Exam #3 W 4/7 in class Review T 4/6 at 6-8pm in SZB 104
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Transcript of Exam #3 W 4/7 in class Review T 4/6 at 6-8pm in SZB 104
Exam #3 W 4/7 in class
Review T 4/6 at 6-8pm in SZB 104
Fig 48.3
Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response.
Response
Responses can be release of hormones, change in cell activity, or muscle contraction
Fig 50.32
Muscles can only contract. Therefore, two muscles are needed for each range of motion.
2 nerve signals for every movement:excitatory and inhibitory
Fig 50.32
How do muscles contract?
Fig 50.29Excitatory neuro-transmitters released by motor neurons cause muscle cells to contract
Muscle cells are comprised of series of sarcomeres.
Fig 50.25
Each sarcomere is a repeating unit of actin and myosin proteins
Fig 50.25
As each sarcomere contracts, the muscle cell contracts
Fig 50.25
Fig 50.29Neuro-transmitters released at nerve/muscle junction cause calcium to be released in muscle
Fig 50.28
A third protein, tropomyosin controls when the muscle contracts
Fig 50.27
ATP provides the energy for myosin movement along the actin
The contraction of muscle cells causes the muscle to contract
esophagus
stomach
Taking in food and oxygen exposes us to pathogens
Pathogen: a disease causing agent
Ebola
E. coli
Fungus from soil
Phage virus
various pathogens
The Immune System
• Non-specific:–barriers
• Specific:–B-cells -> antibodies
–T-cells
Fig 43.2
Non-Specific Immune SystemBarriers: Skin-
DryInhospitableCompetitionSecretions (lysozyme)
Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)Traps particles, swallowed
Stomach acidkills pathogens
Fig 43.2
Skin protects us from most pathogens
Fig 43.2
esophagus
stomach
Stomach acidkills pathogens
Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)Traps particles
Non-Specific Immune SystemBarriers: Skin-
DryInhospitableCompetitionSecretions (lysozyme)
Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)Traps particles, swallowed
Stomach acidkills pathogens
Fig 43.2
The Immune System
• Non-specific:–barriers
• Specific:–B-cells -> antibodies
–T-cells
Fig 43.2
The Specific Immune System
B-cells and T-cells move through the circulatory system scanning for pathogens
B-cells develop in bone marrowT-cells in the thymus
B-cells make and secrete antibodies
Fig 43.14
Constant region
Variable region
An Antibody
Fig 43.10
Antibodies recognize and bind to antigens
Fig 43.10
Marked fordestructionby WBC
B-cells male antibodies that bind to antigens marking them for destruction
Fig 43.19
Fig43.14
Each B-cell/antibody recognizes a specific antigen
Fig43.13
B-cell DNA rearranges to
make a unique and random gene
SpecificImmuneSystemOverview
Fig43.16
Exam #3 W 4/7 in class
Review T 4/6 at 6-8pm in SZB 104