Mammalogy Review

Exam TipsEducated 1. RTFQ 2. If you don t know guess!

3. Think horses NOT zebrasAKA: Don t over complicate things!

Most ImportantlyRelax, there are less than 5000 of them. -Dr. Miller

Actually, according to MSW there are 5416no big deal!

NumbersSome important numbers to remember: Mammals are an ancient group: Greater than 200 mya old New Species: 408...round up to 500 if choice between 400-500 Mammals are the 5th largest class...ok not that impressive Actinopterygii = 27 000 Note: Forget about any rule you have been taught in math. We appear to always round up. With the way things are headed I suppose it s best not to lose any of them (by Aves = 9672 (~10 000) rounding down) not even on paper! Lepidosauria = 8014 (~9000) Anura = 5362 (~ 6000) Mammalia = 4800 or 5416 by MSW (~5000-6000?)LUH!

Provincial NumbersRODENTIA: 16 with 3 native to NF and 4 introduced LAGOMORPHA: 2 with 1 native to NF and 1 introduced He seems to like SORICOMORPHA: 4 with 0 native to NF and 1 introduced these! CHIROPTERA: 3 with 2 native to NF (2 native to Labrador) CARNIVORA: Canidae = 4 with 4 native to NF and 1 extinct Felidae= 1 native Mustelidae = 7 with 3 native to NF and 1 introduced Odobenidae = 1 Phocidae= 5...KNOW THEM Ursidae= 2 ARTIODACTYLA: 2 with 1 native to NF and 1 introduced CETACEA: 23

Provincial Numbers: TotalsTotal Provincial Mammals = 71...Yay Newfoundland and Labrador! Total Mammals Introduced to NL = 7 Total Newfoundland Land Mammals + Seals= 31 Total Labrador Land Mammals + Seals= 61 Accidental/Not resident (from chart): Horay Bat Arctic Fox

Mammals capable of VOLANT locomotion= 3 bats

(2 in NL and 2 in Labrador)

Accidental or Purposeful (PROVINCIALS) Red back vole (On purpose) Moose (On purpose) Cinereous Shrew (On purpose) Snowshoe Hare (On purpose)

Can you RECOGNIZE these provincial Mammals? How about some National Geo Facts?

Native to Newfoundland and Labrador

Native to Newfoundland and Labrador

Extinct in Newfoundland and Labrador

Native to Newfoundland

Hoary!

Lasiurus cinereusCommon Name: Hoary Bat Characteristics:1) Marble fur orange yellow and brown highlights 2) Uropatagium completely furred 3) Short round ears 4) Migratory roosts in trees

Native to Labrador

Introduced to Newfoundland

Bearded SealFamily: Phocidae NatGeo Fact: Its whiskers serve as feelers!!!! It feed on variety of small prey found along the ocean floor, including clams, squid, and fish.LUH!

Gray SealFamily: Phocidae NatGeo Fact: Gray seals breed in a variety of habitats where disturbance is minimal, including rocky shores, sandbars, ice flows, and islands. They feed in cold open waters.

I am also known a s a horse-head seal

LUH!

Harp SealFamily: Phocidae NatGeo Fact: Harp seals prefer to swim in the ocean, spending relatively little time on land. Weaning is abrupt; the mother turns from nursing to promiscuous mating, leaving the pup behind on the ice.

It s OK they have their own Facebook Group!At least the baby ones do!

Actually, he may not know what Facebook is...

EXAM QUESTION WARNING: Harp SealSAMPLE QUESTION: Assessment of Harp Seal Population A. Classification of Harp Seal: Order________________________ Family________________________ Genus_________________________ Species________________________ B. Provide a detailed outline of the methods used and challenges that occur in assessing the vitality of harp seal populations off the coast of Newfoundland.

Harbor SealFamily: Phocidae NatGeo Fact: Known as the common seal. The seals frequently choose to congregate in harbors and have been known to attack and consume several kinds of birds.V shaped nostrils

Boxer like face

Ringed SealFamily: Phocidae NatGeo Fact: They are solitary animals and when hauled out on ice separate themselves from each other by hundreds of yards.Rings! Look for the white outline around them!

Hooded SealFamily: Phocidae NatGeo Fact: The bulge develops when the seal is four years old. The male can blow up this bulge, so that it is the size of its head. Nursing of the pup lasts for an average of only 4 days, the shortest lactation period of any mammal.

Don't forget the Walrus!

Can you RECOGNIZE these provincial whales? How about some National Geo Facts?

Balaenidae (Provincial)

Balaenopteridae (Provincial)

Physeteridae (Provincial)

Monodontidae (Provincial)

Delphinidae (Provincial)

Sample Questions (Provincial)1. How many native non-volant land mammal species are in the Province? ______ Newfoundland ______ Labrador 2. ____T or ____F: All native non-volant land mammal species in Newfoundland are also native in Labrador.

Sample Questions (Provincial)3. Name four (4) introduced land mammal species in Newfoundland, and indicate whether they were introduced accidentally or deliberately. Give formal common name OR scientific name... Species #1__________________________Introduction: ____Accidental ____Deliberate 4. Complete the following table for eight (8) Provincial marine mammal species (non-volant or volant). Give formal common name OR scientific name (underlining for latter not necessary). Formal Common OR Scientific Name Cetaceans Mysticeti (M) or Odontoceti (O)? I almost forgot about the flying seal! Species #1... Pinnipeds Family Species #1...

Sample Questions (Provincial)5. Complete the following table for eight (8) native land mammal species (non-volant or volant). Use different species for the two parts of the Province. Give formal common name OR scientific name... Formal Common OR Scientific Name Order Family Newfoundland Species #1... Labrador Species #1...

Species Totals (by order)Order Monotremata = 5 Order Didelphimorphia = 87 Order Paucituberculata = 6 Order Microbiotheria = 1 Order Notoryctemorphia = 2 Order Dasyuromorphia =71 Order Paramelemorphia = 21 Order Diprotodontia = 143 Order Afrosoricida = 51 Order Macroscelidea = 15 Order Tubulidentata = 1 Order Hyracoidea = 4 Order Proboscidea = 3 Order Sirenia = 5

Marsupials = 331

Afrotheria = 79

Species Totals (by order)Order Cingulata = 21 Order Pilosa = 10

Xenarthrans = 31

Order Scandentia = 20 Order Dermoptera = 2 Order Primates = 376 Order Rodentia = 2277 Order Lagomorpha = 92 Order Erinaceomorpha = 24 Order Soricomorpha = 428 Order Chiroptera = 1116 Order Pholidota = 8 Order Carnivora =286 Order Perissodactyla = 17 Order Artiodactyla = 240 Order Cetacea = 84

Eulipotyphla (Hedgehogs, Shrews, Moles, Solenodons) = 452

The Top 51. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rodenta Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Primates Marsupials

Terms Just In Case!

Examples of Saltatorial Mammals

Macropodidae Peramelidae

Lemuridae

Saltatorial Rodents PedetidaePedetes capensis Cape Springhare

Dipodidiae HeteromyidaeDipodomys ingens: Giant Kangaroo Rat Euchoreutes naso- Long Eared Jerboa

Muridae: Murinae

Muridae: Gerbillinae

Cursorial Forms: Foot Posture

Cetartiodactyls

Perrisodactyls

Friction Pads Erethizon

Scansorial Mammals Prehensile Organs Claws

SciurusSciurus carolinensis: American Grey Squirrel

GalagoGalago crassicaudatus: Greater Bushbaby

AtelesAteles geoffroyi: Geoffroys s Spider Monkey

Myzopoda aurita (sucker-footed bat)

Scansorial - Brachiation Hylobates

Gliding

Stylar cartilageThorington et al. Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 79, No. 1 pp. 245-250.

Foods and Feeding Terms to be aware of:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Insectivorous Myrmecophagous Eimer s Organ Sanguinivorous Piscivorous Coprophagy Granivorous Frugivorous Nectarivourous Gumivorous Mycophagous

Can you think of species?

Sensory System: VisionDetection and use of radiant energy in the form of light Among some insectivores that are primarily fossorial and cetaceans living in aquatic environments vision will be reduced Primates, felids, and some other mammals have binocular, stereoscopic vision Many nocturnal will have a tapetum lucidum (reflective layer) that aids in night vision by reflecting light that has passed through the receptor back toward the retina

Phylogeny

The Basics

LUH!

When a lineage splits (speciation), it is represented as branching on a phylogeny. When a speciation event occurs, a single ancestral lineage gives rise to two or more daughter lineages.

The BasicsPhylogenies trace patterns of shared ancestry between lineages. Each lineage has a part of its history that is unique to it alone and parts that are shared with other lineages.

Similarly, each lineage has ancestors that are unique to that lineage and ancestors that are shared with other lineages common ancestors.

CladesA clade is a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor.LUH! Imagine clipping a single branch off the phylogeny all of the organisms on that pruned branch make up a clade.

Clades

Clades are nested within one another they form a nested hierarchy.

Just snip the branches to find them!

Types of GroupsMonophyletic groups represent all the descendants of a common ancestor.OK! So we can just snip!

Dolphins and Chimps Mammals

Vertebrates

Types of GroupsParaphyletic group: doesn t include all the descendants of that ancestor.

Everything is OK

Missing a descendent

Missing an ancestor

Grouping SpeciesThings to be aware of: Reversal: A structure that previously evolved is subsequently lost. Convergence: Different structures in two different organisms evolve to appear similar by occur in different linages. This is a Homoplasy Do not confuse with the term Homology Bird and bat wings are homologous as forelimbs NOT as wings! They are both forelimbs but they are NOT the same thing.

Grouping SpeciesHomology

Homoplasy (Ecological)

Useful Definitions Primitive Character = Plesiomorphy A character which is in the state shared by the common ancestor of the group. Near Derived Character = Apomorphy A character in a new state, not the primitive one. Away from Shared Character: A character shared by all the members of the group. Shared Derived Character = Synapomorphy A character which is in a new state and shared by all the member of the group. Same Away fromOut Group: a reference group for determination of the evolutionary relationship among three or more monophyletic groups of organisms. A fancy way of saying reference point!

Sample Problem

Concepts of ClassificationShift from looking at morphology to molecular techniques to establish taxonomy BUT a huge verity of methods are applied before an organism s status is changed. Biological Species Concept: Species are a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Morphological Species Concept: A species is what a good taxonomist says it is. Genetic Species Concept: Many cryptic species are strongly differentiated genetically.

How To Remember Getting the basic order is easy! We just need to remember two things about Dr. Miller.

1)He REALLY likes seals and their distribution patterns:Miller's Mammalogy Talks Are Mainly Powerpoints of Harp Seal X Distribution Species Patterns, Ranging Latitudes.

2) He put a Tylopod (Camel) on our lab exam and expected us to know what it was based on its canines!Somehow Ted's Exam Specimen Tylopod Seriously Raged His Class, Pupils Can't Perceive Canines!

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Mammalogy

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Thing One

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Thing Two

Lets not even get started on the Fisher

Thing One

Thing Two

The Big PictureMammalogy

LUH!

Be aware of these terms

Be aware that the ORDER can switch at the nodes

Eutherian: placental mammals plus all extinct mammals that are more closely related to living placentals.

Origin of Mammals

Best Guess (for group origin) Region:

Lunch!

Dimetrodon

Note the reduction in complexity as the mammalian jaw evolves!

Transitional States: Pleycosaurs

Transitional States: Therapsids

Transitional States: Mammalialforms

Transitional States: Multituberculata

Mammals are Monophyletic

Mammals are Monophyletic

Cenozoic Radiation The breakup of the single large land mass (Pangaea) beginning about 200 mya and eventual isolation of the continents that promoted differentiation of the various mammalian phyletic lines following the Cretaceous period.

Cenozoic Radiation

3 Major Groups of Extant Mammals

Characteristics of Mammals (Soft-Tissue)1.*Lactogeneic (with mammary glands) 2. Viviparous (monotremes are an exception) 3. *Hair (Cuticular scales, cortex, medulla ) 4. *Sweat and *Sebaceous glands 5. Endothermic 6. Four-chambered heart (complete separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation) 7. *Annucleate Red Blood Cells 8. *Separate renal artery and vein no renal portal system. 9. *Muscular Diaphragm 10. *Facial muscles (derived from ancestral constrictor coli, which itself evolved from interhyoideus) 11. Expanded cerebrum (from *dorsal pallium)

Characteristics of Mammals (Skull)1. Double occipital condyle 2. *Altas/Axis complexmodified for head rotation 3. *Tympanic bone present (derived from angular) 4. *Three ear ossicles. Malleus (from articular), incus (from, quadrate), stapes (ancestral) 5. *Jaw bone reduced to dentary only. 6. External Nares 7. Secondary Palate 8. Respiratory tubinates

1. *Vertebral column regionalized 7 or 9

2. Ribs restricted to thoracic vertebrae 12 or 13

varies

Apendicular Skeleton

1. *Limbs have an epiphysis 2. *Calcaneum present (insertion point for Achilles tendon) 3. # of bones reduced in limb girdles 4. Limbs rotate under body

No anterior/posterior coracoids, or interclavicle (except for monotremes)

Monotremes The duck-billed platypus is monotypic! (a group that contains only a single organism) Monotremes owe their survival to relative geographic isolation from eutherians Monotremata means One Opening They are a mosaic of primitive and derived traits

Monotremes: Fossil History Mesozoic origin: diverged from therian mammals during the Jurassic period There is fossil evidence of non-Australian monotremes (a platypus) from the early Paleocene epoch in South Argentina.

Monotremes: Morphology The cochlea of monoteremes is unique among mammals because it is NOT coiled Have epubic bones attached to the pelvic girdle that project forward Adult males have a large horn-like spur on the ankle Have no corpus callosum Permanently abdominal testes

Marsupials Best distinguished based on their reproductive mode as they have a very small maternal energy investment in their young prior to birth There are no marine marsupials! None have developed true flight thus restricted adaptive radiation

Marsupials: Early Radiation Living marsupials occur in North America Only 1 species North of Mexico (We all know what that one is!) They are most diverse in Australasia Oldest fossil evidence is from NA is early Cretaceous (100 mya) Some dispersal to Europe (lasted 50 mya-25mya) Became extirpated (local extinction) in NA

Marsupials: Early Radiation

Marsupials: Early RadiationA diversity of marsupial fossils is known from South America About 2-5 mya the Panamanian land bridge developed: Enter

The Great American Interchange

The Great American Interchange

So How Did They Get to Australia?It probably occurred about 65mya late paleocene or early eocene.

Marsupial/Placental Convergence

Wallace s LineWallace (1876) proposed faunal regions based on mammals Combined Wallace and Sclater (birds) systems

CharacterDiversity size structural adaptations Reproduction [Figs. 10.7] Placenta [Fig. 9.11] Lactation period [Fig. 10.7] Investment of energy in motherhood Cerebral Cortex/ Braincase Behavioural plasticity Territoriality Antipredator behaviour Epipubic bones Baculum [Fig. 9.3] Auditory bullae primitive dental formula not as large less diverse

Marsupial state6% of living mammal species

Placental state94% of living mammal species larger range of body sizes flying (wings), marine (fins)

brief gestation; semiembryonic young; body mass long gestation period; young more developed at 1% of mother. Need for precocious grasping birth; body mass up to 50% of mother forelimbs may constrain adaptability choriovitelline (usually) long lower, altricial young smooth and complex, slow development, smaller volume (maybe) uncommon uncommon not well developed present absent derived from alisphenoid bone 5/4-1/1-3/3-4/4 chorioallantoic short higher, reproduce more rapidly (usually), precocial young fast development, greater volume (maybe) great range of behaviours common and important highly developed, particularly in herding animals; capable of sustained high speeds absent present varies, but not alisphenoid 3/3-1/1-4/4-3/3

Afrotheria

6 OrdersTubulidentata - Aardvarks Afrosoricida - Golden Mole

Sirenia - Dugong

Hyracoidea - Hyrax

Macroscelidea - Elephant Shrews (Sengis) Sirenia - Manatee

Proboscidea - Elephant

Afrosoricida - Tenrec

Sister Clade to Xenarthra

Group relationship not realised until 1990s through genetic analysis.

Tubulidentata (Aardvarks)

Only Species of its Order!

Tenrecoidea (Tenrecs)

Macroscelida (Sengis)

Proboscida (Elephants)Asian Elephant (Elephas) African Elephant (Loxodonta)Arched Back Convex Back

Small Ears Large Ears

Proboscida (Elephants)Asian Elephants Guess which one is the Bornean Pygmy Elephant!

Bornean Pygmy Elephant

Hyracoidea (Hyrax)

Yellow Spotted Hyrax

Rock Hyrax

Sirenia (Dugongidae)

Sirenia (Trichechidae)

Manatees!

Sirenia Dugong vs. ManateeManatee

Dugong

Xenarthra

Xenarthra (Armadillos, sloths & anteaters)

Order Cingulata

Order Pilosa

Family Dasypodidae (Armadillos)

Suborder Folivora (Sloths)

Suborder Vermilingua (anteaters)

Family Bradypodidae (3 toed)

Family Megalonychidae (2 toed)

Family cyclopedidae (silky)

Family Myrmecophagidae (other anteaters)

Anteaters Suborder Vermilingua Family Myrmecophagidae Genus Myrmecophaga Giant anteater

3 genera, 4 species

Genus Tamandua Northern Tamandua Southern Tamandua

Family Cyclopedidae Genus Cyclopes Silky Anteater

4 species of anteater Giant anteater (1.8m)

Northern Tamandua (1.2m)

Southern/Collared Tamandua (1.2m)

Silky/Pygmy Anteater (0.35m)

Sloths Order Pilosa 2 genera, 6 species Families Megalonychidae = two-toed sloths Bradypodidae = three-toed sloths

Megalonychidae two-toed sloths Genus Choloepus Hoffmann s two-toed sloth

Southern/Linnaeus s two-toed sloth

Bradypodidae three-toed sloths Genus Bradypus Brown-throated three-toed sloth

Pale-throated three-toed sloth

Maned three-toed sloth

Pygmy three-toed sloth

Armadillos Family Dasypodidae (9 genera, 21 species)

Long-nosed armadillo Naked-tailed armadillo Hairy armadillo Three-banded armadillo Brazilian and Southern Lesser and Greater

Dasypus Cabassous Chaetophractus Tolypeutes

Fairy armadillo Yellow armadillo 1 species : Euphractus sexcintus

Giant armadillo 1 species : Priodontes maximus

Pichi 1 species : Zaedyus pichiy

Genus : Dasypus Long-nosed armadillos Common/nine-banded long-nosed armadillo Brazilian Lesser/seven-banded longnosed armadillo Greater long-nosed armadillo Northern long-nosed armadillo Hairy long-nosed armadillo Yepes s mulita Southern Lesser long-nosed armadillo

Genus: Cabassous Naked-tailed armadillo Southern naked-tailed armadillo Northern naked-tailed armadillo Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo Greater naked-tailed armadillo

Genus: Chaetophractus Hairy Armadillos Andean hairy armadillo Screaming hairy armadillo Larger hairy armadillo

Two species armadillo genera Fairy armadillo Greater/Chacoan = Calyptophractus retusus Lesser/Pink = Chamyphorus truncatus

Three-banded armadillo Southern = Tolypeutes matacus Brazilian = Tolypeutes tricinctus

Single species armadillo genera Giant armadillo Priodontes maximus

Yellow armadillo 1 species Euphractus sexcintus

Pichi Zaedyus pichiy

Geographic Comparisons

Anteaters

Sloths

Armadillos

Time for the Pointless Information from the book :s ..Condensed & simplified by wikkipedia :D

XenarthransXENARTHRANS: Strange Joints Vertebral joints have extra articulations

Males lack external testicles Decreased metabolic rates Other info: Contains placental mammals in South America From Paleogene era (60mya) to present Anteater&sloths = sister groups Used to be Edentata (toothless) Convergent evolution meant that the old group was polyphyletic and not correct

Xenarthrans **Convergent Evolution seen with Pangolins and Aardvarks** Powerful digging forearms Long tongue Toothless, tube-like snouts

Anteaters General Info Eats ants & termites Solitary Above ground or arboreal Can use claws for defense

Reproduction 1 offspring per birth Babies ride on mother s back

Morphology No teeth 5 toes on the foot (5th is vestigial) Only 3 are clearly visable

Partially prehensile tails Silky & Tamanduas species

Anteaters (continued) Feeding strategies Long sharp claws to open insect colonies & tree trunks Consume pebbles and debris to aid in physical digestion Specialized tongue Long Attached to a sternum Moves rapidly (150 flicks per min)

Sticky substance coats tongue Secreted from the salivary glands

SlothsGeneral Info Arboreal leaf-eaters Solitary Can have overlapping home ranges due to differing preferences for different leaves

Sleep 10-15 hours a day

Morphological info Simple peg-like cheek teeth Lack enamel covering Have a canine-like premolar Single open root Allows for continuous growth of the teeth

Fur grows away from the extremities Due to hanging upside down

Claws To hang upside down For defense

Sloths (continued) **Specialized stomachs for digesting leafs** Slow-acting (takes a month to digest) Multiple compartments Symbiotic bacteria within stomach

Sloths (continued) ****Sloths = an ecosystem****** 2 symbiotic cynanobacteria Provides cameoflage Turns the fur green when moist

Symbiotic bacteria within the stomach Moths ticks and beetles hide within the fur

**Cervical vertebrae** Most other mammals = 7 cervical vertebrae 2 toed sloths =6 cervical vertebrae 3 toed sloths = 9 cervical vertebrae

ArmadillosGeneral Info Burrow underground Leathery armour shell Insectivores Nocturnal Solitary Simple peg-like cheeck teeth Lack enamel covering Single open root Continuous growth

Interesting facts (that he could ask us to know) Armadillos Can develop leprosy Big eyes, but poor vision

9-banded armadillo Can inflate the stomach & intestines in order to swim Will jump up when startled Thus the collisions with fenders from passing cars

Armadillo Armour Used for defense Southern 3-banded armadillo can roll up into a ball Others have too many plates and are unable to roll up into a ball They run or dig to escape

**Armour Composition** Dermal bone Covered in overlapping epidermal scales scutes

Underside has no armour Soft skin and fur

Armadillo Reproduction Gestation = 60-120 days Delayed implantation can occur Female can delay the gestation after the egg is fertilized Can delay between a few months to a few years

**Obligate Polyembryony** One fertilized egg develops into 4 identical babies Monozygotic young Born with soft leathery skin Hardens within a week

Occurs because the increased similarity between the babies (who came from one egg, will mean an increased chance that the babies will help each other Altruistic behaviour (evolutionary benefits if the helper & the helpee are related)

Primates

Order Primates Suborder: Strepsirrhini Infraorder: Lemuriformes, Chiromyiformes and Lorsiformes

Suborder: Haplorrhini Tarsiiformes and Simiiformes

Basic Characteristics LOCOMOTOR TRENDS Grasping hands, feet; opposable thumbs, toes; Nail on most digits, including hallux Elongate calcaneus Hind limb dominant in locomotion Some lemurs: quadrupedal Tarsiers: leap between vertical trunks Most arboreal monkeys have well developed hindlimbs and long tail for balancing Ground dwellers have forelimbs at least as long as their hindlimbs The knuckle-walking gorilla is the most terrestrial ape Gibbons brachiate; sometimes walk like chimpanzee

Vision and brain Forward rotation of orbits -> reduced distance between orbits Enlarged orbital cavities Stereoscopic vision Increased emphasis on vision, less on olfaction Increased relative brain size and complexity

Fossil Forms Purgatorius KT boundary (latest Cretaceous or earliest Paleocene) Ancient member of colugo/tree shrew/primate clade

Plesiadapiforms closer to Primates Central to understanding primate evolution Early (56 Ma) plesiadapiform Carpolestes simpsoni mosaic of traits specialized for arboreality diet: flowers, fruits, seeds pollex with nail implies tactile abilities; opposable

Earliest primate fossils ~55 Ma simultaneous in Eurasia, North America Fossil analysis* suggests crown-group primates appeared 62 Ma

Fossil analysis suggests: plesiadapiforms with Euprimates Primates diverged from other euarchontans ~65 Ma anatomical features associated with specialized pedal grasping (including nail on hallux) phylogeny agrees with others: Dermoptera + Scandentia

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lemurs, aye-aye, lorises & galagos Naked rhinarium Tooth comb (lower incisors + canines) Grooming claw: pes digit II Large eye sockets Complete postorbital bar Binocular vision

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Cheirogaleidae: Dwarf Lemurs, Mouse Lemursmouse and dwarf lemurs small, nocturnal, arboreal quadrupedal walk or bipedal leaps between branches, trees Cheirogaleus medius diet: fruits, flowers, nectar, leaves, insects Phaner: specializes on gum, sap; gouge into gumproducing layers; large caecum with symbiotic microbes Cheirogaleus may aestivate --- 6 months (fat reserves in tails)

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes: Cheirogaleidae

Microcebus rufus: Brown Mouse Lemur

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes: Cheirogaleidae

Cheirogaleus major: Greater Dwarf Lemur

Cheirogaleus medius: fat-tailed dwarf lemur

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Indriidae: woolly lemur, sifakas (3 species), indri fairly large ( 10 kg); largely herbivorous slow deliberate climbers; hop on ground subfossil terrestrial Archeoindris to 200 kg limited manual dexterity

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes: IndriidaeIndri indri: indri

Avahi laniger: avahi

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes: IndriidaePropithecus diadema: diademed sifaka

Propithecus edwardsi: Milne-Edward s Sifaka

Propithecus verreauxi: Woolly Lemur

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Megaladapidae: sportive or ruffed lemurs nocturnal folivores No upper incisors, unusual jaw articulation Large cecum with symbiotic microbes, coprophagous

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes: Megaladipidae

Varecia variegata: Ruffed Lemur Varecia rubra: Ruffed Lemur

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes: Megaladipidae

Lepilemur septentrionalis: Northern Sportive Lemur

Lepilemur microdon: Small-toothed Sportive Lemur

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Chiromyiformes Daubentoniidae: aye-aye

critically endangered lowland forests; nocturnal insectivores elongate manus digit III: taps bamboo to test for presence of boring insects; gnaws in; extracts insects with finger incisors: large, procumbent, constant-growing enamel on front surface only hallux has nail lack toothcomb

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Chiromyiformes: Daubentoniidae

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Chiromyiformes: Daubentoniidae

Daubentonia madagascariensis: aye-aye

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lorsiformes Lorisidae: lorises, angwantibo, pottos

sub-Saharan Africa, India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, Indonesia eyes face forward; short rostrum tail short to absent arboreal; slow hand-over-hand locomotion Arctocebus: pincer-like hand (II & III reduced); pes digit I opposable, often enlarged Arctocebus insectivorous, carnivorous: stalk prey; Perodicticus eats fruit, gum

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lorsiformes: Lorisidae

Nycticebus coucang: Slow Loris Perodicticus potto: Potto

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lorsiformes: LorisidaeArctocebus aureus: Golden Angwantibo

Loris tardigradus: Slender Loris

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lorsiformes Galagidae: galagos, bushbabies sub-Saharan Africa arboreal: leap and bound to 7 m between branches, trees long powerful hindlimbs; long bushy tail hands and feet specialized for grasping pollex and hallux opposable traction pads

Suborder: Strepsirrhini Lorsiformes: Galagidae

Galago moholi: Bushbaby Galagoides demidovil: Demidoff s dwarf galago

Suborder: Haplorrhini DIFFERENCES FROM LOWER PRIMATES Short snout Unsplit nostrils Undifferentiated skin around nose Postorbital closure Diurnal (some secondarily nocturnal) No tapetum Fused mandibular symphysis Internal carotid artery

All strepsirrhines have tapetum lucidum*, like many nocturnal mammals Crystalline layer behind retina: reflects light back through retina, increasing visual sensitivity in dim light Other retinal differences e.g. all haplorrhines** have: Fovea (pit) and macula lutea (yellow spot) in central retina Associated with diurnal vision

Strepsorrhines have bony bar around outer edge of the orbit Haplorrhines have more complete protection: Wall or septum that closes back of the orbit Separates eyeball from distorting effect of chewing muscles

Suborder: Haplorrhini Tarsiiformes 7+ species; unique primate diet: insectivorous, carnivorous SE Asia; fossils from throughout N Hemisphere Largest eyes relative to body size in one species, each eye is ~16 mm and > brain mass eyes important for seeing prey (e.g. insects) at night

Long fingers: form net for capturing insects in one species, digit III is 10% longer than humerus

Vertical clingers and leapers: can jump > 40x body length hind limb ~2x head-body length thigh, lower leg, foot ~equal in length

Largest babies relative to maternal mass (~25%) One species is smallest extant primate (40 species; typical monkeys Mainly tree dwellers living in small groups Mainly Asian

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini: Cercopithecidae: Colobinae

Colobus guereza: guereza Trachypithecus auratus: Javan langer Piliocolobus kirkii: Kirk s red colobus

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini: Cercopithecidae: Cercopithecinae > 75 species; cercopithecines Usually families of females living near where born Groups of females, offspring and > 1 adult males Mainly sub-Saharan Africa

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini: Cercopithecidae: Cercopithecinae

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini: Hominoidae: Hylobatidae: Lesser Apes Small apes; specialized for brachiation: long legs, extremely long arms, hook-like hands SE Asia ~16 species in four genera

Hylobates: true or dwarf gibbons Bunopithecus: hoolock gibbons Symphalangus: siamang Nomascus: crested gibbons

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini: Hominoidae: Hominidae: Greater Apes Largest extant primates; lack tails Single young; long period of dependence Sexual-size dimorphism (M>F) Four genera:

Pongo Gorilla Pan Homo

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini Hominoidae Hominidae: Pongo: 2 species: Bornean orangutan P. pygmaeus Endangered Sumatran orangutan P. abelii Critically Endangered

Males, 90 kg; females, 50 kg Lowland, hilly tropical rainforests Solitary; most of time in trees Diet: fruit, leaves, shoots, bark; some bird eggs, small vertebrates Massive teeth, jaws Range slowly, widely Highly intelligent Social sex ratio: 2 females per adult male Long-lived, slow-breeding: 1 offspring every 6 yr Male home ranges large to include >1 female Males have facial pads; utter loud long call

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini Hominoidae Hominidae Pongo

Pongo abelii: Samatran Orangutan

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini Hominoidae Hominidae PongoPongo pygmaeus: Bornean orangutan

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini Hominoidae Hominidae: Gorilla, 2 species: Western Gorilla G. gorilla Eastern G. beringei

Largest living primate: to 2 m, 190 kg Tropical secondary forest, west-central Africa Most intelligent non-human primate Folivorous Terrestrial; quadrupedal More arboreal in west (many fruiting trees)

No distinct breeding season; 1 young every 4 yr; 40% juvenile mortality Social system depends on male; young females disperse Stable small social groups: Females in harem mainly unrelated; Male-female bonds important; Social grooming uncommon Important male qualities for female choice relate to his predator-defense abilities

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini Hominoidae Hominidae Gorilla

Gorilla gorilla: Western Gorilla

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini Hominoidae Hominidae Gorilla

Gorilla beringei: Eastern gorilla

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini Hominoidae Hominidae : Pan, 2 species: Pan paniscus Bonobo Pan troglodytes Common chimpanzee

Closest living relatives to humans: LCA ~6 Ma Bonobo-chimpanzees divergence ~1.5 Ma, when Bonobo ancestors became isolated on south side of Congo River Chimpanzees: mainly rain forest, also other forest types, and some savanna woodland areas with fruiting trees Bonobos: humid lowland tropical rain forests only Mainly vegetarian; some animal protein (especially chimps)

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini Hominoidae Hominidae PanPan troglodytes: chimpanzee

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini Hominoidae Hominidae Pan

Pan paniscus: bonobo

Suborder: Haplorrhini Simiiformes: Catarrhini Hominoidae Hominidae Homo, 1 species: Sapiens

Birute Gladikas

Jane Goodall

Dian Fossey

Perissodactyla Odd toed = mesaxonic condition Note that Tapirs have 4 digits on the forefeet and 3 on the hindfoot Rhinos have 3 on all feet Equids only have the 3rd digit

Perissodactyla (Tapir Feet)

Perissodactyla: Fossil History Originated from Condylarthra in early Paleocene about 65 mya Oldest identifiable fossils are from the Eocene During this period perissodactyls were outnumbered by artiodactyls Tapirs are the most primitive Rhinocerotids date back from late eocene and were extinct in NA by the end of the Pliocene (2 mya) The largest land mammal that ever lived was a rhinocerotid

Artiodactyla Big group over 200 species Weight bearing axis is (3/4 digits)= paraxonic Plantigrade (pigs) and cursorial locomotion among species Diverse anatomy

Artiodactyla Originated from Condylarthra in early Paleocene about 65 mya Oldest identifiable fossils are from the Eocene Radiated in Oligocene Many families have some type of economic importance

Biogeography

To Expand a Range via DispersalOne must travel to a new area and establish a new breeding population

There are different types of dispersal:1) Jump Dispersal: Long distance across a barrier. 2) Diffusion: Gradual range expansion. 3) Secular migration: Looooooooooooong time to establish think camels in N. America. Ok not THAT diffusion

Historical: Camel ExampleFormer land bridges enabled movements to now isolated landmasses. LUH!

Fossil Camel distribution sites correspond with Guanaco distribution.

Distribution Patterns Also Limited By:Hence camel fossils tend to terminate once they reach a certain latitude.

Pay Attention to: Antilocapridae A monotypic family Example of relict biogeography Logo for the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)

Dispersal as a Historical EventMost dispersal does not change a species distribution It is RARE for a species to shift via a long distance movement and therefor difficult to document

However, sometimes it does happen!

Example: Hoary Bat Dispersed across the Pacific to Hawaii

Not an actual Hoary bat don t get too caught up on it!

Example 2: Coyotes dispersed across the ice from Cape Breton to NFLD

The OPPOSITE can also occurVicariance is a process by which the geographical range of a taxon is split into discontinuous parts by the formation of a physical barrier.

Wallace s LineWallace (1876) proposed faunal regions based on mammals Combined Wallace and Sclater (birds) systems

Biogeographic Realms

Mammalogy Rule 1: MSW is always right except when it comes to Caribou

PROPER COMMON NAME WARNING LEARN THEM! MSW EVERYONE!!!

Biogeographic Realms

Antarctic Realm gets added in later.

EXAM QUESTION WARNING

Watch for this one . It s a moose but this is what MSW calls it! LUH! RTFQ Pronghorn Blind Mole Rat Guinea Pig Mountain Beaver Eurasian Elk (AKA moose)Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth

PROPER common name: sloths get you nowhere

EndemismEndemic: occurs only in one geographic place Why? Isolation in space and time Novel environments Small Founder PopulationsHmmm .this sounds like Prime Time Television

EndemismIsolation in space and time Novel environments

Small Founder Populations

Island EndemismThey landed on a big island!

Island endemism increases with: 1) Isolationism 2) Island areaIslands also have a lower species richness.Not a very rich species