Examina'ons  for  Developing  of  Food  Safety  Control  System  for  the  Central  

Wholesale  Markets  in  the  Restructuring  Periods  of  Food  System

Tokyo  University  of  Marine  Science  and  Technology,  Faculty  of  Marine  Engineering  

Yuji NAKAGAWA

18  January  2012

Ⅰ  What  is  the Ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ Ｗｈｏｌｅｓａｌｅ Ｍａｒｋｅｔｓ?

  In  Japan  the  number  of  the  wholesale  markets  reach  1,340:  the  Central  Wholesale  Markets―81  and  the  Local  Wholesale  Markets―1,259.Ｓｅｅ　Ｔａｂｌｅ．  

  Ｔｈｅ Central  Wholesale  Markets  are  the  ｃｅｎｔｅｒ of  wholesale  and  ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ of  such  fresh  foods  as  vegetables  ,fruits  ,  fishes  ,  meets  and  flowers  in  Japan.  

  The  administra'ons  (the  Ministry  of  agriculture,  forestry  and  fisheries  ;the  Ministry  of  Health  ,  Labor      and  welfare;  the  local  governments)  have  governed    the  Wholesale  Markets  under  the  related  Law.  See  Figure.  

  The  such  traders  in  the  Wholesale  Markets  are  known  as  the  Collector(Oroshi-­‐Uri-­‐Gyou)  ,  the  Broker(Naka-­‐Oroshi-­‐Gyou)  and  the  Buyer(Baibai-­‐Sankasha  ).　

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Table.Ｔｈｅ　component  and    condi0on  of  the  ｗｈｏｌｅｓａｌｅ　ｍａｒｅｋｅｔｓ and  the  traders  in  2008  

The  dealing  amounts  of  money(\100  million)

Collectors Ｂｒｏｋｅｒｓ Ｂｕｙｅｒｓ

The  Central  Wholesale  Markets（81）

46,796 228 4,796 40,424

Vegetables（66） 20,685 91 1,846 19,254

Fished（50） 21,779 87 2,736 7,568

Meets（10） 2,477 10 85 1,796

Flowers（24） 1,551 31 105 11,340

Others（7） 304 10 25 466

The  Local  Wholesale  Markets（1,259）

34,589 1,484 2,416 148,415

Retailers  (Super-­‐market  etc.)

Consumer

Retail

Producers  &  Suppliers  

Importers  (Trading  

Companies  etc.)

Supply

Collector

Brokers

Buyers

Wholesale

The  Central  wholesale  market

Figure.  The  Japanese  Fresh-­‐Food  System  through  the  wholesale  markets

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Ⅱ　The  Points  at  Issue  concerning  the  Japanese  Food  Industries  and  the  Central  Wholesale  Markets

1.  In  the  Japanese  Food  Industries   　The  globaliza'on  in  the    Japanese  food  chain⇒The  rising  of  foreign  

share  in  the  food  supply  

 　The  expansion  of  understanding  about  risk  and  hazard  from  food  and  food-­‐distribu'on  

 　The  governmental  regula'on  on  risk  and  hazard  from  food  and  food-­‐distribu'on(by  the  legal  system)  

 　The  establishment  of  quality-­‐control-­‐system  and  quality-­‐cer'fica'on-­‐system  at  homes  as  well  as  abroad(ex.  ISO-­‐9001,HACCP,ISO-­‐22000)  

 　The  frequent  legal-­‐viola'on  and  hazard  by  the  food  industries  in  the  Japanese  food  chain  

 　The  necessity  of  compliance  and  safety-­‐control    in  the  food  industries  in  order  to  keep  or  advance  the  enterprise  value  

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２.    In  the  Central  Wholesale  Markets    The  Market’s  ins'tu'on  and  organiza'on,  impossible  to  adequately  

correspond  to  such  requirements  of  the  food  safety  as:  

— to  secure  the  cold  chain;  — to  organize  the  quality  control  system  in  the  whole  food  chain  

  Lack  of  the  channel  captain  ,  having  the  absolute  power  and  the  scale  merit  in  the  food  chain  

  Change  of  such  condi'ons  concerning  the  Central  Wholesale  Markets  that:  

— The  Wholesale  Markets  Law    provided  that  the  companies  in  the  wholesale  markets  was  responsible  for  the  secure  of  the  food  safety  ;  

— It  is  more  important  for  the  food  industries  to  secure  the  food  safety  in  order  to  advance  the  enterprise  value  

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  Our  Subject:  •  To  put  such  problems  in  order,  that  are  concerned  with  

the  building  of  the  system  of  safety  control  in  the  Central  Wholesale  Markets;  

•  To  give  the  views  on  the  building  of  the  safety  control  systems  in  the  Central  Wholesale  Markets.  

  We  will  analysis  this  subject  from  the  viewpoint  of  validity    to  apply  the  safety  control  system  ,  built  by  the  Japanese  leading  food  companies,  to  the  building  of  the  safety  control  system  in  the  Central  Wholesale  Markets.

Ⅲ    Subject  and  Viewpoint  in  Today’s  Lecture  

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Ⅳ　The  Technical  Skill  of  the  Food  Safety  Control                                                                                        in  Japanese  Food  Industries

1.  The  Understandings  of  the  Food  Safety  Controls    “The  Food  Safety”  has  posi'oned  as  “the  Public  Property”  ,secured  by  

the  governmental  power  and  the  concerned  laws.  

 Under  the  Ins'tu'on  of  Public  Health  ,  the  sanitary  inspectors  have  supervised  the  daily  ac'vi'es  of  the  food  industries  by  the  means  of  the  sampling  and  the  on-­‐the-­‐spot    inspec'ons.  

 On  the  other  hand  ,  some  leading  companies  regard  the  food  safety  control  as  the  important  factor  in  rising  the  enterprise  value.  

  They  have  adapted  the  interna'onal  and  the  na'onal  systems  of  the  safety-­‐cer'fica'on  ,  or  developed  the  unique  technical  skills  of  the  food  safety  control.    

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2.  The  technical  skills  of  the  food  safety  control  in  the  food  industries  

  Hazard  Analysis    &  Cri'cal  Control  Point  (HACCP)  and  Prerequisite  Program(PP)  for  the  Quality  Control(QC)  ,  the  Sanitary  Control(SC)  ,the  training  ,the  recall  ,  and  the  traceability.  

                 ⇒In  Japan  HACCP  is  the  most  popular  of    the  SC  skills.    ISO9001  or  ISO22000:the  Quality  Management  System    or  the  Safety  

Management    System    for    the  food-­‐manufacturing  companies.                    ⇒In  Japan  ISO9001  is  the  most  popular  of  the  QC  skills.    Good  Manufacturing  Prac'ce(GMP)  and  Good  Agri-­‐/Aqua-­‐  cultural  

prac'ce  (GAP)  ⇒The  product  management  programs  in  the  food-­‐manufacture  ,the  agriculture  and  the  Aquaculture.  

               ⇒In  Japan  GMP  is  widely  adapted  in  the  food-­‐manufacturing  factories.  

  Supplier  Quality  Expecta'on(SQE)  or  Supplier  Quality  Management  (SQM)  in    the  food  chain  for  the  channel  captains.  

             ⇒In  Japan  some  of  the  leading  food  companies  have  adapted  as  one  of  the  QC  standards.  

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Case  1　“Supplier  Quality  Management”  by  M  Co.

①   Material  Risk  Assessment  

②   Supplier  Risk  Assessment  ③   Food  Safety  &  Hygiene  Audit  Program  ④   Specifica'ons  Control  ⑤   Regulatory,  Storage  &  Shipping  and  Handling  Control  ⑥   Preven'on-­‐based  Microbiological  Program  ⑦   Supplier  Quality  Expecta'ons  Manual  

⑧   Supply  Chain  Integrity  Program

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Case  2　”Quality  Control  Management  System”    by  K&A  Co.

①  Design  ②  Procure  ③  Convert  ④  Distribute  ⑤  Trade  ⑥  Consumer  

This  is  the  assurance  systems  for  the  whole  supply  chain  

QC  &  Inspec'on  ,  based  on  HACCP  &  ISO9001  

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Case  3　“Supplier  Quality  Management  by  N  Co.

＊ Inspec'on  of  the  Packaging  Materials  for  the  Food-­‐Packer,  Based  on  ”Frame　Direc've　1935/2004/EC”  in  EU  

①  Early  Warnings  ②  Requirements  for  Safety  Secure  

③  Requirements  for  Release  of  Materials  Specifica'ons  ④  Supervising    for  Process  of  Manufacturing  

⑤  Supplier  Inspec'on  for  the  Whole  Supply  Chain(SC)  ⑥  Release  of  SC  Informa'on  for  Consumers  and  Geqng  

informa'on  on  Consumers  Minds  

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3.  The  shortcomings  in  the  SC  &  QC  technical  skills  ,  widely  adapted  in  the  Japanese  food  industries      

  The  each  effects  of  HACCP  and  ISO9001  are  limited  to  the  SC  &  QC  systems  in  the  food  manufacturing  factories.  

  The  each  effects  of  HACCP  and  ISO9001  don’t  range  over  the  supplier  quality  control(SQC)  ,supplier  sanitary  control(SSC)  and  the  process  of  the  food  distribu'on.  

  Consequently,  the  food  industries  ,  adap'ng  QC  &  SC  systems,  always  have  variety  of  risks  ,  happening  from  the  suppliers  and  the  transport  industries.        

5.  The  QC  skills  ,  avoiding  a    variety  of  risks  ,  which  happen  from  the  suppliers  and  the  transport  industries    SQE  &  SQM  are  the  QC  technical  skills  that  the  channel  captains  

inspect  the  SC  &  QC  levels  of  their  suppliers  by  the  check  lists  ,  requiring  the  quality  standards.  

  The  channel  captains  are  able  to  select  the  superior  suppliers  in  SC  &  QC  levels  ,  or  exclude  the  defect  suppliers  in  SC  &  QC  levels  .

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Ⅴ  The  Food  Safety  Control  System                                                                in  the  Central  Wholesale  Markets   1.  Wholesale  Market  Sanita'on  Inspec'on  Sta'ons(WMSIS)*  

  “The  Sta2ons  take  charge  of  ensuring  the  safety  of  food  distributed  through  wholesale  markets.  “    

   “The  sta2ons  promotes  on-­‐site  monitoring  and  supervision,  as  well  as  tests  and  inspec2ons  integrated  under  specialized  knowledge  and  exper2se,  under  the  basic  principle  that  harmful  or  bad  food  products  should  not  be  “put  on”,  “taken  out  of”,  or  “manufactured  in  the  markets.”  If  viola2on  of  the  law  is  found  as  a  result  of  tests  /inspec2ons  or  monitoring/supervision,  the  sta2on  takes  prompt  and  appropriate  ac2on  to  prevent  the  distribu2on  of  such  food.”  

*The  explana'ons  and  pictures  are  cited  from    Tokyo  Metropolitan  Wholesale  Market  Sanita'on  Inspec'on  Sta'on’s  HP(htp://www.fukushihoken.metro.tokyo.jp/i'ba/  kensajo/sum10/index.html)  2012/1/18 13 Yuji  Nakagawa

2.  The  shortcomings  in  the  Safety  Control  System  ,  adapted  in  WMSIS    The  effects  of  the  Safety  Control  by  WMSIS    are  limited  to  the  

Sanitary  Control(SC)    in  the  Central  Wholesale  Markets.  

  The  effects  of  the  Safety  Control  by  WMSIS  don’t  range  over  the  supplier  quality  control(SQC)  ,supplier  sanitary  control(SSC)  and  the  process  of  the  food  distribu'on.  

  Consequently  ,  in  the  Wholesale  Markets  (including  Central  Wholesale  Markets)  aren’t  such  Inspec'on  systems  as  SQE  or  SQM.  

  In  the  Wholesale  Markets  aren’t  such  SC  &  QC  system,  adapted  by    each  of  the  market-­‐t14rader-­‐companies  ,  as  HACCP,GMP  and  ISO9001.  

  Moreover  ,  the  facili'es  of  the  wholesale  Markets  don’t  correspond  to  such  requirements  of  the  food  safety  as  HACCP,GMP  and  ISO9001.  

  The  ins'tu'ons  and  facili'es  are  litle  isolated  from  the  outside  environments  ,  therefore  are  always  exposed    to    a  variety  of  the  contamina'on-­‐risks.  

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Ⅵ    Goals  for  Building  the  Safety  Control  Systems    in  the  Central  Wholesale  Markets?

1.  The  restructuring    of  the  components  of  the  ins'tu'ons  and  the  facili'es  in  the  Central  Wholesale  Markets      The  market  architecture(the  composi'on  of  the  receiving-­‐spaces  ,  the  dealing-­‐

spaces  ,processing-­‐spaces  and  the  forwarding-­‐spaces)  should  be  rebuilt  on  the  standards  of  Prerequisite  Program(PP)  for  HACCP  and  ISO9001.    

  This  type  of  market  architecture  will  be  isolated  from  the  outside  environments  ,  bringing  the  cross-­‐contamina'on  risks.  

  This  type  of  market  architecture  will  enable  the  market  traders  to  operate  their  dealings  based  on  the  safety  control  systems.    

3.  The  forma'on  of  the  QC  organiza'ons  ,composed  by  the  Market  traders  ,  in  the  linkage  with  SC  organiza'ons(WMSIS)    The  QC  organiza'ons  will  make  the  policy  and  the  program  of  QC.    On  the  QC  program  ,  The  QC  organiza'ons  will  train  the  market-­‐

workers  ,improve  the  market-­‐working  and  the  effect  of  the  market-­‐facili'es  and  inspect  all  process  of    the  market  dealings.  

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3.  The  forma'on  of  the  standard  requirements  of  the  safety  control  in  the  Central  Wholesale  markets  

5.  The  forma'on  of  such  SQE  or  SQM  systems  that  the  leading  traders    inspect    the  contamina'on  risks  for  the  suppliers    

7.  Consequently,  the  forma'on  of  such  fresh-­‐food  chain  that  the  Wholesale  Markets  insure  the  food  safety      

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Thank  you  very  for  your  aten'on.    

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