Examining an Essential Question:

• “With the dawn of the 16th century, there came together in Europe both the motivation and the means to explore and colonize territory across the seas.”

• Assess the validity of this statement with respect to (a) religion (b) trade (c) technology.

Religious Conflict

• Later years of Renaissance: intense religious zeal and conflict

• A. Catholic victory in Spain.

• B. Protestant revolt in northern Europe.

Expanding Trade

• A. Africa, India, China• B. The significance of 1453• C. The role of Prince Henry the

Navigator

Technology

• A. Increase in scientific knowledge and technological change

• B. Improvements of others’ inventions:

• 1. gunpowder• 2. sailing compass• C. Shipbuilding, mapmaking• D. Printing press

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons Technology

New Weapons Technology

Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Other Voyages of Exploration

Other Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan & the First

Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

Ferdinand Magellan & the First

Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Fernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma II

vs.

vs.

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Francisco Pizarro

The First Spanish Conquests:

The Incas

The First Spanish Conquests:

The Incas

Atahualpa

vs.

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

The “Columbian Exchange”

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the

coming of the Europeans.

2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.

275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.

3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave ShipSlave Ship

“Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African CaptivesThrown OverboardAfrican Captives

Thrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave ships!

European Empires in the Americas

European Empires in the Americas

The Colonial Class System

The Colonial Class System

Peninsulares Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Native Indians Black Slaves

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the

New World

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the

New World1. Encomienda

or forced labor.

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.

New Spain and Peru.

3. Papal agreement.

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic

Church

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic

Church

Guadalajara Cathedral

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Spanish Mission

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

1. Native populations ravaged by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

Impact of European Exploration

New Patterns of World Trade

New Patterns of World Trade