Examination and preventiondentistry.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/Dental_Terminology-Chapter__7.pdf · Initial...
Transcript of Examination and preventiondentistry.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/Dental_Terminology-Chapter__7.pdf · Initial...
Chapter 7
•Examination and prevention
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Initial examination
• Taking a general health history
• Checking vital signs
• Making a visual assessment
• Palpating head structures and mouth condition
• Examining oral cavity
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Diagnostic test
• Radiographs
• Alginate impression
• Photography by extra and intra oral cameras
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Health history
• Chief complaint
• medications taken
• General medical condition
• Allergies
• Past history of surgeries and illnesses
• Medical doctor’s name
• Emergency contact numbers
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Vital signs
• Blood pressure
• Respiration
• Temperature
• Pulse
• pain
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Visual assessment
• Symmetric face
• Asymmetric face
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Facial imbalance conditions
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Trismus
• Tension or contraction of mastication muscles
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Dysphagia
• Difficulty in swallowing
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Bell’s palsy
• A sudden, temporary unilateral facial paralysis with unknown cause
• Swelling of the facial nerve from immune or viral infection
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TMJ
Temporomandibular joint
• Union of the joints of temporal and mandibular bones
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Assessment of external lip
structure
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Philtrum
• Median groove on the external edge of the upper lip to the base
of the nose.
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Commisure
• Corners of the mouth where the lips meet.
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Vermillion border
• Border where the pink-red lip tissue meets the facial skin.
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Palpation
• method of determining the condition of a tissue using finger pressure
is palpating an area.
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Palpation test
• Lymph nodes
• Neck muscles
• Lips, cheek, tongue and mouth tissue for swellings and irregularities
• TMJ area for movement and tenderness
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Stethoscope
• A device for ausculating the joint area and blood flow in the carotid
arteries in the neck.
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Examination of the oral tissue
• Done by regular halogen lighting .
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Examination of the oral tissue
• Tongue is grasped by a gauze pad and extended to full length
• Gingiva and cheek areas are palpated
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Diseases of oral cavity
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Oral lesion
• Altered inflammatory tissue or infected by caused:
• Infection, hemorrhage, ulceration, melanoma, fat deposits, amalgam
tattoos, dilated veins.
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Pericoronitis
• Inflammation around the crown of a tooth
• Happening normally with erupting third molar tooth.
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ANUG
(Acute necrotic ulcerative gingivitis)
• Highly inflamed and dying gingival tissue
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Cellulitis
• Inflammation or infection extending to nearby connective tissues
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Fistula
• Tissue opening for pus drainage
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Aphtous ulcer
• Small, painful ulcer within the mouth.
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Thrush
• Fungus infection of mouth or throat as white patches on the tissue.
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Candida albicans
• Sore, white plaque areas resulting from long term antibiotic therapy
permitting fungus buildup
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Herpes simplex virus
• Virus caused vesicles or watery pimples that burst and crust .
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Herpes simplex virus
(Fever blisters)
• When vesicles appear on the lips.
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Gingivostomatitis
• When vesicles appear on the oral mucosa.
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Cheilosis
• Inflammation of the corners of the lips.
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Causes of Cheilosis
• Vit.B deficiency
• Candidiasis
• Ill fitting denture
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Geographic tongue
• Flat, irregular red lesions on the backside of the tongue
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Hairy tongue
• Small black or dark brown projections resembling hairs arising from
backside of the tongue.
• Caused by medication or drug treatment
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Fissured tongue
• Deep crack in the center of the tongue dorsum.
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Circumvallate papillae
• Large mushroom-shaped papillae on the posterior dorsum of the tongue.
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Oral Cancer
• If suspicious lesions are detected in the mouth they could be
examined by excision and biopsy to determine their malignancy.
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Detection of Carious Lesions
• using an explorer
• Using a laser caries detector hand piece unit to measure the fluorescence
level of undetected caries
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Dental caries
• Decay
• Carious lesions
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Streptococcus Mutans Bacteria
• Producing acid that causes tooth tissue to be destroyed through
decalcification and demineralization of the enamel and its matrix
spreading into other tissue structures.
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Types of dental decay
• Incipient
• Rampant
• Recurrent
• Arrested
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Incipient Caries
• Beginning decay
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Rampant Caries
• Widespread and growing decay
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Recurrent Caries
• Decay occurring under or near repaired margins of tooth restorations.
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Arrested Caries
• Decay showing no progressive tendencies
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Decays according to the destruction
of tooth surface
• Simple cavity
• Compound cavity
• Complex cavity
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Simple Cavity
• Involving one surface
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Compound Cavity
• Involving two surfaces of a tooth, charted as mesioocclusal(MO) or
distoocclusal(DO)
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Complex Cavity
• Involving more than two surface charted as mesioocclusodistal(MOD)
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Operative classification
• Class I through class VI based on the carious surfaces .
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Periapical Abcess
(Gum Abcess)
• The cause of necrosis(death)of pulp tissue.
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Stages of pulp irritation
• Hyperemia
• Pulpalgia
• Pulpitis
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Hyperemia
• Increase in blood and lymph vessels as a result of pulp irritation
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Pulpalgia
• Tooth ache as a result of pulp irritation and infection
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pulpitis
• Inflammation and swelling of pulp tissue which leads to pulp necrosis.
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Miscellaneous Maladies
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Abrasion
• Wearing away of tooth structure from abnormal causes such as malocclusion
or bad habits
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Erosion
• Destruction of tooth structure as a result of disease or chemicals such as
stomach acid.
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Attrition
• Wearing away a tooth structure from normal causes like chewing or
mastication.
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Ankylosis
• Tooth fixation, retention of deciduous tooth past exfoliation time, or
retention of permanent teeth that are fixed in the tooth sucket because of
absence of periodontal ligaments.
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Avulsion
• Forcible removal of tooth
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Bruxism
• Grinding of teeth esp. during sleep or as a bad habit
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Abfraction
• Loss of tooth surface in the cervical area caused by grinding or compression forces
results in hypersensitivity of the area
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Acid etching
• Loss of enamel surfaces on the lingual side of anterior teeth caused by
stomach acid fluids.
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Alginate Impression
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Negative Reproduction
• Each cusp or protrusion in the tooth becomes as a dent in the impression.
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Positive Cast
• A gypsum reproduction of the patient’s mouth. Also called a STUDY
MODEL. Has two parts:
• Anatomical Portion
• Art Portion
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Anatomical Portion
• Part of the cast reproducing the teeth and gingiva.
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Art Portion
• Part of cast added to make an esthetic base support
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Bite registration
• Piece of a wax material or pad placed into the patient’s mouth to register
the occlusion pattern when biting down on it.
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Articulation
• Placement of positive cast into patient’s bite or articulating position.
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Home Preventive Techniques
• Proper tooth brushing
• Proper flossing
• Diet correction
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Home Preventive Techniques
done in a Dental Facility
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Fluorosis
• Condition causing molting and discoloration of enamel tissue.
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Systemic Fluoride
• Fluoride taken orally as water, drops, vitamins
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Topical fluoride
• Fluoride being placed upon the tooth surface as gels, liquids, pastes.
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Prevention Aids
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Rinse
• Anti-plaque mouth rinses containing therapeutic chemicals that reduce
plaque.
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Mouthwash
• Breath freshening rinse that may reduce pellicle.
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Disclosing dyes
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• Red/blue food coloring or sodium fluorescein solution being placed
upon tooth surface to stain or disclose the plaque.
Dentifrice
• Tooth powder or toothpaste for cleaning teeth and preventing halitosis
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Floss holder and threads
• Devices used to hold or insert floss under bridgework and between teeth
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Interdental brushes and picks
• Handles holding small brush tips to be inserted between the teeth and
into sulcus areas.
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Wooden picks or flat balsam
wedges
• Stimulates interproximal gingival tissue circulation
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Water irrigation machines
• Electrically powered water spray devices having pulsating tips for rinsing
interproximal areas.
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Diet Plans
• Fewer cariogenic or caries forming meals and snacks
• Maintaining a balanced diet
• Keeping with a food pyramid of values
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Dental facility preventive
practices
• Some decay-preventive procedures practiced in a dental facility
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Fluoride application
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Sealant application
• Placement of gel or liquid acrylic material on cleaned and acid-etched
occlusal surfaces for tooth covering and protection
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Selective adjustment
(enamoplasty)
• Deep occlusal pits or fissures eliminated by selective abrasive or grinding
of some enamel surfaces results in lower chance of deep carious lesions.
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