Excerpt from "Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America" by Alvaro Vargas Llosa....
Transcript of Excerpt from "Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America" by Alvaro Vargas Llosa....
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7/28/2019 Excerpt from "Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America" by Alvaro Vargas Llosa. Copyright 2013 by
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T H E I N D E P E N D E N T I N S T I T U T E
ALVARO VARGAS LLOSA
IMMIGRATION,
CIVILIZATION,
AND AMERICA
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Praise for Global Crossings
T
. Global Crossings , , - -.
Dniel L. McFdden, N L E S;
E. M Cx P E, U C, B
Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America . T - . A - . Global Crossings .
Lind L. Chvez, , U.S. C C R
Global Crossings -. A , A , V L .
Stephen Moore, S E, U.S. C J
E C; F P, C G; ,
Whos the Fairest o Tem All?Te ruth about Opportunity, axes, andWealth in America
W ? W ? A V L q Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America. H U.S. T , z.
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V L z .
Vicente Fox, P, R Mx
U , , x, A VL , . Global Crossings , , .
Richrd K. Vedder, D P E,
O U
V L , Global Crossings . I -, , H A. T , - , . H - , Quo vadis? W A?F , A z , . V L A , , , , , . L Global Crossings. I G D.
Deirdre N. McCloskey, D P E, H,
E, U I C
A , A V L - Global Cross-ings - U S . I A V L , x , x
.Mrio H. Lopez, P, H L F
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HE INDEPENDEN INSIUE -, -,
z -
. O
, , ,
.
Pz - x
. G , . I , I I -
q, .
,
. , I I
.
FOUNDER & PRESIDENT
D J. x
RESEaRCH DIRECTOR
Ax
SENIOR FELLOWS
B L. BI ER HR H. NC V. PB P
W F. S IIR . SA V LR K. V
aCaDEMIC aDVISORS
Lz Bzwarsaw school of economics
H Bzuniversity of maryland
E. Bclaremont graduate school
B Buniversity of ghent, belgium
A C. Choward center
R D. Cuniversity of california,berkeley
R W. Cbrookings institution
R A. Enew york university
B. D Gbrigham young university
G Gdiscovery institute
N Gzharvard university
S H. Hjohns hopkins university
J J. Huniversity of chicago
H. R H
sonic automotiveD N. MCuniversity of illinois, chicago
J. H MCohio state university
F MDuniversity of alabama
G Mhoover institution
C Mamerican enterpriseinstitute
M J. N, J.american enterpriseinstitute
J E. ONbaruch college
C E. P
university of rochesterP C Rinstitute for politicaleconomy
N Rstanford university
P H. Remory university
B M. Ryale university
P Suniversity of paris, france
V L. Sgeorge mason university
P . Suniversity of california,berkeley
J H. Sstate university of new york,old westbury
R L. Snorth carolina stateuniversity
R D. clemson university
A S. american university
G george mason university
R E. Wgeorge mason university
W E. Wgeorge mason university
C W, J.rand corporation
100 S W, O, C 94621-1428, U.S.A.Telephone: 510-632-1366 Facsimile: 510-568-6040 Email: [email protected] www.independent.org
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O, C
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Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America
C 2013 T I I
A R R. N - , , , , , x q . N I C.
T I I 100 S W, O, CA 94621-1428Telephone: 510-632-1366 Fax: 510-568-6040 Email: [email protected]
W: ..
Library o Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available
ISBN: 978-1-59813-133-8
C D: K CC P: P R/E+/G II D C L ML D
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vii
Contents
A xP: F A Az x
parti The Immigrant Experience
1 T 3
2 N J H, N J N 19
3 W T M 29
4 T R 47
5 U B 69
6 T L F 80
partii Immigrants and Culture
7 I V N V 93
8 I, G, S 106
9 T M F 1 14
10 C C 127
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viii | Contents
partiii Immigrants and the Economy
11 I E S 155
12 W I D J, W, E 173
13 D I C M T C? 199
partivOpen Minds
14 I I L-W R-W C? 22315 S A 233
16 W T N P? 248
17 C N? 269
18 A P Cz 283
19 O M 295
Ax 307
Ix 337
A A 355
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ix
Acknowledgments
i w ish to thank G G I I . G .
I II, I . I x D M Tx
.S
. Ax , - , , , . R M. C U
S . F, W R - x .
N , - .
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xi
Prologue
From Altar To Arizona
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xii | Prologue
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Prologue | xiii
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xiv | Prologue
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Prologue | xv
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xvi | Prologue
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Prologue | xvii
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xviii | Prologue
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Prologue | xix
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xx | Prologue
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Prologue | xxi
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xxii | Prologue
act in the context o a discussion in which critics o immigration point to grave
dierences between current immigration and the type o immigration behind
the rise o the United States.
Te second theme, comprising Chapters 710, looks at immigrants rom
the point o view o culture. Tese chapters assess to what degree oreigners
are dierent, whether natives can adapt to them, how immigrants assimilate
into the new society, and whether there are good and bad aliens; these
chapters dissect the cultural arguments used against immigration. In assess-
ing whether critics are justied in pointing to a major cultural shit, I discuss
whether current immigrants dier widely rom those o yesteryear. In doing
so, I look at aspects as wide-ranging as religion, education, the entrepreneurialdrive and attitudes to the social environment. Te malleability o culture is a
major theme in these chapters. Extreme examples, such as the kind o Islamic
radicalism that has taken root in small but signicant parts o European socie-
ties, are also explored.
I do not seek to minimize the cultural argument regarding immigration. It
is true that some immigrant groups do bring with them cultural traits germane
to societies that have not thrived on the same kind o attitudes toward workorthe same relationships between eort and reward; between risk and achieve-
mentthat are prevalent in prosperous countries. However, several actors
point to assimilation patterns that replicate those o the past.
Coming rom a country with a long history o underachievement, partially
owing to cultural as well as institutional traits, I am aware o the importance
o culture in bringing about liberal democracy, the rule o law, and prosperity.
I have also admired and written in these chapters about the cultural condi-tions that have ueled Asias rise in recent decades, while other parts o the world
were still unable to shed their old habits. But as I see my country o
originas well as many other countries in the Western Hemispheregradu-
ally break ree o their old shackles in this new phase o globalization, I am
reminded o how adaptable and ever-changing culture can be. Many immigra-
tion critics in the United States understandably worry, in the light o Mexicos
socioeconomic and political underachievement during the twentieth century,
that the continuous infux o Mexicans might reinorce domestic trends in
this country that already point to a deviation rom the good old values that
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Prologue | xxiii
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xxiv | Prologue
2. A Mx F M J G. C, 15,000 A 2009. A Mx- W C P S 2009, ://.
-.//27/E3. Z , Univision Noticias,A 26, 2010, ://../x///2010-08-26/z--
4. T , I E C N DH S C S C M, .://...x/INFORMES/E/ESM.
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parti
The Immigrant Experience
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3
The Takeover
1
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4 | The Immigrant Experience
, U S.
A , A , ,
: (1) - E E , (2) q , (3) , - x . T U S
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The Takeover | 5
Iq 2003 2004. A, x, M G A, P F , T U S A C
C, K; 2004, U S AG Iq.2 T U S , q , F z.
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6 | The Immigrant Experience
, .6
I
-1800 1932 . E U S 1830 1880 E,7 A. T G, 1860 1880, M.T E, S, W, , x, I. T S , F
C N E.8 A , U S, , , E, - U.S. , .
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The Takeover | 7
, , J 1880. B W W I, 2 J U S, E-
. F- CzR, P S. A Y- J N Y.13
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T 2010 C U.S. H- 13 16 2000 2010.18 I
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8 | The Immigrant Experience
H , 2050 100 U S, , H .19
T - H , A . T - A20 , .T - A , x, .21 I
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T , , A U S - . T 1860 1920 13
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The Takeover | 9
P , x, C, , I - A.
B I I , , H- U S , , S- A. I z S H. T H-, H L R I P ( S ) S
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10 | The Immigrant Experience
A, C U S . A 2010, U.S. C ( H 1980) 50,477,594 H, , 16.3
U S.24
T A- , , , , . G, M U S 1976.25 T , Mx E Mx-A A-
Mx - . , , A , U S.26
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. B, S Mx -1980. , B q , - . T H, Mx, H
A.27
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M A Mx . N , Mx, H ,
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The Takeover | 11
A -. W A , ,
A.
H Mx , Mx q . T Mx A x 20 31 2000 2010. T - - - H U S.29 M A
, , A -, x . I 1920, 486,000Mx R G- 1 - . B 2005, 11-, 3.8 U S.30
T , . B
- , 5 Mx , x -. A - Mx R G, -- .31
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A , C x.33 N S A nordomana,
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12 | The Immigrant Experience
Tble 1.1. H L O P : 2000 2010(F , , , ..//2010///.)
2000
2010
Chnge,2000 to 20101
Origin nd type
Number
Percentof Totl
Number
Percentof Totl
Number
Percent
Hispnic or Ltino Origin
Totl 281,421,906 100.0 308,745,538 100.0 27,323,632 9.7
H L 35,305,818 12.5 50,477,594 16.3 15,171,776 43.0
N H L 246,116,088 87.5 258,267,944 83.7 12,151,856 4.9Hispnic or Ltino by type
Totl 35,305,818 100.0 50,477,594 100.0 15,171,776 43.0
Mx 20,640,711 58.5 31,798,258 63.0 11,157,547 54.1
P R 3,406,178 9.6 4,623,716 9.2 1,217,538 35.7
C 1,241,685 3.5 1,785,547 3.5 543,862 43.8
O H
L 10,017,244
28.4 12,270,073
24.3 2,252,829
22.5D(D R)
764,945
2.2 1,414,703
2.8 649,758
84.9
C A(x Mx)
1,686,937
4.8 3,998,280
7.9 2,311,343
137.0
C R 68,588 0.2 126,418 0.3 57,830 84.3G 372,487 1.1 1,044,209 2.1 671,722 180.3H 217,569 0.6 633,401 1.3 415,832 191.1
N 177,684 0.5 348,202 0.7 170,518 96.0P 91,723 0.3 165,456 0.3 73,733 80.4S 655,165 1.9 1,648,968 3.3 993,803 151.7O CA2
103,721 0.3 31,626 0.1 72,095 9.5
S A 1,353,562 3.8 2,769,434 5.5 1,415,872 104.6A 100,864 0.3 224,952 0.4 124,088 123.0B 42,068 0.1 99,210 0.2 57,142 135.8C 68,849 0.2 126,810 0.3 57,961 84.2C 470,684 1.3 908,734 1.8 438,050 93.1E 260,559 0.7 564,631 1.1 304,072 116.7P 8,769 20,023 11,254 128.3
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The Takeover | 13
J Eq R, U , L A U.S. . T - U S W H C. T U S 1940, La ViolenciaC, .34 , S A -C, E, P, Bz .
H, x
H , - A. R, - U.S. .
2000
2010
Chnge,2000 to 20101
Origin nd type
Number
Percent
of Totl
Number
Percent
of Totl
Number
Percent
P 233,926 0.7 531,358 1.1 297,432 127.1U 18,804 0.1 56,884 0.1 38,080 202.5Vz 91,507 0.3 215,023 0.4 123,516 135.0O SA3
57,532 0.2 21,809 35,723 62.1
S 100,135 0.3 635,253 1.3 535,118 534.4
A H
L4 6,111,665 17.3 3,452,403 6.8 2,659,262 43.5
P 0.0.1T H C 2000 2010 C . D 2000, , , 2010 C . S H q C2000 2010 C. A, H 2010 . T H .
2T C A I , C Z,
C A.3T S A I S A.4T H L .
Sources: U.S. C B, Census 2000 Summary File 1 2010 Census Summary File 1.
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14 | The Immigrant Experience
Tble 1.2. P W H N P H L: 2010
(F , ,
, ..//20I0//.)
Plce
Totl popultion
Hispnic or Ltino popultion
Rnk Number
Number
N Y, NY
L A, CA
H, X
S A, XC, IL
Px, AZ
E P, X
D, X
S D, CA
S J, CA
8,175,133
3,792,621
2,099,451
1,327,4072,695,598
1,445,632
649,121
1,197,816
1,307,402
945,942
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
10
2,336,076
1,838,822
919,668
838,952778,862
589,877
523,721
507,309
376,020
313,636
Plce1
Totl popultion
Rnk
Percent of totlpopultion
Percent
E L A, CA2
L, X
H, FL
B, X
MA, XE P, X
S A, CA
S, CA
Ox, CA
D, CA
126,496
236,091
224,669
175,023
129,877649,121
324,528
150,441
197,899
111,772
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
97.1
95.6
94.7
93.2
84.680.7
78.2
75.0
73.5
70.71P 100,000 . T 2010 C 282 U S
100,000 . T 273 ( 5
) 9 .2E L A, CA, .
Source: U.S. C B, 2010 Census Summary File 1.
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The Takeover | 15
Notes
1. O S P.H Who Are We?H q A-P A . . . . I , , L A A. . . .S P. H, Who Are We?(N Y: S & S, 2004), x.
2. R W, F I A, Te New Ameri-cans: A Guide to Immigration Since 1965, . M C. W R U (C-, M.: H U P, 2007), 143.
3. I , N, A, S, M S . B1629 1641, 21,000 E A P M; 1642 1675, 45,000 E V; 23,000 M Q D- 1675 1725, , 1717 1775, 250,000 B E S, U P, - A. S P B,Alien Nation: Common Sense About
Central American immigration
Mexican immigration
Central American population
Mexican population
Decade
2000s1990s1980s1970s1960s1950s1940s1930s1920s1910s1900s0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
10,000,000
Legalimmig
rationandimmigrantpopulation
Source: D H S (DHS) Yearbook o Immigration Statistics, (W, D.C.: DHS), U.S. C B, U.S. C, .
Figure 1.1. L P I F P Mx C A I U S, 19002000
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16 | The Immigrant Experience
Americas Immigration Disaster(N Y: R H, 1995), 38. A z U S D H F,Albions Seed: Four British Folkways in America(N
Y: Ox U P, 1989).4. P Q. Y, Post-1965 Immigrants to the United States: Structural Determinants(W, C., P P, 1995), 10.
5. D , A 18511854, 18661873, 18811883, 19051924, . SR U, I I G H P, W U, TeNew Americans, 15.
6. J H, Strangers in the Land: Patterns o American Nativism 18601925(N B, N.J.: R U P, 1955), 16.
7. P Q. Y, Post-1965 Immigrants to the United States: Structural Determinants(W, C.: P P, 1995), 10.8. H, Strangers in the Land, 15.9. P B,Alien Nation: Common Sense About Americas Immigration Disas-
ter (N Y: R H, 1995), x.10. A M M, I M E U S,Perspec-
tives in American History1 (1984): 389392.11. S S L. B, T I D Oz L
A, Bz, U S,Journal o Social History(W 1969): 70, 129.
12. T S,Migrations and Cultures(N Y: B B, 1996), 282.13. T J A T C, S J P S -, Bz 1654. S M R, Te Promised City: New Yorks Jews,18701914 (C, M., H U P, 1967), 33.
14. T F J. H S. J C. I 1782, Let-ters From an American Farmer, q , . T
I. S ://x../~//03. [ 55] A - , F J Frontier Tesis, 1893, A-z, , x M W. T x -B- J I Z Te Melting Pot, W 1908. T Z x A . I A
G , E -. S N L. G, Repenser Les Migrations(P: P U F, 2002), 55. A G A G, Americans No More(N Y: T
A P, 1996), 101.
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The Takeover | 17
15. F , S L U S - . T E
Lz, A P S J - - , : G , , /Y ,/T , /S , - ,/ I . T I. ://../---.
16. J B C, A W O, Center For AnUrban Future, F, 2007, ://..
17. T O I S P D
www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics
/.../ois_ill_pe_2011.pd. Sx- Mx, 11 A, 11 C A, 7 S A, 4 C, 2 M E.
18. S R. E, M R-V, N G. A, Te Hispanic Popula-tion 2010, U.S. C B, M 2011, ://..//2010//2010-04.
19. N H U S - 45 , -q - , . P
H C,Modes o Entry or the Unauthorized Migrant Population, M 2006.://.//.?FID=1920. A A q , I
x -A E .
21. I 1982, C I R E - 70 , U.S. . O A 9, 1990,imez . E U.S. C B
. S S. F,America Extinguished: Mass Immigration and the Disintegration o AmericanCulture(M, V.: A I C, 2002).
22. G P, A S I: W A E W,Te Milken Institute Review(T Q 2007).
23. H, Who Are We?, 46.24. U.S. C B, Te Hispanic Population: 2010Census Bries, M 2011,
://..//2010//2010-04.I 1976, C U S -
: A S . T A S- Mx, PR, C, C A S A, S- .
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18 | The Immigrant Experience
25. T ://../E/26. J C, Ex Mex: From Migrants to Immigrants(N Y: T N
P, 2007), 23.
27. C, Ex Mex, 24.28. S, , H P R C, Te State othe New Media: An Annual Report on American Journalism, 2009,P Ex J, W, D.C., 2009, ://../2009/x.
29. E, R-V, A, Te Hispanic Population 2010, ://..//2010//2010-04.
30. C, Ex Mex, 6.31. T NALHIS Mx M-
P O P R P U R D S M U G O. ://../2009/x.
32. B 1980 1990, E S- 472,393, G N 227,998 171,004, . T H . T , , . S N Sz C- N H, C A, X- Y, C: PR C, Te New American, . W U, 328332, 413.
33. O D. A 1 , 70 -. S P L, D R, TeNew Americans, . W U, 402. A C C 1.3 . L C A,
A. S, 37 P R, C- , . S L Pz, C, Te New Americans, . W U, 386.
34. A 45 , 30 M. W C F, N Y, N J, P q C. S L E Gz M E, C, Te New
American, . W U, 375376.
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19
Not Just Here, Not Just Now
2
modern-day immigrationis qA , , , - . A , - q A . A . B , , 30
.1
B 1960 -1990, 20 W E.2 I q , E A Mx.T A C A E; F P, C, E, I, A
F V, I F-I ; I z N A L, I PI M 180 L; B C-.3 T x C, F B, , .4
T E - q ,
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20 | The Immigrant Experience
U S. A -, 10 F S (.., E U [EU]), 9 A
B , 6 S , 4 B .5 E x , S, x . A, S, F M, M . V, , L A
N A , . I 12 S .6
S - . A 2009, M, I x S CEAR,7 S z-
.A, M, -
z M MO S A, Az . A , -,
M.M , , , x B A, A. I , ; . B . S , x S. T , I I , . . . . . . I . I x S. E . . . .
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Not Just Here, Not Just Now | 21
A M . T .I ; I , I ? I . M
I 2003, . M . I 2007, , . I , . I S . I S S . I C I, I .
S , I C, R- C I, W A. S - F , , -- . S 2002 2004, x. N
I C q . T .
S A, O, . M , , . H . H , , I
. M ; . M . T . T x , , I z I , I . I I . T , .
T, . O , C, . H
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22 | The Immigrant Experience
. H M. T I , , I . I . A
, I A, M, I .
A S , M, S- N A. S q . I M . I I .
B I S .O I M, I I . A-, I N. I , M. A I I , I , , T G!
A
, qz ,.
S , A, -z, CEAR. B , ,
M, z , .
T R, A C, S A. S I .
M , I D, A M N A
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Not Just Here, Not Just Now | 23
S, , . A I D, S W .
E, , U S .T . I W H, C, , P M P 1970. B , 17 C .I , , .8 F
, 40 S P, Bz, . T B, P, B,, x, C. T R B G-M C Mq .9
I A - . B-
1970 , 17 65 S L, 15 69 P, 41 76 I.10
T A P G. O- . A , 10 x , A A,
; S A .T E x G , Y, S, S, L.11
I , PG. A, I , A , G . I , , A A.12
J U S, . I . W z
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24 | The Immigrant Experience
Figure
2.1.
ModernWorldMigrationFlows
FromU
K
ToNo
rth
Amer
ica
FromS
outh
America
ToAustralasia
ToJapan
Fro
mA
sia
Source:h
ttp://pstalker.com/migration/m
g_map.htm
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Not Just Here, Not Just Now | 25
197
5
:VietnamtoMalaysia,AustraliaandUSA
197
3
:UgandanAsianstoUK
195
01960:WestIndiestoUK
195
01960:NorthAfricatoFrance,SpainandItaly
195
0
:MexicoandCentralAme
ricatoUSA
194
7
:India,
PakistanandSriLa
nkatoUK
194
5
:TurkeytoGermany
194
0
:EuropeanJewstoUSA
193
01940:RussiatoSiberia
191
8
:BritaintoAustralia,
SouthAfricaandNewZealand
191
81919:EasternEuropetoUSAandCanada
Figure
2.2.
AHistoryofMajorWorldMigrationFlows
Source
:http://www.b
bc.co.uk/scotlan
d/education
/geog/population/migration_map.s
html
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26 | The Immigrant Experience
250,0
00
1million
Circlesareproportional
to
thenumberofpeople.
Moreleaving
Morecomingin
Figure
2.3.
AverageAnnualNumberofMigrants,20022005
Source:T
eNewYorkimes
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Not Just Here, Not Just Now | 27
, . A x , .
B , 150 - E, A, A M E . I , , , , - . T P 1889.13
T I
72 z ! C . B -1990, 33 C C, P.14 L x . O , 14 L L A,N A, A, A, A .15
M , , . I
. A , x , .
Notes
1. T L F, Te Economist, J 24, 2000, 63.2. H M Ez, Civil War(L: G B, 1994), 112.3. M R ND, Regard sur lImmigration Aricaine en Europe: Les Dictat-
ures Aricains, Causes et Efects de lImmigration (P: E , 1999), 72.
4. Mx , Le Grand Bazar ou l Europe Face lImmigration (P:H, 2001), 3536.
5. rends in International Migration: Continuous Reporting System on Immigration, 2000edition (P: OECD, 2001.) A B K, Te Changing Face o EuropePopu-lation Flows in the 20th Century,(S: C E P, 2002), 41.
6. F , El Pas( ), N 29, 2009.7. CEAR S Comisin Espaola de Ayuda al Reugiado (S-
C A R).8. rends in International Migration A G A G, Americans No
More(N Y: T A P, 1996), 315.9. I L: S E S F C,
Report or Congress, T L L C, A 2006, ://.
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28 | The Immigrant Experience
.//H/I%20J%5CUS%20H%20%20R%5CI%20L%20S%20%20E%20S%20F%20C.
10. T A q . B, P, I , - , . S , I H, . T , I M P M. A, I F . S N O, Women in Motion: Globalization, State Policies, andLabor Migration in Asia, (S, C.: S U P, 2005), 7.
11. N M. S, A M P G, Arab Migration in aGlobalized World(G: I Oz M, L AS, 2004), 91.
12. S, A M P G, 100.13. I C I I P P
E I. S N L. G, Repenser Les Migrations(P:P U F, 2002), 82.
14. Te Republic o China: Overseas Chinese Afairs Statistics(: O C- A C, 1994), 8.
15. R K, A M P: T Mq, Arab Migration ina Globalized World(G: I Oz M, L AS, 2004), 27.