Exceptional Lives, 6e ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter...

Exceptional Lives, 6eISBN: 0135027012

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Chapter 1

Overview of Today’s Special

Education

Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6eAnn Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael WehmeyerISBN: 0135027012

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved.

2

Chapter 1 ObjectivesAt the end of this chapter you should be

able to: Describe students who are in special education and the

professionals that work with them. Identify and define the Individuals with Disabilities

Education Act (IDEA) Articulate other federal laws that benefit students with

disabilities. Explain the outcomes these laws have helped achieve for

students.




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Values to Guide Teaching (Figure 1.1)

Envisioning Great Expectations Enhancing Positive Contributions Building on Strengths Becoming Self-Determined Expanding Relationships Ensuring Full Citizenship




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Approximately 6 million students ages 6 - 21 369,596 infants and toddlers or

2.2% of U.S. infants and toddlers 670,750 preschool children or

5.8% of the preschool-aged population

Who Are the Students?




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Approximately 2/3 boys and 1/3 girls in special education

Approximately 1.8% to 18 % of students in the gifted and talented category in different states- Overall, 6.4 % of the school population

Females slightly outnumber males in gifted and talented category

Profile of Special Education




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Categories of Disabilities (Figure 1–2)

Students 6 to 21: 2007

46%

19%

10%

8%

8%9% Specific Learning

disabilitiesSpeech LanguageImpairmentsIntellectualDisabilityEmotional/Behavioral disordersOther HealthImpairmentsOther Disabilitiescombined




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Allows students with disabilities to receive services

Labels may be stigmatizing or result in discrimination

View children by their abilities not disabilities

Use person-first language

Who Are the Students?Labeling




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Special education is a high-demand occupation

Districts often have unfilled teaching positions

Many different professionals work with students with disabilities:

Who Are Special Education Personnel?

– School social workers– Occupational therapists– Physical therapists– Recreation and therapeuticspecialists– Paraprofessionals

– Supervisors/administrators– Psychologists– Diagnostic/evaluation staff– Audiologists– Speech therapists– Additional specialists




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Two Types of Discrimination Previous discrimination:

Exclusion Misclassification

Consequences of Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Overview of the Law and Special Education




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Mills v. Washington, DC, Board of Education and Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens [PARC] v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

The courts ordered school districts to: Provide a free, appropriate public education to all

students with disabilities Educate students with disabilities in the same schools

and basically same programs as students without disabilities

Put into place procedural safeguards so that students can challenge schools that do not live up to the court’s orders.

These decisions led to families advocating for a federal law to guarantee rights and Congress to act

Judicial Decisions and LegislationCourt Cases




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IDEA(originally called Education of All Handicapped Students Act or PL 94-142) was first enacted in 1975

Original intent: Open schools to all students with disabilities and ensure they had a chance to benefit from special education

Current focus: Provide a free, appropriate public education to all students with disabilities

Introduction to IDEA




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The Span of Special Education

IDEA provides services from birth to age 21(historically was from ages 6 to 18)

IDEA has three sections: Part A sets out Congress’s intent and

national policy to provide a free appropriate public education to all students with disabilities

Part B serves children ages 3 to 21 Part C serves students ages birth to 2




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Eligibility is based on need Special education services are

provided wherever there are students with disabilities Classrooms Students’ homes Hospitals and institutions Other settings

Special Education and Students’ Eligibility




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Related Services (Figure 1–3) Assistive Technology Audiology Counseling services Early identification Family training,

counseling, and home visits

Health services Medical services Occupational therapy Orientation and mobility

services Parent counseling and

training Physical therapy

Psychological services Recreation and

therapeutic recreation Rehabilitative counseling

services School health services Service coordination

services Social work services in

schools Speech pathology and

speech-language pathology

Transportation and related costs

Vision Services




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Students’ Eligibility Part B

12 disability categories under which students may be served

Part C benefits children under age 3 who: Need early intervention services because

of developmental delays Have a diagnosed physical or mental

condition that has a high probability of resulting in a developmental delay

States have the option of serving at-risk children




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IDEA Disability Categories

Specific learning disabilities

Emotional disturbance Mental retardation Multiple disabilities Deaf-blindness Autism

Other health impairments

Orthopedic impairments Traumatic brain injury Speech or language

impairments Hearing impairments Visual impairments

You will learn about these categories in Chapters 5 through 16.




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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Six Principles

Zero reject Nondiscriminatory evaluation Appropriate education Least restrictive environment Procedural due process Parental and student participation




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Ensures all children and youth (3 - 21), no matter how severe their disabilities, will have an appropriate education provided at public expense

Applies to: Educability Discipline

Zero Reject




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Discipline Equal treatment No cessation Unique circumstances Short-term removals Manifestation determination Response to no manifestation Response to manifestation Services in interim alternative

educational setting Weapons, drugs, and injury




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Does the student have a disability? What kind of special education and related

services does the student require? Assessment Requirements

Screening Prereferral Response to intervention Referral Nondiscriminatory evaluation

Nondiscriminatory Evaluation: Two Purposes




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Individualized education for each student with a disability

Developed collaboratively by the same people involved in the evaluation

Outcome oriented (include goals/objectives)

Provide the foundation for the student’s appropriate education

Appropriate Education: IEP/IFSPs




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IEPs Document for

students 3–21 Need to be in effect

at the beginning of the school year

Reviewed and revised at least once a year

Document for children ages 0–2

Describes the services both the child and family will receive

Should be developed within 45 days of referral and reviewed at 6-month intervals and every year thereafter

Appropriate Education

IFSPs




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IEP Team IEP Participants Conference Activities

Parents General educator Special educator School system

representative Evaluation

interpreter Others Student

Prepare in advance Connect and get started Review formal evaluation and

current levels of performance Share resources, priorities, and

concerns Share visions and expectations Consider interactions of

proposed students goals, placement and services

Translate student priorities into written goals

Determine placement, supplementary aids/services, and related services

Address assessment modifications and special factors

Conclude the conference




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Education with students who do not have disabilities

For early childhood, IDEA favors the “natural environment”

The rule: A presumption of inclusion Access to the general education

curriculum Setting aside the presumption The continuum of services Extracurricular and nonacademic inclusion

Least Restrictive Environment




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Makes schools and parents accountable to each other

Resolution session Mediation

Not required by IDEA but strongly encouraged Due process hearing

Similar to a regular courtroom trial Conducted before an impartial hearing officer Parents and schools are entitled to have

lawyers present

Procedural Due Process




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Parent and Student Participation

Parents are members of teams Parents receive notification before

schools do anything about their child’s education

Parents have the right to use the three dispute-resolution techniques

Parents have access to school records concerning student

At age of majority IDEA rights transfer to the student




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Relationship Among 6 Principles (Figure 1–7)

IDEA




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Congress grants federal money to state and local educational agencies

The federal money is insufficient to provide all services

States and local school districts must provide their own funds

Special education services are expensive

Federal Funding of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act




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Six Principles of No Child Left Behind

Accountability for results School safety Parental choice Teacher quality Scientifically-based methods of teaching Local flexibilityAlso Aligned with IDEA because it seeks

improved outcomes for students with disabilities




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Other Federal Laws: Entitlements and Antidiscrimination

Rehabilitation Act Allows people to seek vocational

rehabilitation services so they may work Provides services such as supported

employment programs and job coaches Tech Act

Allows states to create statewide systems for delivering assistive technology devices and support to people with disabilities




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Section 504 Applies to any program or activity

receiving federal funds Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Applies to other programs or activities available to the public that do NOT receive federal funds

Other Federal Laws: Entitlements and Antidiscrimination




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Equality of opportunity Full participation Independent living Economic self-sufficiency

Measured by: High school completion rates Post school employment rates Overall satisfaction with life

Special Education Results

Exceptional Lives, 6e ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter...

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