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GEOG 101- Overview #1, Lecture, Discussion & Text (Chps. 1, 2 & 3)

Chapter 1 - What is geography? geo graphy - earth description "Where is it!" "Why is it where itis?" and What is the significance of these locational patterns? "Geographers see the world asintricately interconnected places." Why Geography? "It's how the world works." "Everything issomewhere."

Geography is a way of thinking about urgent problems. It is a synthesizing study that organizesknowledge from diverse fields of study into an understandable framework

Geography: physical (natural)/cultural (human)

Five Fundamental Themes of Geography:Location (Absolute/Relative), Place,Human-Environment Interaction,MovementandRegion.

Geography in the news (current events) (Examples of how geography influences our lives)

Brief History: Ancient(Greeks, Romans) Eratosthenes, Aristotle, Alexander the GreatStrabo, Ptolemy

Middle Ages "Europe experienced little progress in geographical thought." Asian scholarswere the caretakers of knowledge - Muslim, Chinese, Japanese, Korean

Age of Discovery 1450-1750,

Period of Consolidation 1751-1950The Modern Period(Quantitative Studies) 1950-present

Basic Geographic Terms:space (spatial), spatial interaction - distance decay, intervening opportunity,

accessibility, connectivity,

diffusion - expansion (Islam), relocation (Christianity), hierarchical, contagious)

spatial distribution - density, concentration (dispersion), pattern

scale - RF representative fraction (small, large) / micro, macro

regions - formal, functional & vernacular

Sample Questions:1. The term geography was first coined by:

A. Alexander B. Eratosthenes C. Ptolemy D. Strabo

2. Your professor said geography can be subdivided into 2 branches. This is similar to a theaterproduction with actors and a set (stage). Which two of the following constitute the branches?A. cultural & physical C. physical & emotional E. none of the aboveB. cultural & regional D. systematic & topical

3. The geographic concept that spatial interaction decreases as distance between places increases:A. accessibility B. connectivity C. diffusion D. distance decay

4. Spatial distribution regarding frequency of the individual geographic facts.A. concentration B. density C. dispersion D. pattern

5. The map in Chapter 1 portraying the generalized land use of Australia as homogenous areas is anexample of which of the following types of regions?A. fragmented B. formal C. functional D. vernacular

6. The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from other locations is:A. accessibility B. connectivity C. distance decay D. intervening opportunity

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Maps (Chapter 2)- the Geographer's tool, "a symbolic portrayal of reality",cartography, projection (problems of distortion) -

Map fundamentals video: general reference maps,topographic maps, road maps, thematic maps, cartogram

Geographic Information Technology: Remote Sensing/GIS

Remote Sensing - the acquisition of data about Earths surface generally using satellite technolog

or aerial photography. Applications of remote sensing include: 1) mapping surface cover,2) gathering data for large unpopulated areas and, 3) monitoring changes.

GIS (geographic information system) a combination of a database and a computer map, thepurpose of which is to capture (input), manipulate/analyze and present data to aid in the decisionmaking process.

themes or layers: types of information on a map - roads, hydrology, elevation, soils, etc.infinite applications: infrastructure mgmt., state and local government, emergency vehiclrouting, transportation, economic development, land/resource management, site selection,delivery, etc.

Sample Questions:1. ________ scale maps are necessary to examine, digitize and establish delivery routes forwholesale distributors within a metropolitan area.A. formal B. functional C. large D. small

2. A map drawn at which of the following scales would show the most area?A. 1: 8,000 B. 1: 24,000 C. 1: 50,000 D. 1: 63,360

3. The map projection used for nautical navigation today that was first developed in the 1500sby a Dutch cartographer?A. Homolosine equal area B. Lambert equal area C. Mercator D. Sinusoidal

4. Detecting the nature of an object from a distance, such as, monitoring the increase in the earth's

desert landforms is known as:A. distance decay B. dispersion C. image processing D. remote sensing

5. A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes and displays geographic data. Each piece ofinformation about a location on this earth is stored in a separate computer file that represents aninformation layer.A. GIS B. GPS C. MP3 D. remote sensing

Physical Geography is important for setting the stage of human activity on the earth's surface.

Landforms/Topography (Geomorphology) (Chp 3)

Earth's Crust (oceanic sima / continental sial ): isostasy - elements, compounds, minerals, rocks

Rock Types: Igneous - intrusive (magma) Sedimentary , Metamorphic, the rock cycle- extrusive (lava)

Geomorphic (earthforming) processes:Endogenic - Internal (Tectonic) &Exogenic - External (Gradational: erosion, transportation,

deposition)

Tectonic - Plate tectonics, continental drift (Wegener), evidence for drift, Pangaea, mantle,(saw video)

seafloor spreading, plate boundaries: converging-subduction, diverging-rift valleys,transform-San Andreas

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folding, faulting: fault zone/plane, fault line, joints

earthquake, epicenter, focus, seismic waves, seismometer, seismograph, Richter Scale,earthquakes at sea - tsunami

examples of Mexico City and San Francisco (Loma Prieta): building on unconsolidatedearth vs. solid bedrock, building codes (spiral wrapped rebar), reservoir failure, masswasting

Volcanism - ring of fire, magma, shield & composite cone volcanoes

Gradational - Weathering chemical (oxidation, carbonation) & mechanical (physical) importantagents: 1. freeze/thaw 2. exfoliation 3. vegetation/animals 4. running water 5. ground

water

Transportation or moving weathered material: gravity (slope); mass (movement) wasting,landslides, avalanches, creep, talus slope

Rivers (fluvial geomorphology): erode, transport & deposit

(saw video) stream landscapes in humid areas vs. arid areas

velocity, slope, discharge, channel shape, stream landscapes (3 stages: youthful, mature and old)erosion - 1. hydraulic action; 2. abrasion; 3. dissolution

transportation: 1. bed load(saltation); 2. suspended load; 3. dissolved load

deposition occurs as velocity decreases - alluvial fans, bars (sand bars),braided streams, meandering point bars-inside of meander, cut banks-outside of meander

delta, distributaries

flooding (humid areas, floodplains, levees (natural, artificial),dams, flood control, recreation, navigation (Mississippi River drains 42% of the U.S.)

-Waterways Experiment Station, (WES) economic impact of rivers:

Modeling river's hydraulic action: The Four M's: measure, map, monitor and model

special types of streams in arid areas: intermittent, exotic (Rio Grande, Nile)

groundwater (karst): ubiquitous, 1/2 of U.S. pop. relies on it for drinking water(saw video) 50 times more water in the ground than on the surface and tends to be less polluted

water table, zone of saturation: porous/permeable, aquifer, aquiclude, unsaturated zone

effluence - the flow of water out from the ground to rivers and lakes

Human activity (Groundwater Management): subsidence, groundwater collapseseawater intrusion, contamination from dumps, landfills, radioactive waste

Solution and Precipitation, Caverns and related features: speleothems,stalactites, stalagmites

wind (aeolian) - erosion: deflation, abrasion deposition: dunes, loess(saw video)

deserts: cover 1/4 of the world's land surface, regions of infrequent rainfall (

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Factors affecting formation of deserts:Subtropical (30 N & S lat.) High Pressure, Rainshadow deserts,

Continental deserts, Coastal deserts, Polar deserts

Human activity can impact/influence desertification: Dust Bowl, Sahel

Deserts: harsh and fragile environment

ice (glacial) - accumulation of snow, zone of wastage, snowline, fern,

movement of ice under pressure, friction, pluck, abrasion (polish, grind, gouge, striations)

types of glaciers: continental (ice sheet), alpine (valley)

erosional features: arete, horn, cirque, U-shaped valley (glacial trough), fiords,

depositional features: glacial till, moraines, kettles, drumlins, eskers, outwash plains

Ice Ages: frequent, tied to ellipitical orbit of the earth and rotational wobble

glaciers are a storehouse of information: trapped air from the past, scientific studiesprovide information about past climatic conditions

waves and currents (coastal) - erosional features: cliff erosion, sea cliffs, longshore current

depositional features: beach, sandbar, spit, lagoon

Human impact on processes/systems: dams, homes on coast, modeling seawall designspecialized coastlines: fjords, coral reefs

Sample Questions:1. The study of geomorphology (landforms) would be considered under which branch of geography?A. cultural B. human C. physical D. regional

2. The sinking or lowering of the ground due to pumping of groundwaterA. aquiclude B. porosity C. saltwater intrusion D. subsidence

3. Exogenic (gradational) processes include all of the following except:A. aeolian B. fluvial C. glacial D. plate tectonics

4. The scientist who proposed the continental drift theory. This theory was not very popularat the time of its proposal, especially among American geologists.A. Alfred Wegener B. Arthur Gettis C. Charles Richter D. Saffir Simpson

5. Which of the following weathering processes is not a proper match?A. carbonation - chemical C. frost wedging - mechanicalB. wind - chemical D. oxidation - chemical

6. Erosional work by rivers includes all of the following except:A. abrasion B. deflation C. dissolution D. hydraulic action