Exam - Amazon S3s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/qolgKJlqLo.pdf · MULTIPLE CHOICE....

Exam

Name___________________________________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

1) If an organization wants job applicants for form positive perceptions of selection fairness, theyshould have them take an honesty test.

1)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

2) Although it is generally believed that diversity can result in positive outcomes for organizations, this is notalways the case. What should organizations do to increase the chances that their diversity programs will besuccessful?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

3) "Kevin acts the same as everyone else." The speaker here is invoking a __________ cue. 3)A) recencyB) stereotypeC) consistencyD) distinctivenessE) consensus


4) Social identity is based on our perception that we are similar to many other individuals. 4)

5) According to the text, a performance rater who is unfair and vindictive with regard to employees isengaging in harshness.

5)

6) In attributional terms, highly consistent behaviours are those that most people engage in. 6)

7) The actor-observer effect refers to the remarkable similarity in the attributions that the actor and anobserver make about the actor's behaviour.

7)

8) If you are asked to take a selection test that you perceive to be unfair, you will probably form anegative perception of the organization.

8)


9) Paul met a salesperson for the first time. His first impression was that she was pushy, as were mostpeople in sales that Paul had encountered in the past. According to Bruner's model of theperceptual process, Paul is most likely to

9)

A) form a stereotype about the salesperson.B) change his perception as soon as new cues become evident.C) select cues that confirm his first impression.D) recategorize the target.E) seek out cues that contradict his first impression.

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

10) One of the reasons that trust toward management is related to positive employee attitudesand behaviours is because it is positively related to employees' __________.

10)


11) Tom attributes Lou's behaviour to immorality. This is a situational attribution. 11)


12) We tend to see members of a category as embodying the most typical attributes of thatcategory, or what are called __________

12)


13) Central tendency is our propensity to organize perceptions of others around certain key traits. 13)

14) Gender stereotypes have less negative effects when an observer has accurate knowledge about thewoman in question.

14)


15) On a construction site, Ray drops a wrench and it almost hits Cecil on the head. If Cecil develops asituational (as opposed to dispositional) explanation of Ray's behaviour he might assume that

15)

A) he was the target of a murder attempt.B) Ray has a poor aim.C) Ray is stupid.D) Ray is a careless person.E) the wrench was oily and it slipped.

16) What do the following companies have in common (Royal Bank, Merck Forsst, Home Depot, AvisRent A Car)?

16)

A) They won awards for their diversity programsB) They won awards for how they treat visible minoritiesC) They won awards for how they treat womenD) They won awards for how they treat older workersE) They won awards for how they treat aboriginal people


17) If an organization wants to improve employees' ability to focus, they should first improveperceived organizational support.

17)

18) The more information you have about Bob, the more likely a stereotype will influence yourperceptions of him.

18)


19) __________ is the process of assigning causes to behaviour. 19)

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20) Which of the following statements most accurately defines "perception"? 20)A) Perception is the tendency to attribute one's own thoughts and feelings to others.B) Perception is the process by which motives are assigned to explain people's behaviour.C) Perception is the tendency to generalize about people and ignore variations between

individuals.D) Perception is the process of interpreting messages of our senses to provide meaning.E) Perception is reality.


21) Awareness training should be accompanied by __________ that is relevant to the particularneeds of the organization.

21)

22) Our __________ is based on our unique personal characteristics, such as our interests,abilities, and traits.

22)

23) The tendency to take credit for successes and deny responsibility for failures is called the__________.

23)


24) Trust results in positive employee attitudes and behaviours because it 24)A) improves employees' perceived organizational supportB) lowers employee stressC) improves employees' perceived supervisor supportD) improves employee motivationE) improves employees' ability to focus

25) Which is a potential example of the fundamental attribution error? 25)A) Shawn thought that her secretary was the kindest person she had ever met.B) Pam explained that late report by noting that she wasn't familiar with the new software.C) Joe attributed the car accident to slippery pavement.D) Rich figured that the team was late because of congested air traffic over Atlanta.E) Cleo mistook the female vice-president for a secretary.

26) The professor who gives all C's to his class is committing 26)A) harshness.B) central tendency.C) self-serving bias.D) central trait bias.E) halo.

27) Samantha engages in a low consensus behaviour. What other combination of cues will ensure thatan observer makes a dispositional attribution about the behaviour?

27)

A) The behaviour is also low in distinctiveness and high in contrast.B) The behaviour is also high in distinctiveness and high in consistency.C) The behaviour is also low in distinctiveness and low in consistency.D) The behaviour is also high in distinctiveness and low in consistency.E) The behaviour is also low in distinctiveness and high in consistency.

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28) A performance rater who can't perceive differences within ratees is most likely a victim of__________.

28)


29) One implication of the halo effect is that we fail to appreciate that a target person could have bothstrengths and weaknesses.

29)


30) Ellen is an employment interviewer. One day she interviews three job applicants and rates the thirdapplicant very negatively. If the contrast effect is responsible for this negative rating, we can besure that the first two applicants were

30)

A) perceived as well qualified for the job.B) seen by Ellen to be very similar to herself.C) given unstructured interviews.D) seen by Ellen to be very different from herself.E) perceived as totally unqualified for the job.

31) The Devious Employment Agency uses a trick to get companies to hire its candidates. If it only hasa marginal candidate, it sends over two real duds before sending over this marginal person. Whichperceptual reaction is the Devious manager relying on to get the marginal candidate hired?

31)

A) LeniencyB) Halo effectC) Central traitD) Actor-observer effectE) Contrast effect


32) The competition for talent has become intense and you need to make sure that every job applicant who appliesfor a job will stay interested in the job and will want to work for your organization. What can you do to makesure that job applicants have positive perceptions of the recruitment and selection process and the organization?


33) According to Bruner's model of perception, we are most open to cues about a target 33)A) when the target is very familiar to us.B) when the target has been categorized.C) when the target is first encountered.D) when we already have a lot of information about the target.E) once the categorization has been strengthened.


34) What factors contribute to perceived organizational support and what can organizations do to develop strongperceptions of organizational support?

35) Define the meaning of trust and describe what managers can do to improve employees' trust perceptionstoward management.

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36) If your task is to conduct a structured interview, then you should not focus on __________. 36)


37) The contrast effect means that the perceiver 37)A) compares target people with her own qualities.B) rejects target people who are different from herself.C) will generalize about people in a given social category and ignore variations among them.D) exaggerates differences among target people.E) favours target people who are different from herself.

38) When we invoke __________ we tend not to perceive different qualities within people. 38)A) consensus cuesB) the primacy effectC) the halo effectD) projectionE) the recency effect


39) Discrimination on the basis of age is experienced by people as young as 40 to 45. 39)


40) Perceptually exaggerating the weight of some newly obtained information about an oldfriend is an example of the __________.

40)

41) A friend of yours has just had an interview and was so impressed with the way she wastreated that she is convinced that the organization must be a great place to work. This is agood example of __________.

41)


42) Which of the following best represents the notion that social identities are relational andcomparative?

42)

A) medical students are perceived as doctors by patients in the hospital but as students bythemselves

B) medical students are perceived as doctors by patients in the hospital but as students by theirprofessors in the classroom

C) medical students are perceived as students by patients in the hospital and as students by theirprofessors in the classroom

D) medical students are perceived as students by patients in the hospital before they graduatebut as doctors by the same patients after they have graduated

E) medical students are perceived as doctors by patients in the hospital but as children by theirparents

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43) The ACME Insurance Company has tried to achieve a diverse workforce but they have had difficulty changinga workforce that has historically not been all that diverse. If you were hired as the new manager of humanresources, what actions would you take to achieve and manage a diverse workforce?


44) Personal identity is based on our unique characteristics, such as our interests, abilities, and traits. 44)

45) According to signalling theory, job applicants interpret selection tests as signals of how employeesare treated in the organization.

45)


46) What is the halo effect? Give examples which illustrate how the halo effect might lead to either a favourable orunfavourable rating.


47) A(n) __________ attribution is most likely to be made when consistency is high andconsensus and distinctiveness are low.

47)


48) Employment interviews that focus on selection are more valid than those that focus on recruitment. 48)


49) Common workplace stereotypes include stereotypes based on 49)A) race.B) ethnicity.C) gender.D) age.E) All of the above.


50) Other things equal, high consensus behaviour on the part of an employee will lead a manager tomake a dispositional attribution about the behaviour.

50)


51) When I see somebody who is Canadian, I begin to perceive them as being friendly, modest,and nice because these are the __________ that I associate with the category of Canadian.

51)


52) If I make a situational attribution about your behaviour, I am more likely to reward you or punishyou than if I make a dispositional attribution.

52)

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53) Among various selection procedures, which ones are perceived most favourably? 53)A) personality tests and honesty testsB) employment interviews and work samplesC) employment interviews and personality testsD) personality tests and work samplesE) work samples and honesty tests


54) Women have made the most significant progress moving into senior management and executivepositions in the paper and forest products industry.

54)


55) Define "perception". What are its three main components?

56) Describe four common biases which may influence the impressions that we form of others.

57) As a new director of human resources, your first major task is to ensure that all employment interviews arestructured. You are to meet with all of the human resource staff to instruct them on how to conduct structuredemployment interviews. What will you tell them?

58) What is social identity theory and how does it help us understand stereotypes and discrimination?

59) What are some of the competitive advantages available to organizations which value and manage a diverseworkforce?


60) If an organization wants to improve perceptions of organizational support, they should make surethat employee compensation is above the industry average.

60)


61) Exaggerating the weight of cues obtained early in an interaction with someone is thehallmark of the __________.

61)


62) When we explain a behaviour by referring to some internal personality characteristic we are notoffering

62)

A) an inference about the cause of the behaviour.B) a situational explanation.C) a rational explanation.D) an attribution.E) a dispositional explanation.

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63) After interviewing three superstars, the perfectly adequate candidate looked weak toMargo. The __________ biased her impression of the adequate candidate.

63)

64) Women have made the most significant progress moving into senior management andexecutive positions in the __________ industry.

64)


65) If I make a dispositional attribution about your behaviour, I am more likely to reward you orpunish you than if I make a situational attribution.

65)


66) Explain the difference between situational and dispositional attributions.


67) When women are successful in traditional male jobs, they are more liked. 67)

68) Companies with the highest representation of women in senior management positions have ahigher return on equity and a greater return to shareholders than firms with the fewest women insenior positions.

68)

69) If you are treated poorly during the recruitment process, you will probably not let it affect yourperceptions toward the organization.

69)


70) The person who fails to perceive differences among the members of a class or category ofpeople has fallen prey to a(n) __________.

70)


71) "Laurie acts just like her coworker." In attribution theory terms, this statement invokes a "lowdistinctiveness" cue.

71)


72) "You're just like me. I despise you." Which perceptual tendency might the speaker be revealing? 72)A) ProjectionB) Central TraitC) Similar-to-me effectD) Self-serving biasE) Actor-observer effect


73) "Heathcliffe only acts pretentious at work. Everywhere else he's down to earth." Inattribution theory terms, the speaker has invoked a(n) __________ cue.

73)

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74) Men and women of varying age, education, and work experience describe a good manageras possessing predominantly __________ characteristics.

74)


75) Perceptual defence is 75)A) the tendency for the perceptual system to defend the perceiver against unpleasant emotions.B) the tendency to attribute one's own thoughts and feelings to others.C) the process of interpreting messages of our senses to provide meaning.D) the process by which motives are assigned to explain people's behaviour.E) the tendency to generalize about people and ignore variations between individuals.


76) Social identities are relational and __________. 76)

77) __________ refers to employees' general belief that their organization values theircontribution and cares about their well-being.

77)

78) According to __________, people form perceptions of themselves based on theircharacteristics and memberships in social categories.

78)

79) A(n) __________ attribution is most likely to occur when distinctiveness, consistency, andconsensus are all high.

79)


80) The fundamental attribution error occurs when we blame others for our failures and take credit forour successes.

80)

81) Recent research indicates that both men and women of varying age, education, and workexperience still describe a good manager as possessing predominantly masculine characteristics.

81)

82) The similar-to-me effect means that we often attribute our own feelings, attitudes, and ideas toothers.

82)

83) Wes inaccurately attributed Nina's failure to show up at work to her poor work ethic. This is apotential example of the fundamental attribution error.

83)

84) Male managers today hold the same dysfunctional stereotypes about women and management thatthey held in the early 1970s.

84)


85) "Roberto acts differently from everyone else at work." In attribution theory terms, thespeaker has invoked a(n) __________ cue.

85)

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86) According to social identity theory, our sense of self is composed of a 86)A) social identity and relational identityB) personal identity and relational identityC) self identity and social identityD) personal identity and social identityE) social identity and normative identity


87) Name and briefly define the three main cues which lead to attributions. What combination of these cues willlikely lead an observer to make a dispositional attribution? To make a situational attribution?


88) Which is a potential example of the fundamental attribution error? 88)A) Nancy explained her department's success by describing her boss as brilliant.B) Rodney defended his boss's embezzlement by pointing out that he was under severe marital

stress at the time of the incident.C) Tom realized that most of his crew failed to get to work because of the big snowstorm.D) Susan acknowledged that her company's sales growth was largely due to the booming

economy.E) John explained his failure to land the big account by saying that the competing firm had a

better product.

89) The chairperson opened the meeting by saying "I'm sure you all agree with me that . . ." Whatperceptual phenomenon might the speaker be exhibiting?

89)

A) Implicit personality theoryB) Fundamental attribution errorC) Similar-to-me effectD) StereotypingE) Projection


90) Jack has just failed his midterm and he is blaming the professor for making the exam toolong and for being a hard marker. This is a good example of the __________.

90)


91) The actor-observer effect suggests that 91)A) actors tend to take credit for successful outcomes and blame failures on observers.B) actors and observers tend to view the actor's behaviour in a different way.C) actors tend to make dispositional attributions about their own behaviour.D) actors and observers tend to view the actor's behaviour in an identical way.E) observers tend to make situational attributions about the actor's behaviour.

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92) If primacy is operating within a selection interview, the job candidate would be well advised to 92)A) be sure her good qualities come out early in the interview.B) see the interviewer early in the morning.C) get an early appointment to see the interviewer.D) engage the interviewer in small talk before getting down to business.E) ask for a different interviewer.


93) Your gender, religion, and occupation are important in the formation of your personal identity. 93)

94) A prototype is a member of a social category who is easy to identify and categorize. 94)


95) When we invoke __________ we tend not to perceive differences between people. 95)A) consistency cuesB) projectionC) a stereotypeD) the halo effectE) the recency effect

96) Prototypes refer to 96)A) members of a social category who best represent the attributes of that categoryB) our unique personal characteristics, such as our interests, abilities, and traitsC) social categories that we use to categorize people such as gender, religion, and so on.D) the most typical attributes embodied by members that belong to a social categoryE) our perception that we belong to various social groups, such as our gender, nationality, and

so on


97) A stereotype suggests that we fail to perceive important distinctions within a class or category ofpeople.

97)


98) Describe the nature of gender and age stereotypes and the impact they have on human resource decisions.


99) I am a Canadian male who wants to become a doctor. Knowing this contributes to my__________.

99)

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100) My perceptions of people are strongly influenced by how kind they are to others. Which conceptexplains my reaction?

100)

A) Primacy effectB) ProjectionC) Similar-to-me effectD) Central traitE) Central tendency

101) "Geraldo acts differently from everyone else." The speaker in the statement is invoking a__________ cue.

101)

A) distinctivenessB) situationalC) recencyD) consensusE) consistency


102) People tend to overemphasize the role that disposition plays in causing the behaviour of others. 102)


103) Our __________ is based on our perception that we belong to various social groups, such asour gender, nationality, religion, occupation, and so on.

103)


104) A reporter covering a price fixing trial felt that the alleged price fixer was a crook. The alleged pricefixer testified that his boss pressured him to engage in illegal activities. The alleged price fixer feltthat the reporter's stories about the trial were the product of a vindictive and nasty mind. The pricefixer explained his own behaviour __________ and that of the reporter __________.

104)

A) desperately, consistentlyB) dispositionally, dispositionallyC) situationally; dispositionallyD) situationally; situationallyE) dispositionally; situationally

105) If recency is operating within a selection interview, the job candidate would be well advised to 105)A) try to be the last applicant interviewed.B) list one's most recent jobs first on one's resume.C) see the interviewer late in the day.D) hold off revealing some good qualities until the end of the interview.E) ask for a different interviewer.


106) If an interviewer wants to improve the validity of the employment interview, he/she should focuson recruitment and selection.

106)

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107) Encouraging teamwork between minority and majority members should 107)A) reduce workplace stereotypes by requiring different individuals to work with people

different than themselves.B) have no effect on workplace stereotypes.C) maintain workplace stereotypes by requiring different individuals to work with people

different than themselves.D) increase workplace stereotypes by requiring different individuals to work with people

different than themselves.E) result in increased employee turnover.


108) Our sense of self is composed of a self-identity and a social identity. 108)

109) Male managers today hold the same dysfunctional stereotypes about women and management thatthey held in the early 1970s.

109)


110) Identify and briefly describe five types of "rater errors" which managers sometimes make in performanceappraisals.


111) Employment interviewers tend to 111)A) predict applicant success better with an unstructured interview than with a guided interview.B) underweight negative information about the applicant.C) underweight positive information about the applicant.D) have an easy perceptual task.E) avoid making comparisons between the current candidate and those previously interviewed.


112) Gender stereotypes tend to favour women when they are being considered for "women's" jobs. 112)


113) Which of the following statements may indicate projection by the speaker? 113)A) "I don't steal from the company but I'm sure that others do."B) "Most of my sales staff think like I think."C) "I didn't land the contract because the competition was just too good."D) "I would never assign a woman to that sales territory."E) "Telling a white lie to clinch a sale is perfectly ethical."


114) A recency effect means that the most recently acquired information we have about a target personhas the least effect on our impression of the target.

114)

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115) What factors threaten the validity of the employment interview? What can be done to improve the validity ofthe employment interview?


116) When doing her performance evaluations, Rick's boss engaged in central tendency. This means thatRick probably received an average performance rating.

116)

117) Workplace stereotypes are not harmful in any way. 117)


118) "He does it everywhere, he does it all the time, and no one else does it." Which cue combination isthe speaker invoking?

118)

A) High consensus, high consistency, high distinctivenessB) Low consensus, low consistency, high distinctivenessC) Low consensus, high consistency, low distinctivenessD) High consensus, low consistency, low distinctivenessE) Low consensus, low consistency, low distinctiveness


119) I say you are angry when, truly, I am angry. This is an example of projection. 119)

120) Halo effect can cause a person to receive a bad performance evaluation. 120)


121) __________ is characterized by individual differences such as race, age, physical ability,and sexual orientation.

121)


122) Projection is the tendency to act differently from the way we feel; to put on a false face, so to speak. 122)


123) Which of the following statements is indicative of an implicit personality theory on the part of thespeaker?

123)

A) "Introverts are honest."B) "Teenagers drive more recklessly than seniors."C) "Women make bad managers."D) "Accountants are intelligent."E) "Roger is aggressive."

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124) Knowing that a person falls into some social category, we might assume that he or she possessescertain traits, and that everyone in this category possesses these traits. This is an example of

124)

A) projection.B) reliance on central traits.C) a situational attribution.D) consensus cues.E) a stereotype.

125) Driving home from an auto repair shop, you find that the repair you just paid for wasn't doneproperly. Which of the following would increase your tendency to blame the mechanic's error ondispositional factors?

125)

A) This mechanic has done poor repairs on your car twice before.B) You have never had a car repair done right the first time by any mechanic.C) You had authorized the mechanic to use reconditioned parts instead of new ones.D) When you picked up the car, the shop manager said that the mechanic had gone home early

because he was injured on the job.E) Several friends told you that this mechanic was excellent.

126) For many months, Sam performed his job excellently. However, just before his performanceevaluation, Sam's boss saw him insult a client. In the performance evaluation, the boss gave Sam avery low rating. What happened?

126)

A) Self-serving biasB) HarshnessC) Recency effectD) Contrast effectE) Primacy effect


127) Employment interviewers tend to underweight positive information about job applicants. 127)


128) Heloise was happy that the systems manager was fired. She incorrectly assumed that everyone elsein the company was also happy. What perceptual tendency is at work here?

128)

A) Similar-to-me effectB) Consensus cuesC) Fundamental attribution errorD) Occupational stereotypingE) Projection


129) Although there were considerable performance differences among his employees, Chesterrated them all about average. Chester committed the __________ rater error.

129)

130) You have a friend who is very tall and always seems to be getting paid more than you andeveryone else that is shorter than him. One reason for this might be __________.

130)

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131) Women have made the most significant progress moving into senior management and executivepositions in the

131)

A) paper and forest products industryB) steel production industryC) financial services industryD) general manufacturingE) motor vehicles industry

132) Gender stereotypes are least likely to have a negative impact on women 132)A) when a rater or evaluator has little information about their qualifications.B) when they ask to attend a professional development conference.C) when they are applying for a job.D) when their performance is being evaluated by their boss.E) when they are seeking a promotion.


133) I love sports and I am very good at hockey and baseball. I also really love food and myfriends say that I am a great cook. These things all contribute to my __________.

133)

134) __________ is defined as the failure to perceive unpleasant emotions. 134)


135) Interviews are more likely to be structured when 135)A) the interviewer focuses on recruitment rather than selectionB) the interviewer focuses on recruitment and selectionC) the interviewer has worked for the same company for many yearsD) the interviewer has a great deal of experience interviewingE) the interviewer focuses on selection rather than recruitment

136) Research shows that the employment interview 136)A) is most valid when the interviewer conducts it in an unstructured format.B) is a totally invalid selection technique.C) is free of perceptual biases.D) overweights positive information.E) is most effective when the interviewer does not ask personal questions.


137) Define perceived organizational support and describe organizational support theory?


138) The three main components of perception are 138)A) perceiver, target, and attribution.B) selectivity, constancy, and primacy.C) primacy, recency, and projection.D) perceiver, situation, and target.E) perceiver, situation, and projection.

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139) Rita inaccurately attributed Tommy's failure to show up at work to car problems. This is a potentialexample of the fundamental attribution error.

139)

140) The contrast effect is the tendency for interviewers to select candidates who are very different fromthemselves.

140)


141) Having a mental model that certain traits tend to "fit together" is indicative of a(n)__________.

141)


142) ACME Insurance Company wants to improve employee perceptions of organizational support.They hired a new director of human resources to implement supportive human resource practices.What practices are likely to be most effective for developing more positive perceptions oforganizational support?

142)

A) participation in decision making and opportunities for trainingB) a fair reward and recognition system and opportunities for advancementC) a fair reward and recognition system and better compensationD) participation in decision making and opportunities for advancementE) participation in decision making and opportunities for growth and development


143) The tendency for observers to exaggerate the role of dispositional factors in explainingbehaviour is called the __________.

143)

144) Interviewers have a tendency to give less importance to __________ information about theapplicant.

144)


145) "He does it everywhere, he does it all the time, and no one else does it." Which attribution is thespeaker likely to make?

145)

A) SituationalB) Actor-observer effectC) Self-servingD) Temporary situationE) Dispositional

146) Workforce diversity can be defined in terms of which characteristics? 146)A) EthnicityB) ReligionC) GenderD) AgeE) All of the above

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147) Company attendance records are an example of a subjective performance measure. 147)


148) Which of the following factors contribute to perceived organizational support? 148)A) supervisor support, fairness, rewards, opportunities for advancementB) fairness, rewards, pay, job securityC) supervisor support, job security, recognition, job conditionsD) fairness, rewards, pay, job conditionsE) supervisor support, fairness, rewards, job conditions


149) Professor Schaan has just returned an exam to her organizational behaviour class. Unfortunately, the classaverage was much lower than usual, and nearly half the students failed. The students complained that the testwas much too difficult and was full of tricky and misleading questions. However, Professor Schaan insists thatthe test was fair and believes that the students simply did not study hard enough. Use your knowledge ofattribution errors and perceptual biases to analyze this scenario.


150) Attributing our own thoughts, feelings, or attitudes to someone else is characteristic of__________.

150)

151) Trust perceptions toward management are based on perceptions of ability, benevolence,and __________.

151)


152) According to the text, a performance rater who overlooks gross errors on the part of employees isengaging in leniency.

152)


153) Daniel rates all his employees as superstars. Either they are very good or Daniel hascommitted __________.

153)


154) The self-serving attributional bias 154)A) may lead one to provide phony compliments when things go well for others.B) suggests that we will provide dispositional reasons for our failures.C) may involve providing excuses for one's own behaviour.D) may lead one to attribute their own thoughts and feelings to others.E) suggests that we will provide situational reasons for our successes.


155) The tendency for a rater to give more favourable evaluations to those who are similar tothe rater in background or attitudes is called the __________.

155)

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156) Bob resigns from a job that most of his friends consider to be a very good job. Which of thefollowing is a dispositional attribution of the reason for Bob's resignation?

156)

A) Bob is irresponsible and doesn't know a good thing when he sees it.B) Bob was forced to move to another city where medical care for his ill daughter is available.C) The job that he resigned from was actually very bad.D) Bob found a super job somewhere else.E) The job that he resigned from was scheduled to be eliminated in an upcoming restructuring.

157) A manager is completing performance evaluations of his employees. Unwittingly, he allows hisperceptions of their attendance to colour his ratings of many specific characteristics, including theirquality and quantity of work. Thus, those with poor attendance invariably get poor ratings. What'shappened?

157)

A) Contrast effectsB) HarshnessC) Halo effectD) Similar-to-me effectE) Knowledge-of-predictor bias

158) Trust perceptions toward management are based on perceptions of 158)A) ability, benevolence, and integrityB) ability, benevolence, and supportC) ability, fairness, and supportD) ability, honesty, and supportE) benevolence, integrity, and support

159) Joan was poorly treated in an employment interview and perceived the organizations as lackingrespect for its employees. What is this an example of?

159)

A) fundamental attribution errorB) contrast effectsC) social identity theoryD) signalling theoryE) halo effect

160) "Karen acts differently from everyone else, but Byron acts the same as everyone else." The speakerhere is invoking a __________ cue to describe Karen's behaviour and a __________ cue to describeByron's behaviour.

160)

A) distinctiveness; consensusB) consensus; consistencyC) consistency; consistencyD) distinctiveness; consistencyE) consensus; consensus


161) If an interviewer wants to improve the validity of the employment interview, he/she should focuson selection rather than recruitment.

161)

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162) The employment interview tends to be more structured when the interviewer focuses on__________.

162)


163) If an organization wants to improve perceptions of organizational support, they should make surethat employees have opportunities for growth and development.

163)


164) According to Bruner's model of the perceptual process, when an unfamiliar target is encountered,we are likely to be __________ to target cues. Once the target has been categorized, however, webecome __________ selective in our cue search.

164)

A) open; moreB) open; lessC) closed; moreD) closed; lessE) selective; consistent


165) Among various selection procedures, employment interviews and cognitive ability tests areperceived most favourably.

165)


166) Subjective performance measures are called "subjective" because 166)A) all performance measures are subjective.B) they focus attention directly on the interview subject.C) they are a product of the perceptions of an observer.D) bosses and employees frequently disagree on the ratings.E) it is impossible to measure performance objectively.


167) Your interest in music and your musical talents can contribute to your personal identity. 167)


168) "I don't really like you very much, and this causes me to overlook a number of your good qualities."This is an example of

168)

A) central tendency.B) implicit personality theory.C) the halo effect.D) stereotyping.E) harshness.


169) What is perceptual defence? Give an example.

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170) When women make up a large proportion of an employee group, they tend to suffer a "tokenism"effect that exaggerates the effect of stereotypes.

170)


171) Because the employee was not creative, Jan tended to rate her unfairly low on allperformance categories. Jan has fallen prey to __________.

171)


172) The actor-observer effect suggests that actors and observers will view an actor's behaviourdifferently.

172)


173) Describe three organizations that have been successful in managing diversity. What have they done and whatcan other organizations learn from them?


174) We may rely on dispositional explanations when making judgments about the behaviour of otherpeople because

174)

A) we realize that circumstances beyond their control can cause them to act the way they do.B) we don't appreciate how their behaviour can vary in other situations.C) we are making excuses for our own behaviour.D) we have a tendency to give others the benefit of doubt when they offend us.E) we have a tendency to project our own thoughts and feelings on others.

175) If a manager wants to improve employees' trust perceptions toward management, one thing he orshe might do is

175)

A) make sure that organizational procedures are fair.B) adhere to and behave according to a set of values that employees find acceptable.C) avoid making rater errors when evaluating performance.D) improve rewards and job conditions.E) all of the above.

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