnogc hosthtuthnos &tf` ZOM# tf`

M`otrgc Mnkkhtt``# tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``# gol hts vgrhnus mnkkhsshnos

gol gchgt`l nragohzgthnos(# d`mgus` k`kd`rsfhp ho tf`s` hosthtuthnos d`mgk`sudb`mt tn tf` quntg syst`k5 tfgt hs# tn g pgrthmucgr nrk n grdhtrgry gppnhot+

k`ot/ \` quntg syst`k p`rp`tugt`l tf` augrlhgosfhp gss`rt`l dy tf` vgrhnus

gmthnos# gol tf`hr c`gl`rs# nv`r tf` Zgc`sthohgo p`npc` gol tf`hr rhaft tn `c`mt

tf`hr r`pr`s`otgthv`s gol fncl tf`k gmmnuotgdc`/ \hs syst`k gcsn `omnurga`l

tf` t`ol`omy tn pr``r tf` ogrrnw hot`r`sts n tf`s` nragohzgthnos nv`r tf` drngl

ogthnogc annl/

Mnotrnc ni tf` Zgc`sthohgo Ogthnogc Mnuomhc 

Grggt agho`l mnotrnc n tf` ZOM dy mnothougccy gppnhothoa o`w k`kd`rs

tn ht2 wf`r`gs ho ht fgl no` fuolr`l k`kd`rs# lurhoa tf` cgst l`mgl` n 

Grggt‘s ch` tf` oukd`r n ZOM k`kd`rs `xm``l`l v` fuolr`l Zgc`sthohgos

rnk gcc nv`r tf` wnrcl/ \hs arglugc `xpgoshno nmmurr`l uol`r tf` auhs` n 

augrgot``hoa pgrthmhpgthno nr vgrhnus s`mtnrs# sumf gs trgl` uohnos gol prn`s+

shnogc gssnmhgthnos# stul`ots# wnk`o# gutfnrs# bnurogchsts# ̀ xhc`s# gol r`shl`ots

n tf` nmmuph`l Q`st Dgoe gol Agzg ]trhp/ O`w k`kd`rs fgv` d``o gll`l gt

`v`ry s`sshno n tf` ZOM/ \` `haftf s`sshno n tf` ZOM# f`cl ho Mghrn rnk

I`drugry tn Kgrmf # 1# gutfnrhz`l tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt`` gol mfghr+

kgo n tf` ZOM tn s`c`mt tf` o`w l`c`agt`s/ G shkhcgr r`sncuthno wgs pgss`l

dy tf` ``otf s`sshno &f`cl ho Lgkgsmus# Gprhc ”# (# wfhmf l`mhl`l

tn gll tfhrty tn nrty o`w k`kd`rs tn tf` ZOM# tn d` s`c`mt`l gt g bnhot s`s+

shno n hts pr`shlhuk gol tf` ZCN‘s @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``/: D`mgus` Grggt

mnotrncc`l dntf n tf`s` dnlh`s# ho prgmthm` f` l`t`rkho`l tf` hl`othth`s n tf`

o`w k`kd`rs/

G oukd`r n c`glhoa aur`s ndb`mt`l tn tf`s` grdhtrgry gppnhotk`ots/ Dgf+

 bgt Gdu Afgrhdg r`shao`l rnk tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt`` gt tf` ohotf s`sshno n tf` ZOM &Mghrn# Bucy 1”=# 1( ho prnt`st gaghost tf`k/ Gt tf` `c`v`otf s`sshno

&Mghrn# Bgougry 9”74# 781=(# ht wgs l`mhl`l tfgt 0: p`rm`ot n tf` o`w k`kd`rs n 

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< . Zgc`sthohgo Znchthms g`r Grggt

tf` ZOM wnucl d` lrgwo rnk tf` pnpucgr nragohzgthnos/ \`s` nragohzgthnos

w`r` uol`l dy Grggt fhks`c gol mnotrncc`l dy fhs mcns` suppnrt`rs/

\hs syst`k gccnw`l tf` ZCN‘s c`gl`rsfhp tn `osur` tfgt –tf` ZOM wnucl

d` go `kpty nruk ho wfhmf strgoa` gol kyst`rhnus `v`ots wnucl tge` pcgm`#dut ont g nruk tfgt wnucl gccnw tf` vgrhnus snmhgc ga`ots tn put nrwgrl tf`hr

l`kgols gol vh`ws# gs go nppnshthno tn tf` `x`muthv` drgomf/ Ho prgmthm`# tf`

rnc` n tf` ZOM wgs tn prnvhl` nrkgc c`ahthkgmy whtfnut pgrthmhpgthoa ho goy 

gsfhno wfgtsn`v`r ho tf` l`t`rkhogthno n Zgc`sthohgo pnchmy nr ho tf` knohtnr+

hoa n tf` gmthvhty n tf` `x`muthv` drgomf/ \` k`kd`rs n tf` ZOM s`rv`l tn

rudd`r+stgkp pnchmh`s l`t`rkho`l dy ntf`rs/‛

Grggt‘s s`hzur` n mnotrnc n tf` ZOM wgs kgl` `gsh`r d`mgus` tf` mnuomhc

wgs o`v`r `c`mt`l gol wgs ho prgmthm` k`r`cy tf` mnosthtu`ot gss`kdcy n g u+tur` Zgc`sthohgo `othty/ \` c`gl`rsfhps n tf` vgrhnus gmthnos gol tf` @x`muthv`

Mnkkhtt`` p`rnrk`l kgoy n tf` uomthnos nrhahogccy hot`ol`l nr tf` ZOM/

Iurtf`rknr`# tf` ZOM wgs o`v`r k`got tn s`rv` gs g c`ahscgtur` nr tn lrg

cgws5 hts purpns` wgs tn s`t up g Zgc`sthohgo ogthnogc `othty# g tgse ht fgs ghc`l

tn gmmnkpchsf/

Mnotrnc ni tf` ZCN‘s M`otrgc Mnkkhtt``

Grggt r`gp`l tf` d`o`ts n tf` pnchmy n `stgdchsfhoa o`w c`gl`rsfhp nragosgol spchtthoa n o`w hosthtuthnos rnk `xhsthoa no`s/ @xgkpc`s homcul` tf` `s+

tgdchsfk`ot n tf` ZCN‘s M`otrgc Mnkkhtt`` ho 1 gol tf` M`otrgc Mnuomhc ho

1=/ Gt tf` s`v`otf s`sshno n tf` ZOM &Mghrn# Kgy =”Buo` # 1(# tf` ZCN‘s

M`otrgc Mnkkhtt`` wgs `stgdchsf`l tn gsshst tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``/ Ont nocy 

wgs tf` mfghrkgo n tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``“ogk`cy# Xgss`r Grggt“kgl`

tf` f`gl n tf` M`otrgc Mnkkhtt``# gcc n hts ntf`r gppnhot`l k`kd`rs w`r` fhs

mnolgots/ Gmmnrlhoa tn tf` r`sncuthno# tf`y w`r` tf` k`kd`rs n tf` @x`muthv`

Mnkkhtt``# tf` sp`ge`r n tf` ZOM# tf` mnkkgol`r n tf` Zgc`stho` Chd`rgthno

Grky# gol tfr`` hol`p`ol`ot r`pr`s`otgthv`s/

Inccnwhoa tf` ̀ stgdchsfk`ot n tf` M`otrgc Mnkkhtt``# tf` @x`muthv` Mnk+

khtt`` wgs strhpp`l n snk` n hts pnw`rs5 ho prgmthm` ht wgs c` whtf tf` tgse n 

hkpc`k`othoa tf` l`mhshnos n tf` M`otrgc Mnkkhtt``/ Lu` tn prnt`sts gaghost

tfhs mnostrhmthno n tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``‘s gutfnrhty gol gaghost Grggt‘s

mnotrnc nv`r tf` kgoga`k`ot n gghrs# tf` ZOM l`mhl`l gt hts ohotf s`sshno

&Mghrn# Bucy 1”=# 1( tn gdnchsf tf` M`otrgc Mnkkhtt`` gol r`stnr` tf` pnw`rs

n tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``/

\hs pnchmy# wfhmf mnothou`s tn tf` pr`s`ot# wgs r`grk`l ho 1=# wf`otf` ZOM# gt hts ̀ c`v`otf s`sshno &Mghrn# Bgougry ”# 1=(# l`mhl`l tn s`t up tf`

M`otrgc Mnuomhc n tf` ZCN gs g chghsno dnly d`tw``o tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``

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Grggt‘s F`rhtga` n Znchthmgc Mnotrnc . 0

gol tf` ZOM/ Dy k`gos n tf` –hol`p`ol`ot‛ r`pr`s`otgthv`s# r`pr`s`otgthv`s

n pnpucgr nragohzgthnos# tf` quntg syst`k# gol tf` mnothougc `xpgoshno ho tf`

shz` n tf` M`otrgc Mnuomhc“rnk tfhrty+twn k`kd`rs ho 1= tn knr` tfgo g

fuolr`l tnlgy“Grggt gcsn agho`l mnotrnc n tf` cgtt`r/ \us# nr `xgkpc`# tf`lgt`s gol ga`olgs n k``thoas n tf` M`otrgc Mnuomhc w`r` s`t dy tf` @x`muthv`

Mnkkhtt``5 tfgt hs# dy Grggt/

Grggt augrgot``l tfgt tf` vgrhnus l`pgrtk`ots n tf` ZCN lhl fhs dhllhoa

dy gppnhothoa Igt`f k`kd`rs gol c`gl`rs# nr –hol`p`ol`ots‛ mcns` tn fhk# tn

f`gl tf`k/ \hs prgmthm` gi`mt`l tf` nccnwhoa l`pgrtk`ots2 tf` s`mr`tgrhgt#

tf` pnchthmgc l`pgrtk`ot# tf` khchtgry l`pgrtk`ot &n wfhmf Grggt gppnhot`l

fhks`c f`gl g`r fhs s`c`mthno gs f`gl n tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt`` ho (# tf`

Zgc`sthohgo Ogthnogc Iuol# tf` L`pgrtk`ot nr Nmmuph`l Fnk`cgol Gighrs# tf`L`pgrtk`ot nr Grgd+Ogthnogc T`cgthnos# tf` L`pgrtk`ot nr T`ua`` Gghrs#

tf` L`pgrtk`ot nr @lumgthno gol Fhaf`r @lumgthno# tf` Honrkgthno gol Muc+

tur` L`pgrtk`ot# tf` Znpucgr Nragohzgthnos L`pgrtk`ot# tf` L`pgrtk`ot nr

]nmhgc Gghrs# gol tf` L`pgrtk`ot nr Glkhohstrgthno/

Mnotrnc ni Ihogomhgc Ga`omh`s &tf` Ogthnogc Iuol(

Grggt gcsn mnotrncc`l tf` tr`gsurh`s n dntf tf` ZCN gol Igt`f/ Gmmnrlhoa

tn tf` ruc`s n tf` Zgc`sthohgo Ogthnogc Iuol# Grggt# dy vhrtu` n fhs pnshthnogs mfghrkgo n tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``# fgl tn gpprnv` tf` trgos`r n cgra`

suks tn vgrhnus pgrth`s# wfhmf p`rkhtt`l fhk tn gccnmgt` uols gol mnotrnc

suppnrt`l arnups/ Grggt gutfnrhz`l tf` knotfcy gccnmgthnos tn nragohzgthnos

gol gmthnos# tf` gkhch`s n kgrtyrs# tf` wnuol`l gol nrpfgos# tf` pnchth+

mgc dur`gus gol prnpgagolg nm`s# smfnncs# fnsphtgcs# mchohms# gol mucturgc

nragohzgthnos/

Grggt `xpcnht`l tf` vgst suks mnotrhdut`l tn tf` ZCN ho wgys tfgt fhs np+

pno`ots mnoshl`r`l hcc`ahthkgt` gol uoghr/ Inr `xgkpc`# f` nst`r`l spchts ho

rhvgc nragohzgthnos dy suppnrthoa nppnshoa `c`k`ots ho tf`k# gol tnne mnotrnc

n o`wspgp`rs gol vgrhnus hosthtuthnos# gs w`cc gs ntf`r khsm`ccgo`nus nruks/

Lurhoa tf` knotfs tfgt pr`m`l`l tf` Nscn Gmmnrls ho =# ht wgs p`rm`hv`l dy 

Hsrg`c# tf` Q`st# gol snk` n tf` Zgc`sthohgos tfgt tf` Zgc`sthohgo c`gl`rsfhp

wgs mnom`ro`l mfh`y whtf kno`y# gol tfgt `xm`sshv` us` wgs d`hoa kgl` n ht

tn hou`om` hot`rogc Zgc`sthohgo pnchthmgc gmthvhty/

Gmmnrlhoa tn tf` dycgws n tf` ZCN# tf` Zgc`sthohgo Ogthnogc Iuol wgs

r`spnoshdc` nr gcc ogomhgc gghrs gol np`rgthnos pursugot tn tf` hostrumthnos

n tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``/ \` gmthvhth`s n tf` uol w`r` nv`rs``o dy g dngrln lhr`mtnrs gppnhot`l dy tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``5 tfus Grggt mnotrncc`l tf`

gmthvhth`s n tf` uol vhg tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``/

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9 . Zgc`sthohgo Znchthms g`r Grggt

Ho # Grggt l`mhl`l tn nuol tf` ]gkhl hosthtuthno nr `mnonkhm prn+

lumthno/ Nv`r tf` y`grs ht d`mgk` g mncnssus# nv`rs``hoa lnz`os n prnlumthv`

`ot`rprhs`s gol tfnusgols n Zgc`sthohgo wnre`rs ho Grgd mnuotrh`s/ Hts dula`t

ar`w tn `onrknus prnpnrthnos# gol Grggt wgs tf` snurm` n hts gutfnrhty/4< @v`o h Grggt fhks`c c`l go gust`r` ch`styc`# f` lhl ont l`oy tf` cgvhsf fgdhts

n fhs ghl`s/ Lurhoa tf` y`grs g`r Grggt mgk` tn pnw`r# f` shc`otcy lhsr`agrl`l

homhl`ots n ogomhgc mnrrupthno hovncvhoa fhs ghl`s# gol `v`o agv` tf`k knr`

kno`y tn uol tf`hr prnlhagchty/

Mnotrnc vhg tf` K`lhg

Grggt mnotrncc`l tf` Zgc`sthohgo `c`mtrnohm gol prhot k`lhg/ F` gcsn kgoga`ltfrnuaf ogomhgc k`gos tn `xt`ol fhs hou`om` tn kgoy `kpcny``s n Grgd gol

nr`hao k`lhg nutc`ts/ No kgoy nmmgshnos Grggt pcgm`l bnurogchsts cnygc tn fhk

whtf Grgd p`rhnlhmgcs ho tf` Auc ]tgt`s# Bnrlgo# @aypt# gol `cs`wf`r`/ Tglhn

Knot` Mgrcn# wfhmf drnglmgsts rnk Irgom`# wfhmf wgs v`ry mcns` tn Grggt

gol ho gvnr n fhs pnchmh`s# wgs sudshlhz`l dy fhk# gol f` `v`o pghl tf` sgcgrh`s

n snk` n hts mnrr`spnol`ots/ n tfhs sfnucl d` gll`l tf` Ynhm` n Zgc`stho`

rglhn stgthno ho Dgaflgl/ \` k`lhg ho tf` nmmuph`l Q`st Dgoe gol Agzg ]trhp

a`o`rgccy lhspcgy`l gcc`ahgom` tn Grggt# gol snk` r`m`hv`l lhr`mt ogomhgc sup+

pnrt rnk fhk/ Qhtf tf` ̀ xm`pthno n  Gc+Ogfgr# wfhmf wgs prn+Bnrlgohgo d`nr`ogomhgc lhmucth`s nrm`l hts mcnsur`# gcc n tf` nccnwhoa o`wspgp`rs w`r` +

ogomhgccy gol pnchthmgccy &tfrnuaf fhs s`c`mthno n tf` ̀ lhtnrs( l`p`ol`ot lhr`mtcy 

no Grggt2 Gc+Nul`f# Gc+Dhygl`r gs+]hygsh# Gc+Dhygl`r gc+Glgdh# Gc+Igbr# Gc+Igbr  

ho @oachsf# Gsf+]fg‘gd# gol  Gc+Egt`d/ \` gcc`ahgom` n tf` Cnolno+dgs`l  Gc+

Wuls o`wspgp`r vgrh`l ho gmmnrlgom` whtf tf` homchogthnos n hts prhvgt` nwo`rs

uothc Grggt kgoga`l tn agho hou`om` nv`r ht gol hts mnv`rga`# gol ht d`mgk`

tf` pgp`r knst suppnrthv` n Grggt gol fhs pnchmh`s/

Ho 1# tfr`` y`grs g`r fhs `c`mthno gs mfghrkgo n tf` ZCN# Grggt gmt`l

tn tge` mnotrnc n tf` k`lhg gchgt`l whtf gcc n tf` Zgc`sthohgo nragohzgthnos

dy s`tthoa up tf` a`o`rgc uohno n Zgc`sthohgo wrht`rs gol bnurogchsts whtfho tf`

ZCN/ Grggt tf`o gppnhot`l Gfkgl Gdl ̀ c+Tgfkgo# wfn wgs v`ry mcns` tn fhk#

tn r`pcgm` Fgog K`qd`c gs `lhtnr ho mfh` n tf` nmhgc o`wspgp`r# Igcgstho gc+

\gwrg# whtf tf` r`suct tfgt r`pr`s`otgthv`s n tf` ntf`r gmthnos r`shao`l rnk

tf` p`rhnlhmgc‘s `lhtnrhgc mnkkhtt``/ \hs turo`l ht# tn snk` `xt`ot# hotn tf`

prhvgt` lnkgho n Igt`f/

\` ZCN‘s T`s`grmf M`ot`r wgs a`o`rgccy mnoshl`r`l g summ`ss stnry# dut nc+

cnwhoa ouk`rnus squgddc`s d`tw``o Grggt gol tf` m`ot`r‘s lhr`mtnr gol s`v`rgcn hts `ccnws lurhoa tf` 1s# wf`o Grggt‘s m`ot`r n pnw`r wgs ho C`dgono#

tf` m`ot`r‘s mucturgc# hot`cc`mtugc# gol honrkgthno rnc̀ s w`r` murtghc`l/ Lr/ Gohs

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Grggt‘s F`rhtga` n Znchthmgc Mnotrnc .

]gy`af# wfn s`rv`l gs tf` lhr`mtnr n tf` m`ot`r ho tf` s`v`oth`s# r`cgt`s tfgt Grg+

gt us`l tn k`llc` ho hts gmthvhth`s# hot`r`rhoa ho tf` gppnhotk`ot nr lhskhssgc n 

`ccnws ho hts bnurogc# Zgc`stho` ]tulh`s# gol `v`o mnotrncchoa tf` wnrlhoa n hts

mnrr`spnol`om`/ ]gy`af d`ch`v`s tfgt Grggt wgot`l tf` m`ot`r tn d` sudnrlhogt`tn fhs nphohnos gol vh`ws gol tn fhk p`rsnogccy/

]gy`af gcsn wrht`s gdnut gtt`kpts dy Grggt tn agho mnotrnc n tf` Zgc`stho+

hgo ̀ omymcnp`lhg pudchsf`l dy GC@M]N# tf` Grgd C`gau` @lumgthnogc# Mucturgc#

gol ]mh`othm Nragohzgthno/ F` r`cgt`s ho ar`gt l`tghc fnw Grggt hot`rv`o`l ho

 vgrhnus `otrh`s wrhtt`o nr tf` `omymcnp`lhg# mhthoa# nr `xgkpc`# fhs nppnshthno

tn go ̀ otry wrhtt`o gdnut Hz ̀ c+Lho gc+Wgsgk# no tf` arnuols tfgt f` wgs ]yrhgo

gol ont Zgc`sthohgo/

@xmcushvhty ho L`mhshno Kgehoa &tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``(

Dy tf` nrm` n fhs p`rsnogchty# l`t`rkhogthno# gol str`oatf# Grggt wgs gdc` tn

kge` l`mhshnos gol ruo tf` gghrs n tf` ZCN gcno`# tn tf` pnhot tfgt f` wgs

gmmus`l n cgmehoa r`sp`mt nr tf` nphohnos n tf` Zgc`sthohgo pudchm# tf` ZCN#

gol ̀ v`o fhs mcns`st mncc`gau`s# gol n ghchoa tn homcul` tf`k# h nocy nr gpp`gr+

gom`s‘ sge`# ho l`mhshno kgehoa/ \hs cgme n r`sp`mt wgs `vhl`ot# nr ̀ xgkpc`# ho

fhs r``r`om` tn tf` k`kd`rs n tf` Zgc`sthohgo l`c`agthno tn tf` Kglrhl mno`r+

`om` gs –pnchthmgc o`npfyt`s#‛ gs w`cc gs ho fhs lhskhssgc n tf` mnkpcghots n Ighsgc Fuss`hoh# Fgogo Gsfrgwh# gol Fghlgr Gdl `c+]fg# tf` l`c`agt`s tn tf`

Qgsfhoatno tgces# gdnut fhs tr`gtk`ot n tf`k/

Mnorkgthno n Grggt‘s gtthtul` mgo d` nuol ho tf` r`kgres n tf` f`gl

n tf` Zgc`sthohgo l`c`agthno tn tf` o`anthgthnos# Fghlgr Gdl `c+]fg# wfn# r`+

`rrhoa tn tf` prndc`ks tf` l`c`agthno gm`l ho Kglrhl# ont`l Grggt‘s studdnro

hoshst`om` no kgehoa gcc n tf` l`mhshnos fhks`c/ F` gll`l tfgt Grggt s`c`mt`l

tf` k`kd`rs n tf` Zgc`sthohgo o`anthgthoa t`gk gt tf` Kglrhl mno`r`om` whtf+

nut mnosucthoa fhk/

\` s`mr`t tgces ho Nscn w`r` mnolumt`l whtfnut tf` eonwc`la` n tf` ZCN

c`gl`rsfhp# tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``# nr tf` o`anthgthoa t`gk ho Qgsfhoatno/

G`r tf` gmmnrl wgs goonuom`l# Grggt lhl ont mnov`o` tf` ZOM nr tf` M`o+

trgc Mnuomhc tn rgthy ht/ F` mgcc`l g s`sshno n tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt`` nocy ho

tf` wge` n r`p`gt`l l`kgols gol pr`ssur`# t`o lgys g`r g k``thoa f`cl whtf

tf` Igt`f c`gl`rsfhp# gs h tf` gmmnrl lhr`mtcy mnom`ro`l nocy Igt`f gol ont tf`

ZCN/ @v`o tfns` mcns`st tn Grggt# che` ]gef`r Fgdgsf# g k`kd`r n tf` M`otrgc

Mnkkhtt`` n Igt`f# spne` n tf` lgoa`rs n Grggt‘s wgy n mnotrnc/ n prnv` fhs

pnhot# Fgdgsf ont`l tfgt tf` Nscn Gmmnrls gol hts gpp`olhm`s w`r` pudchsf`l hotf` Hsrg`ch k`lhg# gol tfgt tf` k`kd`rs n tf` ZCN‘s @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt`` gol

tf` Igt`f M`otrgc Mnkkhtt`` w`r` tf` cgst tn eonw gdnut tf`k/

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6 . Zgc`sthohgo Znchthms g`r Grggt

Ho # Efgc`l gc+Fgssgo# g k`kd`r n Igt`f‘s M`otrgc Mnkkhtt`` gol

g mnolgot n Grggt nr l`mgl`s# wrnt` g dnne# C`st tf` C`gl`rsfhp D`mnk` g

Lhmtgtnrsfhp# wfhmf r`kghos uopudchsf`l/ Ho tfhs vncuk`# no tf` dgshs n fhs

p`rsnogc `xp`rh`om`# gc+Fgssgo l`smrhd`l tf` prndc`ks whtfho tf` c`gl`rsfhpn tf` ZCN# wfhmf t`ol`l tnwgrl lhmtgtnrsfhp gol tf` gds`om` n mnosuctgthno

ho l`mhshno kgehoa/ Ho sn lnhoa# gc+Fgssgo# wfn lh`l ho # snuaft tn kge` g

ogc pc`g nr g mncc`mthv` c`gl`rsfhp rgtf`r tfgo lhmtgtnrsfhp ho tf` Zgc`sthohgo

gr`og/

\ns` ho tf` eonw mht`# gs go `xgkpc` n Grggt‘s `xmcushv` mnotrnc n l`+

mhshno kgehoa# fhs r`usgc tn gppnhot g l`puty ho goy n tf` nragohzgthnos f`

f`gl`l2 gs mfghrkgo n tf` @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``# supr`k` mnkkgol`r n tf`

nrm`s n tf` r`vncuthno# pr`shl`ot n tf` ]tgt` n Zgc`stho`# f`gl n tf` ZOG# golmfghrkgo n tf` M`otrgc Mnkkhtt`` n Igt`f# Grggt wnre`l whtfnut g l`puty/

F` r`us`l tn ogk` g l`puty ̀ v`o g`r tf` o``l wgs kgl` ndvhnus ho 7884# wf`o

tf` pcgo` f` wgs trgv`choa ho mrgsf`l ho tf` Chdygo L`s`rt gol f` wgs khsshoa

nr g oukd`r n fnurs/

]nk` Zgc`sthohgo pnchthmgc mnkk`otgtnrs d`ch`v` tfgt tf` fhots tfgt Grggt

lrnpp`l no g oukd`r n nmmgshnos gdnut Gdu Gcgg nr Gdu Kgz`o gs pnt`othgc

summ`ssnrs w`r` k`r`cy go gtt`kpt tn mr`gt` rhvgcry d`tw``o tf` twn# gol c`gv`

dntf ho g w`ge`o`l pnshthno gol uogdc` tn mfgcc`oa` fhk/ Ho =# wf`o Gdu

Kusg gol Gdu ]gc`f c`l g gmthno tfgt s`m`l`l rnk Igt`f# no` n tf`hr l`mcgr`l busthmgthnos wgs prnt`st gaghost Grggt‘s no`+kgo ruc`/ G stgt`k`ot pudchsf`l

dy tf` gmthno stgt`l tfgt –Grggt fgs `chkhogt`l tf` rnc` n tf` M`otrgc Mnk+

khtt`` gol T`vncuthnogry Mnuomhc n tf` Igt`f knv`k`ot# wfhc` hosthtuthoa

no`+kgo ruc`# ho wfhmf# gcnoa whtf g fgoluc n ghl`s# f` tge`s p`rhcnus gol

gt`uc l`mhshnos tfgt fgrk tf` s`murhty n nur mgus` gol tfr`gt`o tf` struaac`

n nur p`npc`/‛ No` n tf` l`kgols kgl` dy tfhs arnup wgs tfgt Igt`f d`mnk`

tf` mnkkgolhoa nragohzgthno rgtf`r tfgo tf` nragohzgthno n tf` mnkkgol`r/

Gontf`r ̀ xgkpc` hs Grggt‘s r`ouomhgthno n t`rrnrhsk no Onv`kd`r 1# 7860/ \hs

stgt`k`ot wgs kgl` gt fhs nwo hohthgthv` gol wgs ont lhsmuss`l dy tf` @x`muthv`

Mnkkhtt`` uothc snk` twn w``es g`r ht wgs kgl`# `v`o tfnuaf dy tfhs lgt`

Grggt fgl d`mnk` tf` l`mhshv` vnhm` ho tf` ZCN gol prndgdcy wnucl ont fgv`

gm`l goy shaohmgot nppnshthno whtfho tf` mnkkhtt``/

Mr`gthoa Lhvhshnos ho Hosthtuthnos gol Igmthnos

Ho pursuht n fhs gkdhthno tn mnosnchlgt` fhs pnshthno whtfho tf` ZCN# Grg+

gt d`o`t`l rnk tf` ssur`s# lhvhshnos# gol smfhsks tfgt r`qu`otcy `k`ra`lwhtfho tf` Zgc`sthohgo gmthnos/ Grggt gcsn us`l tfhs k`tfnl tn mnotrnc tf`

grk`l nrm`s# nr `xgkpc` dy lhsp`rshoa tf` tfnusgols n aft`rs gknoa lh`r+

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Grggt‘s F`rhtga` n Znchthmgc Mnotrnc . 8

`ot Grgd mnuotrh`s ho nrl`r tn pr`v`ot tf`k rnk tgehoa goy pgrt ho nppnshthno

tn fhk/ Hol``l# Grggt glkhtt`l tfhs np`ocy2 –H o`v`r put gcc ky `aas ho no`

dgse`t#‛ f` hs r`pnrt`l tn fgv` sghl/

\` smfhsks gcsn mnotrhdut`l tn tf` mnothou`l w`geo`ss n tf` Zgc`sthohgogmthnos/ O`w arnups gse`l Grggt nr ogomhgc gsshstgom`# wfhmf f`cp`l `osur`

tf`hr cnygcty tn fhk/ ]nk` c`gl`rs d`ch`v` tfgt Grggt fhks`c tnne g fgol ho

nk`othoa tf`s` spchts gol `omnurga`l s`ohnr k`kd`rs n snk` gmthnos“sumf

gs tf` Znpucgr Irnot nr tf` Chd`rgthno n Zgc`stho`# tf` L`knmrgthm Irnot# tf`

Grgd Chd`rgthno Irnot# tf` Zgc`sthohgo Znpucgr ]truaac` Irnot# tf` Hscgkhm Bhfgl#

gol tf` Mnkkuohst Zgrty“tn s`m`l` rnk tf`hr pgr`ot nragohzgthnos# gol `v`o

agv` tf`k tf` o`m`ssgry uolhoa/ G shkhcgr prgmthm` fgs `k`ra`l gcsn whtfho

Fgkgs ho tf` Agzg ]trhp/

\f` @stgdchsfk`ot ni Gct`rogthv` Hosthtuthnos

Znchthmgc c`gl`rs wfn wnre`l gcnoashl` Grggt fgv` ont`l g oukd`r n k`tfnls

tfgt f` `kpcny`l ho nrl`r tn mnotrnc n Zgc`sthohgo hosthtuthnos# sumf gs s`tthoa

up gct`rogthv` hosthtuthnos tn tf` ̀ xhsthoa –uocnygc‛ no`s/ Grggt‘s hot r̀v`othno ho

tf`hr gmthvhth`s“tf` gppnhothoa fhs gssnmhgt`s tn pnshthnos n pnw`r5 mnothougccy 

homr`gshoa tf` oukd`r n tf`hr k`kd`rs5 ghchoa tn mnov`o` tn lhsmuss mrumhgc

hssu`s5 cgvhsfcy lhstrhduthoa uols tn mcns` gssnmhgt`s5 gol lhsp`rshoa tf` grk`lnrm`s ho vgrhnus Grgd mnuotrh`s# gol sumf gmthvhth`s“w`r` pgrt n Grggt‘s wgy 

n kghotghohoa mnotrnc/

F`r` H sfgcc nmus no tfr`` e`y hosthtuthnos# no` khchtgry# no` ogomhgc# gol

no` hot`cc`mtugc2 tf` Zgc`stho` Chd`rgthno Grky# tf` Zgc`sthohgo Ogthnogc Iuol#

gol tf` ZCN‘s T`s`grmf M`ot`r/ Qhtf r`agrl tn tf` rst n tf`s`# Grggt# ho gl+

lhthno tn smgtt`rhoa ZCN aft`rs gknoa mgkps ho vgrhnus Grgd mnuotrh`s# gcsn

kghotgho`l r`aucgr gol hrr`aucgr nrm`s tfgt mnkp`t`l whtfho tf` ZCN/ \`s`

nrm`s kgl` str`ounus `nrts tn ndtgho Grggt‘s suppnrt# gol w`r` no` r`gsno

nr tf` spcht tfgt tnne pcgm` ho Igt`f ho =5 tf` stgt`k`ot pudchsf`l dy tf` lhs+

shl`ots r`̀ rr`l tn tf` ̀ stgdchsfk`ot n tf`s` arnups gs –g khchtgry gol nragohzg+

thnogc mnup#‛ gllhoa tfgt tf`hr ndb`mthv` wgs tn ̀ xmcul` gcc tfns` mgpgdc` n tgehoa

pgrt ho tf` struaac` gaghost tf` Gk`rhmgos rnk tf` khchtgry grk n Igt`f/

Gs nr tf` kno`y tfgt sfnucl fgv` d``o trgos`rr`l tn tf` Zgc`sthohgo Og+

thnogc Iuol rnk tf` Grgd wnrcl# g cgra` p`rm`otga` wgs trgos`rr`l tn Grggt‘s

prhvgt` gmmnuots gol ntf`r mfgoo`cs/ Grggt snuaft tn mr`gt` mnoushno d`tw``o

tf` uols n tf` ZCN gol tf` uols n Igt`f# tf` tr`gsury n wfhmf f` dnr` lhr`mt

r`spnoshdhchty nr/ n tfhs `ol f` agho`l mnotrnc tfrnuaf go gct`rogthv` uol# gsd`mgk` mc`gr ho = wf`o# gkhl ruknrs n ZCN dgoeruptmy# Igt`f‘s tr`gsury 

wgs sthcc gdc` tn uol gmthvhth`s no g drngl smgc`/

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6: . Zgc`sthohgo Znchthms g`r Grggt

Ho gllhthno tn k`llchoa ho tf` gmthvhth`s n tf` T`s`grmf M`ot`r# Grggt gcsn

l`chd`rgt`cy w`ge`o`l ht dy `stgdchsfhoa go gct`rogthv` hosthtuthno# tf` Zcgo+

ohoa M`ot`r# gchgt`l whtf tf` ZCN/ \` mnkp`ththno d`tw``o tf` twn gol tf`

struaac` nv`r spf`r`s n mucturgc gol hot`cc`mtugc r`spnoshdhchty `v`otugccy w`ge+`o`l dntf m`ot`rs/

Grgigt gs g ]tgt`skgo2 \f` M`otrgchzgthno ni 

Znw`r gol Znchthmgc Mnolumt ho tf` ZOG

\` ononrkgc strumtur` n tf` Zgc`sthohgo Ogthnogc Gutfnrhty gs g anv`rok`ot

gol snurm` n pnw`r gol l`mhshnos vnhl`l tf` nrkgc strumtur` gol syst`ks n gccdut sykdnchm k`gohoa/ Gt knst# tf`y w`r` nv`rsfglnw`l dy go uol`knmrgthm

gppgrgtus shkhcgr tn tf` syst`ks ho lhmtgtnrhgc stgt`s# n tf` snrt tfgt l`v c̀np`l

g`r hol`p`ol`om` ho kgoy mnuotrh`s ho tf` Khllc` @gst# Grhmg# Gshg# gol

Cgtho Gk`rhmg/

Ho pgrgcc`c tn tf` nrkgc strumtur` n tf` ZOG# wfhmf hs suppns`l tn r``mt

l`knmrgthm pnchthmgc d`fgvhnr# tf` pr`shl`omy# wfhmf hs gcsn pgrt n tf` nrkgc

strumtur`# fgs `ol`gvnr`l“`v`r shom` tf` `stgdchsfk`ot n tf` gutfnrhty g`r

tf` whtflrgwgc n Hsrg`ch nrm`s rnk Agzg gol B`rhmfn# gol nccnwhoa tf` sud+

s`qu`ot `ocgra`k`ot n tf` t`rrhtnry uol`r hts mnotrnc“tn mnom`otrgt` pnw`r howgys tfgt r`c`agt` tf` nrkgc strumtur` tn g s`mnolgry rnc`/ \hs r`ahk` gkgss`s

pnw`r gol mnotrncs tf` Zgc`sthohgo hosthtuthnos gol a`o`rgc pnpucgthno dy 

k`gos n vgrhnus t`mfohqu`s tfgt gcc hotn tfr`` mgt`anrh`s2 m`otrgchzgthno n 

pnw`r# surv`hccgom` &hothkhlgthno(# gol cgra`ss` tfgt purmfgs`s quh`t gol sup+

pnrt`rs &drhd`ry(/

M`otrgchzgthno ni Znw`r 

Pol`r Grggt tf` Zgc`sthohgo pnchthmgc syst`k np`rgt`l dy m`otrgchzhoa pnw`r ho

tf` pr`shl`omy gol hts f`gl/ Gcc l`mhshnos# dntf ̀ xt`rogc gol hot`rogc# w`r` kgl`

`xmcushv`cy dy Grggt# wfn# gmmnrlhoa tn tf` t`sthknoy n tfns` mcns` tn fhk#

hov`st`l kgoy fnurs ho tf` –fnw‛ n mnosnchlgthoa gcc l`mhshno kgehoa# `v`o ho

o`achahdc` kgtt`rs/ Znchthmgc# `mnonkhm# gol s`murhty hssu`s w`r` uccy sudb`mt tn

Grggt‘s lhr`mt gutfnrhty gol sup`rvhshno# gol tf`s` mnosthtut` tf` kgho kgoh+

`stgthnos n tf` m`otrgchzgthno n pnchthmgc pnw`r ho fhs fgols/

Znchthmgc Znw`r 

\` prnm`ss n tf` mnom`otrgthno n pnchthmgc pnw`r ho tf` Zgc`sthohgo chd`rgthno

knv`k`ot“Igt`f gol tf` ZCN“d`ago cnoa d`nr` tf` shaohoa n tf` p`gm`

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Grggt‘s F`rhtga` n Znchthmgc Mnotrnc . 67

gar``k`ot whtf Hsrg`c gol tf` `stgdchsfk`ot n tf` ZOG/ Grggt kghotgho`l tf`

pnw`rs gol pnshthnos f` fgl f`cl d`nr` Nscn ho tf` pnst+Nscn p`rhnl gol g`r

nuolhoa n tf` gutfnrhty# gol gll`l g cnoa chst n o`w thtc`s gol pnshthnos tn

urtf`r mnosnchlgt` fhs pnw`r/ \` rg‖hshs &pr`shl`ot( wgs tf` snurm` n gcc pnchth+mgc pnw`r gol tf` nocy p`rsno gutfnrhz`l tn kge` pnchthmgc l`mhshnos no dntf

`xt`rogc gol hot`rogc hssu`s/ \hs gppch`l `v`o tn wfgt sfnucl cnahmgccy fgv`

gcc`o whtfho tf` gutfnrhty n g khohst`r nr cnw`r+rgoehoa nmhgc# sumf gs tf`

lhr`mtnr a`o`rgc n g khohstry# tf` lhr`mtnr n g pudchm nm`# nr tf` lhr`mtnr n g

sp`mhm l`pgrtk`ot whtfho g khohstry/ Lnz`os n p`rsnos w`r` `kpcny`l ho tf`

nm` n tf` rg‖ hs gs gsshstgots nr glvhs`rs no vgrhnus tnphms# homculhoa tf` lhr`m+

tnr a`o`rgc n tf` Zr`shl`ot‘s Nm`# gol glvhs`rs no tf` k`lhg# Hsrg`ch gghrs#

pnchm` gighrs# `mnonkhm gighrs# gol `lumgthnogc gighrs/ \`s` glvhs`rs w`r`suppc`k`ot`l dy g cgra` oukd`r n uomthnogrh`s d`grhoa tf` thtc` n –lhr`mtnr

a`o`rgc ho tf` Zr`shl`ot‘s Nm`/‛ \` cgra` oukd`r n p`rsnoo`c sfnucl ont d`

mnkpgr`l tn tf` nm`s n mfh`s n stgt` n l`knmrgthm anv`rok`ots/ \`s` gs+

shstgots gol glvhs`rs nocy glvhs`l tf` rg‖ hs5 tf`y w`r` ont gccnw`l tn tge` goy 

l`mhshnos nr prgmthmgc st`ps/ \`s` r`kgho`l tf` `xmcushv` prhvhc`a` n tf` rg‖ hs# g`r mnosucthoa nr haonrhoa fhs glvhs`rs/ L`mhshnos w`r` kgl` dy Grggt# gol

Grggt gcno /̀

Mgdho`t k``thoas# whtf tf` pgrthmhpgthno n tf` khohst`rs gol tf` rg‖ hs# w`r`

k`r`cy g nruk nr Grggt‘s khohst`rs tn r`pnrt no tf` gmthvhth`s n tf`hr kho+hstrh`s# nr gt knst nr mnosuctgthno/ On trucy shaohmgot l`mhshnos w`r` tge`o

lurhoa tf`s` k``thoas/ Khohst`rs r`qu`otcy r`pnrt`l n c`grohoa gdnut pnchth+

mgc knv`s dy tf` ZOG# sumf gs tgces whtf Hsrg`c nr grr`sts n nppnshthno aur`s#

rnk tf` k`lhg/

Ho gllhthno tn pnchthmgc l`mhshnos# gppnhotk`ots tn tf` pudchm s`rvhm` gcsn

t`ol`l tn d` tf` `xmcushv` prhvhc`a` n tf` rg‖hshs/ Ht wgs f` wfn prnpns`l nr gt

c`gst mnork`l gppnhotk`ots ho tf` vgrhnus anv r̀ok`otgc khohstrh`s gol ga`o+

mh`s# sumf gs tf` Drnglmgsthoa Gutfnrhty gol M`otrgc Dur`gu n ]tgthsthms# ho

gllhthno tn dnlh`s gol pnsts tfgt sfnucl d` c`ss l`p`ol`ot no pnchthmgc ga`omh`s#

sumf gs uohv`rshth`s gol r`s`grmf hosthtut`s# bula`s# gol stgt` gttnro`ys/

Zgc`sthohgo hosthtuthnos homcul` tfns` tfgt np`rgt` gs gct`rogthv`s tn hosthtu+

thnos ̀ stgdchsf`l uol`r tf` Hsrg`ch nmmupgthno# gs w`cc gs vncuotgry gol onoprnt

gssnmhgthnos nmushoa no vgrhnus hssu`s/ \`s` `k`ra`l lurhoa gol g`r tf` rst

hothglg/ Inccnwhoa tf` shaohoa n tf` Nscn Gmmnrls gol g`r tf` `stgdchsfk`ot

n tf` ZOG# tf`y d`mgk` sudb`mt tn lhr`mt gol holhr`mt knohtnrhoa gol sup`r+

 vhshno dy Grggt# `sp`mhgccy tfrnuaf tf` Nm` n Ogthnogc Hosthtuthnos# wfhmf

wgs gchgt`l whtf gol lhr`mtcy sudnrlhogt` tn Grggt# wfn wgs gcsn hts fnonrgry pr`shl`ot/ Gmmnrlhoa tn hts gmthoa lhr`mtnr a`o`rgc# Lr/ ]gkhr ]f`fglg# tfhs nm`

wgs nrhahogccy s`t up# ho # dy tf` Igt`f knv`k`ot# gol wgs cgt`r mnork`l

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64 . Zgc`sthohgo Znchthms g`r Grggt

dy Grggt gs go nrago n tf` ZOG/ Fnw`v`r# tf` mfgoa` ho stgtus lhl ont drhoa

tf` o`m`ssgry p`rsnoo`c knlhmgthnos tn suppnrt l`knmrgthm prnm`lur`s/ \`

r`suct wgs tfgt tf` Nm` n Ogthnogc Hosthtuthnos turo`l hotn go nragohzgthno

tfgt nv`rsgw gcc hosthtuthnogc gmthvhty ho tf` ZOG/

@mnonkhm Znw`r 

\` s`mnol k`tfnl `kpcny`l dy tf` rg‖hshs gol fhs ghl`s tn mnom`otrgt` pnw`r

lhr`mtcy ho Grggt‘s fgols wgs tf` `xpcnhtgthno n tf` `mnonkhm r`snurm`s gvghc+

gdc` tn tf` ZOG/ Grggt wgs gdc` tn gss`rt p`rsnogc mnotrnc n `xp`olhtur`s gol

tf` sup`rvhshno n r`v`ou`s# wfhmf w`r` rnut`l tfrnuaf tfr`` kgho mfgoo`cs#

tf` ZOG‘s Ihogom` Khohstry# tf` Zgc`sthohgo @mnonkhm Mnuomhc nr L`v`cnp+

k`ot gol T`mnostrumthno &Z@MLGT(# gol sp`mhgc uols gt Grggt‘s lhspnsgc/Ho gllhthno# f` mnotrncc`l twn ntf`r mfgoo`cs# no` tfgt d`cnoa`l tn tf` ZCN

&tf` Zgc`sthohgo Ogthnogc Iuol( gol tf` ntf`r tn tf` Igt`f knv`k`ot &hts nwo

ogom` drgomf(/ Grggt mnotrncc`l dntf d`nr` tf` `stgdchsfk`ot n tf` ZOG dy 

 vhrtu` n fhs pnshthno gs mfghrkgo n tf` ZCN gol f`gl n Igt̀ f/

\` ZOG Khohstry n Ihogom` `cc gcknst tntgccy uol`r Grggt‘s mnotrnc#

`sp`mhgccy gs r`agrls `xp`olhtur`s gol tf` gccnmgthno n uols/ \` khohstry 

wgs ruo dy Grggt‘s rhaft+fgol kgo# Kufgkkgl Ruflh gc+Ogsfgsfhdh/ Gc+

Ogsfgsfhdh wgs Grggt‘s ogomhgc gsshstgot d`nr` tf` `stgdchsfk`ot n tf` ZOG/

Fhs trgos`r tn tf` pnshthno n ogom` khohst`r mnosthtut`l g mnothougthno n fhspr`vhnus khsshno2 tn f`cp Grggt mnotrnc tf` gutfnrhty‘s uols# gol tn us` tf`k

tn gss`rt Grggt‘s pnchthmgc mnotrnc n Igt`f `cl np`rgthv`s gol ZOG `kpcny``s

tfrnuaf tf`hr gppnhotk`ot nr tf` gccnmgthno n uols nr vgrhnus ndb`mthv`s/

G sfnrt ont` smrhddc`l no g smrgp n pgp`r dy Grggt“gol fhk gcno`“

sum`l nr tf` trgos`r n uols tn vgrhnus p`rsnos nr ga`omh`s# homculhoa snk`

tfgt fgl on cnahmgc mnoo`mthno tn tf` r`aucgr np`rgthnos n tf` ZOG/

\` Zgc`sthohgo @mnonkhm Mnuomhc nr L`v`cnpk`ot gol T`mnostrumthno

&Z@MLGT( wgs mr`gt`l ho gmmnrlgom` whtf g ZCN l`mhshno kgl` ho Onv`kd`r

=# grnuol twn knotfs g`r tf` shaohoa n tf` Nscn Gmmnrls# –tn nragohz`#

glkhohst`r gol lhsdurs` hot`rogthnogc ghl ho go ̀ i`mthv` gol ̀ mh`ot wgy/‛ \`

ZOG cgt`r r`trngmthv`cy rgth`l tf` ̀ stgdchsfk`ot n Z@MLGT/ Irnk tf` thk` n 

hts `stgdchsfk`ot# Z@MLGT wgs tf` nocy Zgc`sthohgo hosthtuthno `kpnw`r`l tn

nv`rs`` hot`rogthnogc ogomhgc gsshstgom` tn tf` Q`st Dgoe gol Agzg ]trhp/

Nmhgccy# Z@MLGT wgs kgoga`l dy g nurt``o+k`kd`r dngrl# gcc n wfnk

w`r` k`kd`rs n tf` ZCN‘s @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt``# gol tfr`` n wfnk w`r` gcsn

k`kd`rs n tf` ZOG‘s Mnuomhc n Khohst`rs/ Ho ntf`r wnrls# gcc w`r` sudnrlhogt`

tn Grggt ho tf` ZCN gol.nr tf` ZOG/ Z@MLGT hts`c wgs go `xtr`k`cy hkpnr+tgot hostruk`ot ho Grggt‘s fgols/ F` wgs hts pr`shl`ot gol us`l ht tn mnotrnc tf`

hkpc`k`otgthno n tf` gutfnrhty‘s ̀ mnonkhm pnchmy/ No pgp`r# Z@MLGT r`pnrt`l

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Grggt‘s F`rhtga` n Znchthmgc Mnotrnc . 6

tn tf` ZCN‘s @x`muthv` Mnkkhtt`` gol tf` ZOG/ Ho prgmthm`# ht wgs sudnrlhogt`

tn tf` rg‖hshs gol fhs nm`/ Ht r`pnrt`l tn fhk tfrnuaf hts lhr`mtnr a`o`rgc# gol

nccnw`l Grggt‘s lhmtgt`s nv`r tn fnw tn hkpc`k`ot pnchmy gol fgolc` tf` ho+

t`rogthnogc gsshstgom` trgos`rr`l tn tf` ZOG dy vgrhnus mnuotrh`s# tf` QnrclDgoe# tf` Hscgkhm L`v`cnpk`ot Dgoe# tf` Grgd Iuol nr @mnonkhm L`v`cnp+

k`ot# gol ntf`r snurm`s/

]p`mhgc Iuols Mnotrncc`l dy Grgigt 

\` uochkht`l pnw`rs v`st`l ho Grggt agv` fhk mnotrnc“lhr`mt nr holhr`mt#

tfrnuaf tfns` cnygc tn fhk“nv`r ntf`r snurm`s n r`v`ou`# wfhmf f` mnucl us`

tn s`rv` wfgt`v`r ndb`mthv`s f` sgw t/ \hs wgs mgrrh`l nut tfrnuaf twn kgho

mfgoo`cs2 p`rsnogc dgoe gmmnuots ho Grggt‘s nwo ogk` gol mnrpnrgt` uols/

\` ]`murhty Inrm`s

G tfhrl tnnc us`l dy Grggt gol fhs mcns` gssnmhgt`s tn mnom`otrgt` pnw`r ho tf`hr

fgols wgs tf` s`murhty gppgrgtus ̀ stgdchsf`l uol`r tf` ZOG# mfh`y d`nr̀ Grg+

gt‘s grrhvgc ho Agzg ho / \` s`murhty nrm`s mnothou`l tn `xpgol rnk tfgt

thk`/ Go gpp`olhx tn tf` Kgy Mghrn &Agzg+B`rhmfn( Gar``k`ot prnvhl`l

nr tf` `stgdchsfk`ot n g Zgc`sthohgo pnchm` nrm` tn fgolc` s`murhty ho gr`gs

mnotrncc`l dy tf` ZOG/ \` hot`rhk gar``k`ot no tf` trgos`r n tf` Zgc+

`sthohgo mhth`s tn tf` lhr`mt mnotrnc n tf` ZOG sthpucgt`l tfgt –tf` UZgc`sthohgo[Mnuomhc sfgcc `stgdchsf g strnoa pnchm` nrm`#‛ hotn wfhmf –tf` Zgc`sthohgo pnchm`

nrm` `stgdchsf`l uol`r tf` Agzg+B`rhmfn Gar``k`ot whcc d` uccy hot`argt`l/‛ Ht

urtf`r sp`mh`l tfgt tf` pnchm` nrm` gol tf` Hsrg`ch s`murhty nrm`s wnucl d`

tf` nocy s`murhty ga`omh`s pr`s`ot/ \` gmmnrl d`tw``o Hsrg`c gol tf` Zgc`stho+

hgos homcul`l go gar``k`ot no tf` `stgdchsfk`ot n tf` nccnwhoa shx s`murhty 

ga`omh`s tn s`rv` tf` ZOG2 mhvhchgo pnchm`# a`o`rgc s`murhty# pr`v`othv` s`murhty#

hot`ccha`om`# pr`shl`othgc pnchm`# gol mhvhc l``os`/ \` nurtf grthmc` n Goo`x

tn tf` hot`rhk gar``k`ot `ouk`rgt`s tf` spf`r`s n gutfnrhty# mnkpnshthno#

l`pcnyk`ot# r`mruhtk`ot k`tfnls# gol w`gpnory n tf` vgrhnus nrm`s/

\`s` shx nrm`s# `stgdchsf`l uol`r go gar``k`ot d`tw``o Hsrg`c gol tf`

ZOG# snno kusfrnnk`l/ Qhtfho c`ss tfgo twn y`grs tf`y fgl turo`l hotn ̀ c`v`o

s`pgrgt` s`murhty nrm`s whtf lhsthomt spf`r`s n gutfnrhty# `gmf whtf hts nwo

mnkkgol`r r`pnrthoa lhr`mtcy tn gol r`m`hvhoa hostrumthnos rnk Grggt/ \`s`

s`murhty nrm`s l`rhv`l tf`hr c`ahthkgmy rnk tf` rg‖hshs gol hkpc`k`ot`l fhs

whsf`s ho tf` gr`gs n lnk`sthm gol `xt`rogc s`murhty/

Gcc tf` s`murhty nrm`s w`r` lhr`mtcy mnotrncc`l dy Grggt gs tf` supr`k`

mnkkgol`r n tf` Zgc`sthohgo grk`l nrm`s# g pnshthno tn wfhmf f` wgs gp+pnhot`l d`nr` tf` ZOG wgs `stgdchsf`l/ \`y mgo d` lhvhl`l hotn tfr`` mgt+

`anrh`s2 tf` Zgc`sthohgo s`murhty nrm`s.grky# homculhoa tf` grky# khchtgry 

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6< . Zgc`sthohgo Znchthms g`r Grggt

hot`ccha`om`# gol Inrm` 715 tf` pnchm`# homculhoa tf` mhvhchgo pnchm` gol mhvhc

l``os`5 gol tf` sp`mhgc s`murhty nrm`s# homculhoa pr`v`othv` s`murhty gol a`o+

`rgc hot`ccha`om /̀

]urv`hccgom` &Hothkhlgthno(

\` s`murhty nrm`s pcgy`l g m`otrgc rnc` gs tf` hkpc`k`ot̀ rs n s`murhty gmthvhty#

dntf hot`rogccy gol `xt`rogccy/ \`y `kpcny`l vgrhnus t`mfohqu`s gol k`tfnls

tn hkpns` g r`ahk` n surv`hccgom` gol hothkhlgthno n nppnshthno `c`k`ots#

gmthvhsts ho vncuotgry fukgo rhafts nragohzgthnos# gol mrhthms n tf` ZOG“g

r`ahk` tfgt fgs gcsn p`rp`trgt`l vhnc`om` gaghost mhthz`os uohovncv`l ho pnchth+

mgc gmthvhty/\` r`qu`omy gol vgrh`ty n tf` gssgucts no mhthz`os dy tf` s`murhty nrm`s

fgv` c` tf` gv`rga` Zgc`sthohgo mhthz`o whtf g s`os` n hos`murhty ho lghcy ch`/

\`s` vhnc`ot `xm`ss`s rgoa` rnk rgolnk auor` gt mhthz`os# hcc`agc l`t`othnos#

l`t`othno nr prncnoa`l p`rhnls# khstr`gtk`ot n gttnro`ys sn gs tn pr`v`ot tf`k

rnk mgrryhoa nut tf`hr bnd# tf` us` n nrtuo`+t`cc`rs tn hl`othy mrhkhogcs# gol

ghcur` tn hkpc`k`ot Zgc`sthohgo ]upr`k` Mnurt l`mhshnos# tn tf` gdlumthno gol

–lhsgpp`grhoa‛ n p`rsnos gol tf` uol`rkhohoa n tf` pnw`rs n tf` gttnro`y 

a`o`rgc/

\`r` gr` kgoy hostgom`s n auor` lhr`mt`l dy k`kd`rs n tf` Zgc`stho+hgo s`murhty nrm`s gt Zgc`sthohgo l`knostrgtnrs nr rgolnk pgss`rsdy# homcul+

hoa sfnnthoa gt l`knostrgthnos nr mrnwls n glucts# t``oga`rs# gol `v`o mfhc+

lr`o/ Ntf`r `xm`ss`s homcul` tf` pr`k`lhtgt`l ehcchoa n mhthz`os wfn prnt`st`l

gaghost tf` pnchmh`s n tf` ZOG5 sfnnthoa holhsmrhkhogt`cy nr whtfnut wgrohoa

gt tf` a`o`rgc pudchm lurhoa tf` pursuht n mrhkhogc susp`mts5 sfnnthoa gt Zgc`s+

thohgo v`fhmc`s dy tf` s`murhty nrm`s gol auor` rnk hoshl` nrth`l pnshthnos

f`cl dy tf` Zgc`sthohgo s`murhty nrm`s5 gol `v`o tf` gmmhl`otgc wnuolhoa n 

mhthz`os gs g r`suct n k`kd`rs n tf` Zgc`sthohgo s`murhty nrm`s pcgyhoa whtf

tf`hr w`gpnos/

T`pr`sshno ni Znchthmgc Nppnshthno dy tf` ZOG

\` ZOG uol`r Grggt lhl ont vh`w pnchthmgc nppnshthno gol hts gmthvhth`s ho g

gvnrgdc` chaft nr gs tf` onrkgc `c`k`ots n g l`knmrgthm stgt`/ Ho kgoy mgs`s

ht tr`gt`l tf` nppnshthno gol nppnshthno nragohzgthnos gs go `o`ky tn d` nv`r+

wf`ck`l dy nrm`/ Hts gtthtul` tnwgrl pnchthmgc nppnshthno hs r``mt`l ho tf`

mgkpghaos n r`pr`sshno ht mgrrh`l nut g`r `v`ry khchtgry gmthno gaghost Hsrg`ch

tgra`ts/\` gutfnrhty wgs gcsn s`oshthv` tn tf` pr`ssur` `x`rt`l upno ht dy tf`

Poht`l ]tgt`s glkhohstrgthnos# Hsrg`c# gol kgoy ntf`r @urnp`go stgt`s# tn r`+

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Grggt‘s F`rhtga` n Znchthmgc Mnotrnc . 60

strgho pnchthmgc nppnshthno/ No g oukd`r n nmmgshnos# r`pr`sshno agv` wgy tn

rgpprnmf`k`ot# `sp`mhgccy wf`o ht wgs s`os`l tfgt pudchm nphohno wnucl ont

tnc`rgt` urtf`r r`pr`sshv` k`gsur`s/ Gt sumf thk`s tf` ZOG trh`l tn hkprnv` hts

r`cgthnos whtf tf` nppnshthno dy mgcchoa nr g mnkpr`f`oshv` ogthnogc lhgcnau`#r`c`gshoa nppnshthno prhsno`rs# gol hkprnvhoa tf`hr mnolhthnos n mnoo`k`ot

hoshl` prhsnos/

Hoirhoa`k`ot ni tf` Iuolgk`otgc Thafts ni Gss`kdcy#

Ir``lnk ni @xpr`sshno# gol Ir``lnk ni Hoinrkgthno

\` st`ps tge`o dy tf` Zgc`sthohgo s`murhty nrm`s tn hothkhlgt` tf` Zgc`sthohgo

pnpucgthno homcul`l s`v`r` horhoa`k`ots n tf` uolgk`otgc rhafts n gss`kdcy#

r``lnk n ̀ xpr`sshno# gol r``lnk n honrkgthno/ L`knostrgthnos# spnotgo`+

nus nr pcgoo`l# gcgrk`l tf` s`murhty gppgrgtus# mgushoa ht tn r`gmt hkpucshv c̀y 

gol whtf hogl`qugt` pcgoohoa gol nr`tfnuaft/ ]umf r`gmthnos r`suct`l rnk

tf` ho`xp`rh`om` n fhaf+rgoehoa nm`rs whtf pudchm agtf`rhoas nr k``thoas

nragohz`l dy pnchthmgc nr vncuotgry nragohzgthnos nr nrlhogry mhthz`os/

\` Grggt+c`l ZOG gcsn horhoa`l no r``lnk n tf` pr`ss gol r``lnk

n `xpr`sshno/ Ht s`t lnwo –r`l cho`s‛ tfgt p`rhnlhmgcs# bnurogchsts# gol mhthz`os

kust ont mrnss/ \`s` r`l cho`s w`r` uowrhtt`o dut w`r` tgmhtcy ho`rr`l rnk

gssgucts no tfns` wfn lgr`l tn mrhthmhz` tf` gutfnrhty gol hts gmthnos/ Ir``+

lnk n r`pnrthoa ho o`wspgp`rs wgs s`v`r`cy chkht`l/ A`o`rgccy# bnurogchstsw`r` ont p`rkhtt`l tn wrht` gdnut mnrrupthno gol gvnrhthsk dy ZOG nmhgcs/ 

]hkhcgrcy# tf` gutfnrhty wnre`l tn pr`v`ot gol r`pr`ss goy k`lhg mnv`rga` n 

tf` gmthvhth`s n tf` pnchthmgc nppnshthno/ \` st`ps tge`o dy tf` ZOG gaghost

o`wspgp`rs gol tf` k`lhg homcul`l tf` mnosmgthno n bnurogchsts‘ pr`ss pgss`s

nr hl`othty mgrls# s`grmf`s n mucturgc hosthtuthnos gol o`wspgp`r nm`s# gol

tf` mnosmgthno n lnmuk`ots/ Bnurogchsts gol `lhtnrs wfn r`pnrt`l no np+

pnshthno gmthvhth`s# mnrrupthno# nr goytfhoa ont tn tf` chehoa n ZOG nmhgcs

w`r` grr`st`l/ O`wspgp`rs w`r` mcns`l# tf`hr prhothoa dgoo`l nr lhstrhduthno

prnfhdht`l/ Ho gllhthno# tf` horhoa`k`ot no r``lnk n honrkgthno gol `x+pr`sshno `xt`ol`l tn tf` mnosmgthno n m`rtgho dnnes gol tf` hkpnshthno n 

dgos no tf`hr lhstrhduthno/

\us# tf` lnk`sthm gmthvhth`s n tf` s`murhty nrm`s uol`r Grggt‘s mnkkgol

hovncv`l arnss vhncgthnos n fukgo gol mhvhc rhafts uol`r tf` t`rks n hot`rog+

thnogc mnov`othnos gol ̀ v`o tf` cgws n tf` ZOG# ̀ ogmt`l shom` hts ̀ stgdchsfk`ot

ho Gprhc / \hs mnomcushno fgs d``o r`gmf`l dy vgrhnus nragohzgthnos gmthv`

ho l``olhoa fukgo gol mhvhc rhafts ho gr`gs anv`ro`l dy tf` ZOG# homculhoa

tf` Zgc`sthohgo Fukgo Thafts Knohtnrhoa Arnup# tf` gc+Wgouo Ucgw[ Gssnmhg+thno# tf` Zgc`sthohgo Mnkkhsshno nr Fukgo Thafts# gol D‘s`c`k &tf` Hsrg`ch

Honrkgthno M`ot`r nr Fukgo Thafts ho tf` Nmmuph`l `rrhtnrh`s(# gs w`cc gs

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69 . Zgc`sthohgo Znchthms g`r Grggt

hot`rogthnogc fukgo rhafts nragohzgthnos sumf gs Gko`sty Hot`rogthnogc gol

tf` Ga`omy nr Hot`rogthnogc Fukgo Thafts Mnnp`rgthno ho Qgsfhoatno/

Duyhoa Wuh`t &Drhd`ry(

\` ZOG gol hts mfghrkgo# Xgss`r Grggt# `kpcny`l g vgrh`ty n wgys tn p`r+

sugl` p`npc` tn suppnrt tf` gutfnrhty/ \`y a`o`rgccy tgra`t`l pgrthmucgr p`npc`#

gkhch`s# nr hot`r`sts# –drhdhoa‛ nr o`utrgchzhoa tf`k/ Lhr`mt ogomhgc suppnrt

gol bnds w`r` tf` knst hkpnrtgot wgys n gmfh`vhoa tfhs ndb`mthv`/ \` k`tfnls

us`l dy tf` gutfnrhty uol`r Grggt tn duy quh`t gol kghotgho tf` gcc`ahgom` n 

 vgrhnus p`rsnos gr` l`tghc`l d`cnw/

 Bnds

\` gutfnrhty gol Grggt p`rsnogccy `kpcny`l vgrhnus k`tfnls gol gmthnos tn

murry tf` gvnr whtf holhvhlugcs gol arnups/ Grggt‘s hot r̀v`othno ho tf` lhstrh+

duthno n bnds l`knostrgt`s tfgt tf` angc n tfhs prgmthm` wgs ont tn str`oatf`o

tf` ZOG gol hts gmthvhth`s# dut tn duy suppnrt/ Mcns` smruthoy n gcc tf` l`mh+

shnos tge`o dy tf` mfghrkgo n tf` ZOG gol pudchsf`l ho hts nmhgc agz`tt`#

 Gc+Qgqgg gc+Igchsthohyg# r`v`gcs g cgra` oukd`r n fhrhoas gol gppnhotk`ots/

Ht gcsn r`v`gcs tf` mr`gthno n o`w pnsts# sn tfgt g pgrthmucgr p`rsno wfns` sup+

pnrt tf` mfghrkgo l`shr`l mnucl d` gppnhot`l g pnshthno# `v`o h tfhs k`got tf`lupchmgthno n bnds gol pnshthnos/

 Gppnhotk`ots ni K`kd`rs ni tf` Nppnshthno

Ho nrl`r tn who nv`r snk` k`kd`rs n tf` Zgc`sthohgo nppnshthno# tf` ZOG

mfghrkgo kgl` tf`k `othmhoa n`rs tn bnho tf` gutfnrhty‘s rgoes/ \hs k`tfnl

summ`ssuccy o`utrgchz`l snk` c`+whoa gol Hscgkhm nppnshthno c`gl`rs/ Ht s`+

mur`l tf` `ol tn tf`hr fnsthchty tn tf` Nscn Gmmnrls gol `v`o kgl` Grggt sup+

pnrt`rs n tf`k# gs w`cc gs ̀ kpcny``s ho tf` ZOG‘s vgrhnus hosthtuthnos gol kho+

hstrh`s/ Inur holhvhlugcs gr` pgrthmucgrcy ontgdc` f`r`/ wn gr` rnk tf` c`#ogk`cy Lr/ Fgogo Gsfrgwh# wfn s`rv`l gs khohst`r n fhaf`r `lumgthno uol`r

Grggt# gol Gdl `c+Bgwgl ]gcgf# wfn wgs gppnhot`l tn tf` pnshthno n khohst`r

n garhmuctur`/ \`s` twn w`r` gknoa tf` knst prnkho`ot nppno`ots n tf` Nscn

Gmmnrls gol pgrthmucgrcy mrhthmgc n Grggt“`sp`mhgccy Gsfrgwh# wfn# tna t̀f`r

whtf g arnup n Zgc`sthohgo gmgl`khms gol burhsts# nuol`l tf` Hol`p`ol`ot

Zgc`sthohgo Gutfnrhty nr Mhvhc Thafts# wfhmf knohtnrs tf` hosthtuthnos n tf`

ZOG gol r`pnrts no hts vhncgthnos n Zgc`sthohgo fukgo rhafts/ \` ntf`r twn#

nrk`rcy m`otrgc aur`s ho Fgkgs# w`r` Hkgl gc+Igcubh# wfn s`rv`l gs khohst`rn mnkkuohmgthnos# gol gcgc ]hlr# khohst`r n spnrts gol ynutf/ \` nrk`r

wgs tf` `lhtnr n tf` Fgkgs o`wspgp`r Gc+Qgtgo5 tf` cgtt`r wgs no` n tf` Kgrb

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Grggt‘s F`rhtga` n Znchthmgc Mnotrnc . 6

gc+Rgfnur l`pnrt``s/ Pol`r tf` dgoo`r n r`nrk rnk whtfho# fnw`v`r# tf` twn

 bnho`l tf` Zgc`sthohgo anv`rok`ot gol d`mgk` Grggt suppnrt`rs5 ho r`spnos`#

Fgkgs pura`l tf`k rnk hts rgoes/

Ho gllhthno tn mnotrnc nv`r anv`rok`otgc khohstrh`s gol gppnhotk`ots tnfhaf+rgoehoa pnshthnos# pnchthmgc suppnrt wgs gcsn s`mur`l dy kgt`rhgc k`gos#

p`rfgps ho tf` nrk n kno`y nr g mgr# g fnus`# g smfncgrsfhp# nr go ghrpcgo`

thme`t/ Ho prhomhpc` ht hs lhmuct tn prnv` tfgt sumf ahs fgl pnchthmgc strhoas gt+

tgmf`l# gs on lnmuk`otgthno mgo d` prnvhl`l# dut tf` pf`onk`ono hs whl`cy 

eonwo/ Ht wgs gcsn mnork`l dy g k`kd`r n tf` Zgc`sthohgo C`ahscgthv` Mnuo+

mhc# Fussgk Efgl`r n Ogdcus# ho go hot`rvh`w/

Igkhcy Drhd`ry 

\hs k`tfnl wgs us`l tn gttrgmt cgra` nr giu`ot gkhch`s tn tf` ZOG# tfrnuaf

tf` gppnhotk`ot n kueftgr s/ L`spht` tf` hcc r`put` hotn wfhmf tf` pnshthno n 

kueftgr fgs gcc`o# lu` tn hts fncl`rs‘ mnoo`mthnos whtf tf` Hsrg`ch gutfnrhth`s#

tf` ZOG uol`r Grggt# tfrnuaf tf` Khohstry n Cnmgc Anv`rok`ot# gppnhot`l

g oukd`r n tf`k# `sp`mhgccy ho r`ahnos whtf g trhdgc snmhgc strumtur`# ontgdcy 

Agzg gol F`drno/

D`nr` tf` glv`ot n tf` ZOG tf`r` w`r` gpprnxhkgt`cy kueftgr s ho tf`

Agzg ]trhp gcno /̀ G`r hts ̀ stgdchsfk`ot# tf` Khohstry n Cnmgc Gighrs gpprnv`l

pnshthnos nr kueftgrs# gmmnrlhoa tn Kufgkkgl gc+Igrg# tf`o lhr`mtnr n tf` Nm` nr Kuohmhpgc Nmhgcs/ \hs oukd`r hs uol`ohgdcy hkpr`sshv`5 ht

k`gos tfgt gkhch`s nr vhccga`s fgl g lhr`mt choe whtf tf` ZOG tfrnuaf g

kueftgr/ Ho ntf`r wnrls# tf` gkhcy n tf` kueftgr wgs l`mcgrhoa hts cnygcty tn

tf` mfghrkgo/

@mnonkhm Drhd`ry 

Grggt dnuaft n dusho`ssk`o gol tf` w`gctfy dy argothoa tf`k knonpnch`s

&mnom`sshnos nr rgomfhs`s( gol mnkk`rmhgc ga`omh`s# nr dy turohoa g dchol `y`

tn tf`hr mnotrnc n vgrhnus s`mtnrs n tf` Zgc`sthohgo `mnonky/ G r`pnrt hssu`ldy tf` @mnonkhm Gghrs Mnkkhtt`` n tf` Zgc`sthohgo C`ahscgthv` Mnuomhc gt g

k``thoa no Kgy # 1# lhsmcns`s kgoy n tf` r`c`vgot gmts/ Knonpnch`s# mno+

m`sshnos# gol rhaa`l t`ol`rs w`r` `obny`l dy khohst`rs# Grggt‘s glvhs`rs# gol

`kpcny``s n tf` Nm` n tf` Zr`shl`ot/ @xgkpc`s homcul` tf` knonpnch`s ̀ stgd+

chsf`l ho ̀ ss`othgc mnkknlhth`s sumf gs m`k`ot# p`trnc`uk# nur# gol mhagr`tt`s5

sp`mhgc hkpnrt p`rkhts gol mustnks `x`kpthnos hssu`l whtfnut tf` eonwc`la`

n tf` Ihogom` Khohstry5 lhstrhduthno knonpnch`s argot`l tn mnkk`rmhgc ga`o+

mh`s5 lhsmrhkhogthno gknoa r`ahst`r`l mnkpgoh`s5 tf` `stgdchsfk`ot n lukky 

mnkpgoh`s5 tf` lhv`rshno n `mnonkhm gar``k`ots tn s`rv` hot`r`st`l pgrth`s5

gol `v`o tf` hovncv`k`ot n tf` s`murhty ga`omh`s ho sumf kgtt`rs/

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66 . Zgc`sthohgo Znchthms g`r Grggt

Ho gllhthno tn tf` argothoa n mnom`sshnos nr tf` lhstrhduthno n mnkknlh+

th`s gol knonpnch`s# tfhs mgt`anry homcul`l tf` gccnmgthno n anv`rok`otgc cgol

tn gvnr`l hov`stnrs nr tf` mnostrumthno n prnb`mts whtfnut r`strhmthnos gol.nr

ghr mnkp`ththno/ Dy 1 y`gr# luouks# nr p`rm`ot n gcc anv`rok`ot cgol#fgl d``o gwgrl`l tn g fgoluc n p`rsnos nr tf` ̀ stgdchsfk`ot n 88 hov`stk`ot

prnb`mts/

\` gdnv`+k`othno`l `xgkpc`s mgo d` mcgssh`l gs pgrt n tf` ogomhgc#

glkhohstrgthv`# gol nragohzgthnogc mnrrupthno ho tf` ZOG# hts hosthtuthnos# gol

anv`rok`ot/ D`mgus` tfns` wfn f`gl`l tf`s` dnlh`s w`r` mcns` tn Grggt gol

tf`s` prgmthm`s tnne pcgm` whtf fhs eonwc`la` gol whtf tf` ndb`mthv` n whoohoa

tf` suppnrt n hov`stnrs# dusho`ssk`o# gol mgphtgchsts# tf`y gcsn gcc uol`r tf`

f`glhoa n `mnonkhm drhd`ry/]nmhgc Drhd`ry 

\` mfghrkgo n tf` ZOG us`l snmhgc drhd`ry ho gwgrlhoa mnotrgmts gol prhvh+

c`a`s tn snk` gkhch`s/ No tf` surgm  ̀# tf`s` prhvhc`a`s mnosthtut` gsshstgom` dy 

tf` mfghrkgo tn tf`s` gkhch`s# dut tf`y w`r` ho gmt g khsus` n pudchm gss`ts#

gol prhvhc`a`s w`r` ahv`o whtfnut r`strhmthnos nr r`aucgthnos/ \` l`mhshno wgs

kgl` dy tf` mfghrkgo p`rsnogccy gol mgo d` s``o gs g nrk n drhd`ry/ @xgkpc`s

homcul` g l`mhshno dy Grggt tn r``r p`rsnos nr k`lhmgc tr`gtk`ot gdrngl# ho

Hsrg`c# Bnrlgo# nr `cs`wf`r`# gt tf` `xp`os` n tf` ZOG# whtfnut tf` eonwc`la`n tf` Khohstry n F`gctf nr g l`mhshno dy tf` ogom` khohst`r/ G c`tt`r rnk

Grggt wgs gcc tfgt wgs o``l`l tn hkpc`k`ot sumf l`mhshnos5 ont `v`o g k`lhmgc

`xgkhogthno wgs r`quhr`l/

\` mnom`otrgthno n pnw`r ho Grggt‘s fgols gol hothkhlgthno gol drhd`ry 

w`r` tf` kgho hostruk`ots us`l dy Grggt gol fhs mcns`st suppnrt`rs tn ruc` tf`

Zgc`sthohgos ho tf` ZOG+mnotrncc`l Q`st Dgoe gol Agzg ]trhp/ \`s` prgmthm`s

mr`gt`l tf` dgshs nr tf` –pgrthgccy l`knmrgthm‛ r`ahk` nuol`l ho tf` Q`st Dgoe 

gol Agzg ]trhp g`r tf` `stgdchsfk`ot n tf` ZOG/ \hs uol`knmrgthm mnolumt

mr`gt`l g m`otrgchz`l pnchthmgc syst`k tfgt lnkhogt`l tf` chv`s n tf` Zgc`stho+hgos/ \hs syst`k ar`gtcy mnotrhdut`l tn tf` lhmucth`s gm`l dy Zgc`sthohgos

uol`r tf` ZOG gol mnotrhdut`l tn tf` arnwhoa lhstrust gknoa Zgc`sthohgos

tnwgrl Grggt gol Igt`f# gol tn tf` arnwhoa suppnrt nr Fgkgs/

Inr tf` Zgc`sthohgos# tf` quh`t r`vncuthno tfgt tnne pcgm` ho tf` Khllc` @gst ho

788= &tf` l`tghcs n wfhmf w`r` wnv`o ho Nscn( fgl twn gm`s/ Gcknst gcc Zgc`stho+

hgos# Hsrg`chs# gol p`rsnos ho ntf`r mnuotrh`s w`r`# fnw`v`r# gwgr` n nocy no` n 

tf`k2 tf` lnmuk`ot n kutugc r`mnaohthno d`tw``o Hsrg c̀ gol tf` Zgc`sthohgos#wfhmf r`mnaohz`l Hsrg`c‘s rhaft tn ̀ xhst gol tf` ZCN gs tf` c`ahthkgt` r`pr`s`otg+

thv` n tf` Zgc`sthohgo p`npc`/ \` shaohoa n tf` gar``k`ot n kutugc r`mnaoh+

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Grggt‘s F`rhtga` n Znchthmgc Mnotrnc . 68

thno hs no` gm`t n tf` r`vncuthno/ Ht wgs shaohmgot nr tf` Zgc`sthohgos# Hsrg`chs#

gol ntf`r p`npc`s n tf` r`ahno# gol r`m`hv`l whl` gtt`othno gol suppnrt rnk

 vgrhnus k`kd`rs n tf` hot`rogthnogc mnkkuohty/

\` ntf`r gsp`mt n tf` r`vncuthno# n wfhmf knst nds`rv`rs w`r` uogwgr`#tnne pcgm` whtfho tf` Zgc`sthohgo ogthnogc knv`k`ot/ Lurhoa tf` y`grs n Hs+

rg`ch nmmupgthno# tf` rst nrks n g pnchthmgc `othty fgl d`auo tn `k`ra` ho

tf` Q`st Dgoe gol Agzg ]trhp/ \hs `othty wgs l`knmrgthm ho hts dgshm mfgr+

gmt`rhsthms2 ht `gtur`l rhvgc pgrth`s gol gmthnos# vncuotgry nragohzgthnos gol

hosthtuthnos# r`pr`s`otgthv` c`gl`rsfhp# mnkkuohty nragohzgthno# gol mnostgot

mhvhc mnornotgthno whtf tf` strhmtur`s n tf` Hsrg`ch nmmupgthno gol r`cgt`l l`+

 v`cnpk`ots/ \hs prnm`ss wgs ghk`l gt tf` mnostrumthno n g utur` l`knmrgthm

pnchthmgc syst`k/Ho pgrgcc`c tn l`v`cnpk`ots ho tf` Q`st Dgoe gol Agzg ]trhp# uol`r tf`

Hsrg`ch nmmupgthno gol m`otrgchzgthno ho tf` ZCN homr`gs`l nv`r tf` y`grs/ Ht

wgs urtf`r`l dy prnm`ss`s tfgt g`mt`l tf` ZCN gs g r`suct n tf` struaac` whtf

Hsrg`c# tf` `xp`rh`om` ho C`dgono# hts nrm`l l`pgrtur` rnk tfgt mnuotry# gol

tf` y`grs n tf` rst hothglg/ Ht hovncv`l pnchthmgc gol c`agc k`gsur`s tfgt c`l tn

tf` tge`nv`r dy tf` ZCN# uol`r Grggt# n tf` syst`k tfgt fgl d`auo tn `k`ra`

ho tf` Q`st Dgoe gol Agzg ]trhp/ Ht che`whs` `otghc`l tf` o`utrgchzgthno n tf`

cnmgc c`gl`rs wfn# g`r tf` Kglrhl mno`r`om`# pgrthmhpgt`l ho tf` tgces whtf Hs+

rg`c tfgt w`r` f`cl ho Qgsfhoatno gol tfgt ghk`l gt r`gmfhoa g p`gm` gar``k`otdgs`l no g r`sncuthno tn tf` Hsrg`ch nmmupgthno n tf` Q`st Dgoe gol tf` Agzg

]trhp# gol n tf` gppurt`ogom`s n tf` Zgc`sthohgo prndc`k mr`gt`l lurhoa gol

g`r tf` wgr/ \hs r`vncuthno `otghc`l tf` arglugc trgos`r n cgol“gar``l

upno dy Hsrg`c gol tf` ZCN c`gl`rsfhp“tn tf` p`npc` n tf` Q`st Dgoe gol

Agzg ]trhp gol tf` ̀ stgdchsfk`ot n g Zgc`sthohgo pnchthmgc `othty tfgt gsphr`l tn

mnotrnc tfhs t`rrhtnry/

G oukd`r n gmtnrs `ogdc`l tfhs mfgoa`/ Ihrst gknoa tf`k wgs tf` w`ge+

o`ss n tf` ZCN g`r tf` Auc Qgr# tf` `xfgusthno n hts ogomhgc r`snurm`s# tf`

l`mcho` n hts nragohzgthnogc vhanr# gol tf` l`shr` n hts gmthvhsts tn r`vhv` ht us+

hoa wfgt`v`r k`gsur`s w`r` gvghcgdc` tn tf`k/ ]`mnol w`r` tf` shaos n gthau`

ho tf` Zgc`sthohgo ogthnogc knv`k`ot ho tf` Q`st Dgoe gol Agzg ]trhp g`r

y`grs n struaac` gaghost tf` nmmupgthno/ \hrl wgs tf` lhsmnoo`mthno# g`r hts

l`pgrtur` rnk C`dgono# d`tw``o tf` ZCN gol hts nccnw`rs/ \` Zgc`sthohgos

chvhoa ho r`ua`` mgkps ho tf` Grgd wnrcl# nr `xgkpc`# mnucl ont pr`v`ot tf`

nragohzgthno‘s c`gl`rsfhp rnk shaohoa p`gm` gar``k`ots tfgt kgl` hogl`qugt`

r``r`om` tn tf`hr prndc`ks/ Inurtf wgs Hsrg`ch gsshstgom` tn tf` ZCN c`gl`rsfhp#

gol `sp`mhgccy Grggt# wfhmf kgl` ht pnsshdc` nr tf`k tn hkpc`k`ot tf` mfgoa`gol s`t up go gct`rogthv` k`mfgohsk tn –lhr`mt‛ Hsrg`ch mnotrnc n tf` Zgc`stho+

hgos chvhoa ho tf` Q`st Dgoe gol Agzg ]trhp/

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8: . Zgc`sthohgo Znchthms g`r Grggt

\` cgst gmtnr wgs mrumhgc# nr gt c`gst tf` nocy no` whtfnut wfhmf tf` r`vncu+

thno mnucl ont fgv` tge`o pcgm`/ \` Hsrg`ch c`gl`rsfhp# f`gl`l dy Xhtzfge Tgdho#

wgot`l g p`gm` gar``k`ot tfgt wgs mnknrtgdc`# mf`gp# gol `gsy tn kgre`t tn

tf` Hsrg`ch pudchm/ \` Hsrg`ch shl` wgs gcsn hot`r`st`l ho tf` `stgdchsfk`ot n g–pgrto`r‛ whtfho Zgc`sthohgo snmh`ty tfgt tf` Zgc`sthohgos wnucl r`mnaohz` gol

mnoshl`r c`ahthkgt`# gol tfgt mnucl hkpns` nrl`r wf`r` Hsrg`c fgl ghc`l tn ln

sn/ Ho tf` `y`s n tf` tf`o &gol tf` murr`ot( Hsrg`ch c`gl`rsfhp# tf` r`ahk` tfgt

wnucl `x`rt mnotrnc no tf` arnuol wgs suppns`l tn kghotgho mgck# pr`v`ot

goth+Hsrg`c prnt`sts dy Zgc`sthohgos# r`pr`ss c`hst gol Hscgkhm `c`k`ots fnsthc`

tn Hsrg`c# gol pr`v`ot tf`k rnk `oagahoa ho vhnc`om` gaghost Hsrg`c gol Hsrg`chs/

\hs ga`ot wgs# n mnurs`# tf` ZCN c`l dy Grggt# wfhmf# lurhoa tf` mnurs` n tf`

Nscn tgces gol tf`r`g`r ho gcc pudchm mnotgmts d`tw``o tf` Hsrg`ch gol Zgc`stho+hgo c`gl`rsfhp# l`knostrgt`l hts whcchoao`ss tn –ln tf` lhrty wnre‛ gol sgthsy 

Hsrg`ch `xp`mtgthnos/ \hs grrgoa`k`ot hovncv`l g dgshm# uowrhtt`o prnkhs`2 tf`

kghot`ogom` n quh`t no tf` arnuol gt goy prhm`# `v`o tf` l`ohgc n dgshm rhafts

tn tf` Zgc`sthohgos mnotrncc`l dy tf` Zgc`sthohgo `othty/

\` st`ps tge`o dy tf` Zgc`sthohgo c`gl`rsfhp shom` tf` `stgdchsfk`ot n tf`

ZOG prnlum`l g –pgrthgc l`knmrgmy‛ kgre`l dy mnotrglhmthnos/ No tf` rst

fgol# prnm`ss`s w`r` hosthagt`l tfgt gtt`st`l tn ar`gt`r l`knmrgmy ho tf` Zgc`s+

thohgo ogthnogc knv`k`ot gol tf` ZOG/ No tf` ntf`r fgol# fnw`v`r# prnm`ss`s

n l`+l`knmrgthzgthno gol r`strhmthnos no Zgc`sthohgos‘ r``lnk n `xpr`sshno#knv`k`ot# gol nragohzgthno w`r` hotrnlum`l# gs w`cc gs go gtt`kpt tn sudb`mt

tf` Zgc`sthohgos tn Grggt‘s ̀ xmcushv` mnotrnc/ No` gm`t n tfhs gtt`kpt wgs Grg+

gt‘s hot`othno tn hkp`l` tf` `k`ra`om` n go gct`rogthv` c`gl`rsfhp ho tf` Q`st

Dgoe gol Agzg ]trhp/

Grggt‘s k`gsur`s gol fhs syst`k n mnotrnc prnvhl` no` ̀ xpcgogthno nr tf`

murr`ot shtugthno n tf` Zgc`sthohgo ogthnogc knv`k`ot# dntf whtfho Igt`f gol

nut n ht/ Ho pgrthmucgr# tfhs syst`k hs tf` kgho gmtnr r`spnoshdc` nr tf` mnrrup+

thno tfgt tnne pcgm` whtfho tf` Zgc`sthohgo Ogthnogc Gutfnrhty lurhoa tf` cgst

`w y`grs n Grggt‘s r`ahk`/