Exam 2 M 10/29 at 7-8:30pm in UTC 2.102A

Inserting a gene into a bacterial plasmid

RT and/or PCR

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Texas =70 ha

Bacteria can be used to transform plantsGlobal area planted with GM crops

http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html

Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting their plasmid DNA into the plants genome.

Fig 20.24

Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting their plasmid DNA into the plants genome.

Fig 20.25

By replacing the gall forming genes with other DNA when the Agrobacterium infect a plant, it will insert that DNA into the plant.

Fig 20.26

The generation of a transgenic plant

Grown on herbicide

How do you know whether the gene you want to express has the correct sequence?

How do you know whether the gene you want to express has the correct sequence?

DNA sequencing

• The structure of 2’,3’-dideoxynucleotides

Fig 20.15

Fig20.16

The dideoxy sequencing method

Fig20.16

The dideoxy sequencing method

Fig20.16

Gel produced by the dideoxy sequencing method

Fig20.17

Computerized sequencers use a similar method

• Creation of Caenorhabditis elegans transgenes

Figure 20-28

• Creation of Mus musculus transgenes

Figure 20-30

Fig 20.30

Creation of Drosophila melanogaster transgenes using a transposon

Fig 20.29

…now enjoy making Frakencritters.

Is Changing an Organism’s DNA a Good or Bad Idea?

• Genes flow within species and between species.

• Are GM foods safe for the environment?

• Are GM foods profitable for:– Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance

Types of Genetically Modified Crops

Patents give 17 year monopoly for inventor

Examples of current patents:

•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties

Examples of current patents:

•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties

•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory

Examples of current patents:

•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties

•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammator

•GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk of various diseases

Examples of current patents:

•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties

•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory

•GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk af various diseases

•Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse

Examples of current patents:

•Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse

•Rejected by Canadian Supreme court in 2002

The Canadian Patent Act defines "invention" as "any new and useful art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement in any art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter".

The Canadian Patent Act defines "invention" as "any new and useful art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement in any art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter".

Canadian court ruled that microorganisms, GM plants, modified DNA and cells could be patented, but not whole animal.

Examples of current patents:

•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties

•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory

•GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk af various diseases

•Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse

•Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments.

Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments.

Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

One was rejected due to previous use in indigenous Indian culture

Concerns of developing nations vs. industrialized countries

Bioprospecting

Albert Einstein Edward TellerRobert Oppenheimer

These three scientists made important decisions about their research that changed our world…

What responsibility do scientists have for our creations?

Exam 2 M 10/29 at 7-8:30pm in UTC 2.102A