Examination information · 2020-08-07 · page 3 of 18 PLEASE TURN OVER This sample Biology paper...

SAMPLE

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© SACE Board of South Australia 2018

South AustralianCertificate of Education

BiologyNovember 2018 sample paper

1

PLQuestion Booklet 1• Section 1: Multiple-choice Questions (Questions 1 to 15) 15 marks• Answer all questions in Section 1• Write your answers on the blue multiple-choice answer sheet• Allow approximately 20 minutes • Part A of Section 2 (Questions 16 to 21) 53 marks• Answer all questions in Part A • Write your answers in this question booklet• You may write on page 18 if you need more space• Allow approximately 50 minutes

Examination informationMaterials• Question Booklet 1 (Section 1 and Part A of Section 2)• Question Booklet 2 (Part B of Section 2)• Multiple-choice answer sheet (blue)• SACE registration number label

Reading time • 10 minutes

Writing time • 2 hours• Clear, well-expressed answers are required• Use black or blue pen• Approved calculators may be used

Total marks 120

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This sample Biology paper shows the format of the examination for November 2018.

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SECTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS (Questions 1 to 15)

(15 marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

Each of the 15 multiple-choice questions in Section 1 involves choosing from four alternative answers. Read each question carefully. Then indicate the one alternative that you consider best answers the question by shading the bubble by the appropriate letter alongside the question number on the blue multiple-choice answer sheet. Use black or blue pen.

Each question is worth 1 mark; marks are not deducted for incorrect answers.

1. Refer to the following diagram, which shows a molecule of foetal haemoglobin (HbF) consisting of two alpha and two gamma polypeptide chains:

Source: A. Herraez 2016, ʻFetal hemoglobinʼ, rendered using Jmol from 4MQJ at PDB,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18062550

Using only the diagram, it is not possible to determine the

J. primary structure of HbF.

K. secondary structure of HbF.

L. tertiary structure of HbF.

M. quaternary structure of HbF.

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2. Monozygotic twins develop when a single fertilised egg splits in two and two embryos are formed. These twins exhibit differences in phenotype for the expression of syndromes such as Fragile X because they are

J. genetically identical but epigenetically different.

K. genetically and epigenetically identical.

L. genetically different and epigenetically identical.

M. genetically and epigenetically different.

3. Refer to the following diagram, which shows the process of protein synthesis:

LEPLELELEPPPPPPPPPLPPPLPPLPLPLPPPPP

nucleus

cytoplasm

PLPLA

BC

Which one of the following combinations of process A, segment B, and molecule C is correct?

Process A Segment B Molecule C

J. translation intron DNA

K. transcription intron RNA

L. translation exon DNA

M. transcription exon RNA

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4. Refer to the following diagram, which shows two electropherograms of a segment of a gene that codes for a particular protein. Sequence A shows the nucleotide sequence for five amino acids in a person who has a normal gene. Sequence B is the same sequence in a person who has a mutated gene.

Sequence A

T T C A T G C C T C T A T C G

Sequence B

T T C A T G C A A C T A T C G

The table below shows selected DNA codons and their corresponding amino acids.

DNA codon Amino acid

ATG methionine

CAA glutamine

CCT proline

CTA leucine

TCG serine

TTC phenylalanine

Using the information in the two electropherograms and the table, you can tell that the mutation shown

J. may result in a change in one amino acid in the protein.

K. will result in a change in one amino acid in the protein.

L. may result in a change in two amino acids in the protein.

M. will result in a change in two amino acids in the protein.



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5. Which one of the following combinations matches a cell organelle with its function and one of its structural features?

Organelle Function Structural feature

J. nucleolus controls cell activities membrane pores

K. lysosome intracellular digestion single membrane

L. ribosome amino acid synthesis no membrane

M. mitochondrion photosynthesis double membrane

6. Which one of the following processes occurs in the normal division of somatic cells but not in the production of gametes from germ-line cells?

J. The production of diploid daughter cells.

K. The pairing of homologous chromosomes.

L. The separation of chromatids.

M. The exchange of genetic material.

7. Which one of the following combinations correctly matches a type of movement with the substances moved, the need for a membrane, the need for energy, and the direction of movement?

Type of movement

Substances moved

Need for a membrane Need for energy Direction of

movement

J. facilitated diffusion ions, amino acids, sugars yes yes

with theconcentration gradient

K. simple diffusion gases, solutes no nowith theconcentration gradient

L. osmosis water, solutes yes noagainst the concentration gradient

M. active transport ions, amino acids, sugars no yes

against the concentration gradient

8. Which one of the following statements is not correct?

J. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons.

K. Neurotransmitters carry a message from one neuron to an adjacent neuron.

L. Neurotransmitters detect a stimulus.

M. Neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors.

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9. The response to an increase in the level of antidiuretic hormone in the blood of a healthy human being would include

J. increased urine output.

K. decreased production of insulin.

L. decreased blood pressure.

M. increased water reabsorption.

10. Refer to the following graph, which shows the changes in the body temperature of a human being during the first 120 hours after the onset of a bacterial infection:

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Time after the onset of the infection (hours)

Bod

y te

mpe

ratu

re (°

C)

41

40

39

38

37

36

‘thermostat’suddenly setto 40°C

‘thermostat’reset to 37°C

actual body temperature

‘thermostat’ setting

change in ‘thermostat’ setting

During a bacterial infection, white blood cells release a protein that changes the set point of the brain ‘thermostat’ from 37°C to 40°C. When this protein breaks down after about 3 days, the brain ‘thermostat’ is reset to 37°C.

Which one of the following responses is most likely to occur?

J. A decrease in thyroxine production between 10 and 70 hours after the onset of the infection.

K. A decrease in metabolic activity between 10 and 70 hours after the onset of the infection.

L. Shivering at 40 hours after the onset of the infection, when the body temperature is about 39°C.

M. A decrease in sweating at 80 hours after the onset of the infection, when the body temperature is about 39°C.



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11. Which one of the following statements about the regulation of secretion of the hormones insulin and glucagon from the pancreas is false?

J. Some cells in the pancreas respond to changes in the blood glucose level.

K. In glucose homeostasis, the blood hormone levels are regulated by negative feedback loops.

L. Sensory receptors and effectors in the glucose control pathway are located in the pancreas.

M. After a meal, the increase in the blood glucose level stimulates the release of glucagon.

12. At its closest point, Kangaroo Island lies about 13.5 km off the coast of South Australia. It is estimated that the population of echidnas (spiny anteaters) on this island has been geographically separated from mainland populations of echidnas for around 18 000 years.

Kangaroo Island echidnaTachyglossus aculeatus multiaculeatus

Source: © Anthony Sheffield | Dreamstime.com

The individuals in a population of organisms that becomes geographically isolated from all other populations of its species, such as the Kangaroo Island echidnas, will

J. gradually undergo allopatric speciation and evolve into a new species.

K. become genetically very similar to each other as a result of genetic drift.

L. adapt to their environment, possibly changing into a new species.

M. be subjected to selection pressures in their isolated environment.

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13. In rare circumstances, a male false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) breeds with a female common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and produces live offspring called ‘wholphins’.

Wholphin

Source: © beaverboy56 | shutterstock.com

For a biologist to conclude that the false killer whale and the common bottlenose dolphin are the same species, the resulting offspring would need to

J. be physically similar to both parent organisms.

K. be unable to produce gametes.

L. be able to produce offspring with another false killer whale or common bottlenose dolphin.

M. inherit half of their chromosomes from the common bottlenose dolphin.

14. Refer to the following diagram, which shows four populations of frogs (A, B, C, and D). These populations are represented by circles. The circles that overlap indicate interbreeding populations. The circles that do not overlap indicate populations that cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

SAMSAMSAAMAMAMSAMSAMAAAMAMC D

From this diagram, it would be reasonable to conclude that

J. population D will evolve into a new species.

K. populations A and C have the same predators.

L. three different species would remain if population C died out.

M. two different species are represented by populations A, B, C, and D.



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15. Two students, Student A and Student B, investigated anaerobic respiration by taking measurements of the volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by yeast during bread-making.

Both students used the same experimental conditions when collecting the data recorded in the table below.

Sample numberVolume of CO2 produced (arbitrary units)

Student A Student B

1 1.02 1.01

2 1.10 1.02

3 1.15 1.02

4 0.99 1.03

5 1.09 1.02

Average 1.07 1.02

If the true value for this experiment was 1.05 (arbitrary units), the data in the table indicate that the set of data collected by Student A

J. has the same random errors as the set of data collected by Student B.

K. has random errors, but the set of data collected by Student B does not.

L. is more accurate than the set of data collected by Student B.

M. is more reliable than the set of data collected by Student B.

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SECTION 2: Part A (Questions 16 to 21)

(53 marks)

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

16. Refer to the following diagram, which shows three different models of DNA replication (A, B, and C). The blue strands are the original DNA from a parent cell and the yellow strands are the newly synthesised DNA.

Model A

original strand

new strand

KeyModel B Model C

(a) Write the letter of the model that represents DNA replication in eukaryotes.

(1 mark)

(b) Describe DNA replication in eukaryotes with reference to the original DNA strands and the newly synthesised DNA strands.

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(c) State one environmental factor that could change the base sequence of DNA.

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(d) Explain the difference between the potential consequences of mutations in germ cells and the potential consequences of mutations in somatic cells.

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17. Progeria is a syndrome that results in premature ageing.

Normal cell Cell affected by progeria

Source: P. Scaffidi, L. Gordon, & T. Mistelli 2005, ʻThe cell nucleus and aging: tantalizing clues and hopeful promisesʼ PLOS Biology 3(11): e395. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030395

The syndrome arises from a single point mutation in the gene LMNA. The resulting abnormal protein is called ʻprogerinʼ and it weakens the nuclear membrane.

Without the normal form of the protein coded for by the LMNA gene, the ability of the cell to divide is limited.

The following table compares the steps that occur in a normal cell with the steps that occur in a cell affected by progeria.

Steps in normal cell Steps in cell affected by progeria

The gene LMNA codes for a protein called prelamin A

Farnesyl group attaches to the end of prelamin A

Farnesyl group is removed from prelamin A Farnesyl group remains attached to prelamin A

Normal form of prelamin A is called ʻlamin Aʼ Abnormal form of prelamin A is call ʻprogerinʼ

Lamin A is not anchored to the nuclear rim Progerin is anchored to the nuclear rim

Normal shape of the nucleus Abnormally shaped nucleus

Source: Adapted from Wikipedia 2017, ʻProgeriaʼ, viewed 17 March, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progeria,text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareALike License

(a) One treatment for progeria is doses of an anticancer drug that inhibits the attachment of the farnesyl group to prelamin A.

Using the information in the table, explain how preventing attachment of the farnesyl group could improve the functioning of the cells of a person who has progeria.

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(b) Another treatment for progeria uses biotechnology.

Describe how the CRISPR technique could be used to treat people who have progeria.

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(c) State which treatment you think would be of most benefit to sufferers of progeria — anticancer drug or CRISPR technique. Justify your answer.

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18. Cell metabolism is critical to the survival of cells. In eukaryotic cells, biochemical processes in the cell are controlled — in part — by the nature and arrangement of internal membranes.

(a) Describe the structure of the cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model.

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(b) Describe the role of the cell membrane in facilitated diffusion.

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(c) Use an example to explain one role of internal membranes in a eukaryotic cell.

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Credit will be given for answers to Question 19 that are coherent and contain only relevant information.

(2 marks)

19. It is estimated that in up to a third of seafood sales, the species has been incorrectly identified.

Explain how DNA sequencing can be used to determine the species being sold, and discuss either the ethical or the economic issues related to the collection of genetic information.

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20. Scientists studied a group of saltbush plants of the genus Atriplex. They measured the amount of CO2 used by saltbush leaves (CO2 use) and compared this with the amount of CO2 produced by saltbush leaves (CO2 production). The scientists compared this ratio of CO2 use to CO2 production (UCO2

: PCO2) in saltbush leaves of different ages to see if it changed as the leaves grew older.

Twenty leaves of each age were tested in this experiment.

(a) Write the chemical equation for the process that takes place in plants and uses CO2.

(2 marks)

(b) State two factors that should be held constant in the experiment described above.

(i) Factor 1: ________________________________________________________________________________________

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(ii) Factor 2: ________________________________________________________________________________________

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(c) Explain why the scientists tested 20 leaves of each age.

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(d) Explain the significance for the growth of the saltbush plants if the ratio UCO2: PCO2

has a value greater than 1:1.

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21. Refer to the following information:

The Census of Marine Life (CoML), which concluded in 2010, involved scientists in more than 80 countries, including Australia, researching the diversity, distribution, and abundance of life in the oceans over a 10-year period.

The CoML identified thousands of potentially new species, and recorded many known species in new locations.

Many projects have flowed from the CoML.

For example, the Australian Government established the National Environmental Science Programme (NESP). The NESP will assist decision-makers to understand, manage, and conserve Australia’s environment by funding world-class biodiversity science and climate science.

The NESP funds six thematic research hubs. One of these is the Marine Biodiversity Hub, which is hosted by the University of Tasmania and administered by the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy.

Source: Based on Department of the Environment and Energy, ʻNational Environmental Science Programme research scopeʼ, viewed 23 February 2017, https://www.environment.gov.au/science/nesp/about

Discuss how this example illustrates one or more of the key concepts of science as a human endeavour.

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You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers to any questions in Part A of Section 2. Make sure to label each answer carefully (e.g. 20(d) continued).

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For office use only

Supervisor check

Re-marked

© SACE Board of South Australia 2018

Copy the information from your SACE label here

FIGURESCHECKLETTERSEQ BIN

South AustralianCertificate of Education

2

BiologyNovember 2018 sample paper

Question Booklet 2• Part B of Section 2 (Questions 22 to 29) 52 marks• Answer all questions in Part B • Write your answers in this question booklet• You may write on page 13 if you need more space• Allow approximately 50 minutes

The external assessment requirements of this subject are listed on page 14.

SAMPLE

page 2 of 14


SECTION 2: Part B (Questions 22 to 29)

(52 marks)

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

22. Refer to the following diagram:

ADP ATP

reaction 1

reaction 2

(a) (i) Name a cellular process that provides energy for reaction 1, and describe the role that this energy has in reaction 1.

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(ii) Describe reaction 2 and explain its importance to cells.

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(b) State the type of energy lost at each step of a metabolic pathway.

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23. After vigorous exercise an individual often hyperventilates. Hyperventilation causes an increase in the pH of blood.

(a) State one reason why it is important to maintain the pH of blood.

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(b) Explain how hyperventilation causes an increase in the pH of blood.

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(c) Describe how receptors in the brain detect an increase in the pH of blood.

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page 4 of 14


24. Refer to the flow chart below, which represents the ‘fight or flight’ response in a person who has seen a snake while walking in bushland:

Person sees snake

Hypothalamus receives message signalling danger

Pituitary gland releases Hormone A into the bloodstream

Spinal cord receives message

Adrenal gland receives message

Releases Hormone B into bloodstream

Various hormones released, which cause a simultaneous increase in:• blood pressure• blood glucose level• energy supply to muscles

• Increased alertness• Muscles tensed

(a) Identify Hormone B.

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(b) Draw and label the main structural features of a neuron that would send a message to the hypothalamus after the snake was observed.

(3 marks)

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(c) Compare the actions of the nervous system and the actions of the endocrine system in the ‘fight or flight’ response.

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(d) Using the flow chart on page 4, explain why a person who has diabetes may experience a medical emergency as a result of the ‘fight or flight’ response.

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25. Evidence suggests that all mammals share a common ancestor. Two features that are common to all mammals are hair and mammary glands.

The most primitive group of mammals, known as the monotremes, lay eggs.

Other mammals give birth to live young. These mammals can be further classified as either marsupials or eutherians. All mammals in these two groups possess a placenta. Eutherians evolved as a distinct group from marsupial mammals, and gave rise to the majority of mammals on Earth today.

Using the information provided, construct a phylogenetic tree diagram to show the evolution of the three groups of mammals — monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians — from a common ancestor.

(2 marks)

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26. Some estimates suggest that fewer than 10 000 Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo abelii) are currently living in Indonesian tropical rainforests. It is estimated that up to 1000 Sumatran orang-utan are dying each year as a direct result of the actions of humans.

Source: Tayfun Sertan Yaman Dreamstime.com

(a) Identify two examples of human activities that lead to environmental changes that damage the rainforests of Indonesia.

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(b) Describe how one of the activities that you identified in part (a) may threaten the survival of or cause the extinction of the Sumatran orang-utan.

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27. The Mallee Emu-wren (Stipiturus mallee) is an endangered species of small bird living in semi-arid shrublands in south-eastern Australia. Bushfires occur frequently in this area and may have reduced the population of this species. The results of a recent study suggest that this reduced population may have caused genetic drift.

Source: © Ron Knight, Seaford, East Sussex, UK, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic licensehttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mallee_Emuwren_Stipiturus_mallee)_(8079650268).jpg

Refer to the following map, which shows (in red) the distribution of the Mallee Emu-wren:

SAMPLEMMPLLLMPP

AMPAMMMPLE

AMPLE

AMAML

MWestern Australia

MPMPPPNorthern T PPN PLPLNew South Wales

Victoria

TasmaniaMMMPMPP

(a) Describe how a change in the gene pool of the Mallee Emu-wren may result in genetic drift.

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(b) State one possible consequence of genetic drift for the Mallee Emu-wren population.

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28. A group of students conducted a series of investigations to determine the effects of different factors on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction in human cells. The enzyme has an optimum temperature of 37°C.

(a) One investigation was carried out to determine the effect of pH on this enzyme-catalysed reaction.

(i) State one hypothesis for this investigation.

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(ii) Explain the importance of identifying sources of uncertainty, and suggest how one of these sources may have affected the results of this investigation.

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(b) A second investigation was carried out to determine the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of the enzyme-catalysed reaction.

The students represented their results as shown in the graph below.

(i) State the independent variable in this investigation.

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(ii) Identify two errors in the way in which the students have represented their results.

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(iii) State one factor that may not have been able to be controlled, and describe how this could affect the data obtained.

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(iv ) State one limitation of any conclusion drawn from this second investigation.

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Credit will be given for answers to Question 29 that are coherent and contain only relevant information.

(2 marks)

29. When Charles Darwin reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835, he discovered several species of birds known as ‘finches’ that seemed to be closely related. He suggested that a single species of finch originally colonised the islands and subsequently evolved into many different species. This pattern of evolution is known as ‘adaptive radiation’.

Describe the differences between adaptive radiation and convergent evolution, and explain how inheritable mutations can lead to changes in the characteristics of descendants.

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You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers to any questions in Part B of Section 2. Make sure to label each answer carefully (e.g. 22(a)(i) continued).

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NOVEMBER 2018 SAMPLE BIOLOGY PAPER

The purpose of this sample paper is to show the structure of the Biology examination and the style of questions that may be used. The following extract is from the 2018 subject outline for Biology:

EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT

Assessment Type 3: Examination (30%)Students undertake one 2-hour examination.

Stage 2 science inquiry skills and science understanding from all topics may be assessed.

Questions:• will be of different types• may require students to show an understanding of science as a human endeavour• may require students to apply their science understanding from more than one topic.

All specifi c features of the assessment design criteria for this subject may be assessed in the external examination.

Source: Biology 2018 Subject Outline Stage 2, p 39, on the SACE website, www.sace.sa.edu.au

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