ExamNotes_ Landslides- Reasons, Disaster Mitigation in Himalay

1/11/2016 ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay

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[Environment]LandslidesinHimalayas:Reasons,Solutions

[Environment]LandslidesinHimalayas:Reasons,Solutions

Environment3yearsAgo16Comments

ForAptitude,IrecommendMaths:FasttrackRajesh Reasoning:MKPandey English:SPBakshi



1. ClassificationofHimalayas2. HazardsintheHimalayanEcoSystem

1. Regionsanddisasters2. Landslides:Reasons3. Landslides:Damage4. Suggestionstofixproblem

3. E1:AvalancheMitigation

ClassificationofHimalayas

ThreemaingeologicaldivisionsofIndia.

1. Himalayas,alsoknownastheExtraPeninsula2. IndoGangeticPlains3. Peninsula

Further,Himalayasclassifiedviatwomethods:Method#1

Himalayasareclassified,fromwesttoeast,intofourregions:

1. PunjabHimalayaareabetweenIndusandSutlejrivers.2. KumaonHimalayaareabetweenSutlejandKalirivers3. NepalHimalayaareabetweenKaliandTistarivers.4. AssamHimalayaareabetweenTistaandBrahamputrarivers.

Method#2



MapIndiaLandslideEarthquakeproneareas

threeregions:theWestern,CentralandEasternHimalayaNepalHimalayaconstitutestheCentralHimalayaandthemountainousareatoitswestandeastareknownasWesternandEasternHimalayarespectively

HazardsintheHimalayanEcoSystem

Allmajortypesofdisasters,prominently

1. earthquakes,2. landslides,3. avalanches,4. flashfloods5. forestfires6. soilerosion



RegionsanddisastersAltitude Typeofdisaster

Over3500m snowavalanchesandglaciallakeoutburstfloods(GLOFs)500to3500mflashfloodslandslidesandmudflows

Landslides:Reasons

1. indiscriminatechoppingdownoftrees.2. slashandburncultivationtechniquecalledJHUM,3. Roadconstructionandmining.4. Everyincreasingpopulation,grazing,urbanizationetc.hasdestroyedthedensenaturalevergreenforest

cover.

Suchactivitieshavedisruptedtheecologicalbalance,therebyresultinginlooseningofthesoil.Duringtheheavyrain,thisleadstosoilerosionandfrequentlandslides

Landslides:Damage

Everyyear,landslidesintheregionkilldozensofpeopleandcausewidespreaddamagetoseveralvillagessuchthattheyhavenowbecomealmostunfitforhabitation.Theycreateblockadesintheroadnetworkandriversystem,whichinturn,causefloods.Theterracedfarmfieldshavebeendestroyedthatcannotbeeasilyrenovatedormadeproductiveagain.Theroadnetworkremainsclosedforlongperiodscausingindescribablehardshiptothevillagerswhogettheirbasicsuppliesandprovisionsfromtheneighbouringareas.Watersourcesaredisruptedandchockedbydebrisfromlandslides.Theriversedimentloadisincreasedconsiderably,causingirregularcoursesandfrequentbreachingofthebanksresultingintounexpectedfloods.Thewaterchannelsareaffectedfromtheuphillsideduetowhichthevillagersaredevoidofwaterforirrigationpurposes.Thisadverselyaffectsagricultureproductionintheregion.

Suggestionstofixproblem

1. StoreExcesswaterincatchmentsareastoreducethefuryofflashfloods,rechargethegroundwaterandimprovetheenvironment.

2. Digrunoffcollectionpondsinthecatchments.3. Growfuel/foddertreesinallofthecommonlands.4. Plantationinbarrenareas,especiallyonslopes,withgrasscoverisanimportantcomponentofintegrated

watershedmanagementprogramme.5. Grazingshouldbecompletelyrestricted.Aftertheareaiscompletelyprotectedfromgrazing,better

grassescanbeplanted.6. Thegrassesofindustrialimportanceshouldalsobeplantedsothatthereissomeeconomicreturntothe

farmersaswell.7. Usethesurfacevegetativecovertoprotectthelandfromraindropsbeatingaction,bindthesoilparticles

anddecreasethevelocityofflowingwater.

Reference:IGNOUMPA018/Chapter3.

AvalancheMitigation

TopicinnewsbecauseinApril2014,~dozenNepaliSherpadiedduringanavalancheinMt.Everestbasecamp.Thisleadtoprotestsandothersherpasrefusingtoguidethetourists.



Q.Listthefactorsresponsibleforavalanchesandsuggestdisastermitigationmeasures.(200words)

Rapiddownslopemovementofsnow,rocksanddebrisiscalledAvalanche.

Largeavalancheshavespeedofupto200kmph,resultinginmassivedestructionofforests,highways,housesandpowerlines.

Factors

Whenevergravitationalforceexceedthemechanicalstrengthofsnowcoveravalancheoccurs.Thishappensbytriggersnaturalandartificial

Naturaltriggers Artificialtriggers

LargemassoffreshsnowfallblizzardsGlobalWarming,Rainearthquakes

SkiingandmountaineeringDeforestationloudsoundsShoutsmachinenoisesonicbooms

MitigationinAvalancheproneAreas

1. Dontconstructbuildingsforwinteroccupancy2. Avoidconstructionofpowerlines,highwaysandrailroads.Ittheymustbeconstructedthendesignfor

minimumimpact.3. Itispossibletoforecastavalanche,bystudyingSnowdepositiondata,heatinput,slopeangle.4. UseRemotesensingtechnology&satelliteimagerytoobtainsuchdata.5. Onlyallowagricultureandrecreationalactivitiesduringsummerandspring.6. Useexplosivestocreatesmaller,controlledavalanchesandthusavoidbuildingupofsnowforlarge

unpredictabledestructiveavalanches.

7. Quickresponseteams(QRT)fromlocaladministrationandNDRF,withstandardAvalancheequipmentanddeviceslikeGPS,RadioBeacons,shovelsandsnifferdogs.

~180words.

Alreadydone:

1. SnowandAvalancheStudyEstablishment(SASE):forecastssnowavalanches2. Borderroadorganization(BRO):keepsthehighwaypathsclearafteravalanchesparticularlythe

RohtangPassandBaralachlaPass.

Factoids:

1. MostAvalanchevictimsdieofsuffocation(lackofoxygen)andnothypothermia(extremecoldtemperature)

2. After35minutes,thesurvivalchanceis30%3. Aftertwohours,survivalchangeis~0%4. Thereforeselfrescueorcompanionrescueisvital,becauseNDRF/sarkaarihelpwilltakehoursto

reach.



MockMCQ:Whichofthefollowingcancauseavalanches?

1. Shouting2. sonicbooms3. Earthquakes

Answerchoice

a. Only3b. Only1and3c. Only2and3d. Allofthem

Tags:EnvNaturalDisasters

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Sofar16Commentsposted

1. Replyshaileshkumar

ireallyappreciateyourwayofunderstandingregardingthetopics.Andtheseareveryusefulforquickrevisionandbriefknowledge.

2. Replyneha

sir,anerror500internalservererroroccuredwhileusingurwebsite.urwebsiteisofgr8helptome,sopleasehelpmebylettingmeknoanythingimighthavedonethatmayhavecausedtheerror.

3. Reply



SOSONCHONGLOI

MRUNALYOUARETRUELYABLESSINGFORME.MAYTHEGOODGODBLESSYOUANDGUIDEYOUALWAYS

4. ReplyKAPIL

MRUNALCOULDUPLEASEEXPLAINTHECLIMATICFEATURESANDSOILOFINDIA.

5. ReplyNiharika

MrunalSir,Thanksforyournotes.Ifounditreallyhelpful.

6. Replyvikas

SirHowerosioncanbetermedasadisaster,itisaveryslowprocessandthuscanbetermedasacauseofdisaster.

7. ReplyRANJODHSINGH

sir,iwanttheinfo.aboutthetop6worstlandslidesinindiasince1970,plshelp!!!

8. Replyradha

nonsense

9. ReplyBin2

Mrunalsirthanksalot

10. ReplyOlivia

thnkusirithelpedmegreatly!!!

11. Replydivyasharma

thanksalotmrunalsir

12. Replybharti

hellosir.thankyoufortheinformationonavlanchesinthepresentdisastertopicwithabriefbackgroundinfoonhimalayas..kindlysupplementitwiththeinfoonpresentdisasterofNepalearthquakeasyouprovideaverytothepointinformation(afacthighlyappreciated)..

13. Replypreeti



sirforthisprelimforenvironmentthematerialyouprovidedisalltobedoneassuchgivenorthetopicslikedisaster,faunaflora,agri,energypolutionarewillbecoveredbycurrentstudy?sirplzreply.thanku

14. Replypreeti

sirforthisprelimforenvironmentthematerialyouprovidedisalltobedoneassuchgivenorthetopicslikedisaster,faunaflora,agri,energypolutionarewillbecoveredbycurrentstudy?sirplzreply.thanku

15. Replyrupal

Thankyousirandmadamforyourlecturesofeconomyandgeography..itisagreathelp..andalsothanksforguidanceforpreparationofupsc..yourtestseries..yournotestheyarereallyhelpfultostudentsofremoteplacesandpoorfinancialconditionduetowhichtheycannotaffordhighlypaidcoachings..Iwishwecouldhavesuchlecturesforotherssubjectstoo..

16. Replyjitendar

Siriwantknowreasonandsolutionofhimalayanregionsearthquakeandlandslidesandialsoknowalllistofeffectedregionindetailsbyachart.

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ExamNotes_ Landslides- Reasons, Disaster Mitigation in Himalay

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