Exam 1 Figures and Tables. Fig. 1.4 Pasteur’s Experiment Disproving the Theory of Spontaneous...
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Transcript of Exam 1 Figures and Tables. Fig. 1.4 Pasteur’s Experiment Disproving the Theory of Spontaneous...
Exam 1
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1.4 Pasteur’s Experiment Disproving the Theory of Spontaneous Generation p. 9
Vigorous heat is applied to producebroth free of live cells (sterile).
Intact: Microbe Growth Does Not Occur
Neck intact; airbornemicrobes are
trapped at base,and broth is sterile.
Exposed: Microbe Growth Occurs
Neck on secondsterile flaskis broken;
growth occurs.
Fig. 3.1 Structure of a Bacterial Cell
p. 63Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane—A thin sheet of lipidand protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool.
In All Bacteria
Cytoplasm—Water-basedsolution filling the entire cell.
Ribosomes—Tiny particlescomposed of protein and RNAthat are the sites of proteinsynthesis.
Actin cytoskeleton—Long fibersof proteins that encircle the celljust inside the cell membrane andcontribute to the shape of the cell.
Bacterial chromosome or nucleoid—Composed ofcondensed DNA molecules. DNA directs all geneticsand heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins. Fimbriae—Fine, hairlike
bristles extending from thecell surface that help inadhesion to othercells and surfaces.
Cell wall—A semirigid casingthat provides structural supportand shape for the cell.
Outer membrane—Extramembrane similar to cellmembrane but alsocontaining popolysaccharide. Controls flow of materials,and portions of it are toxicto mammals when released.
In Some Bacteria
Inclusion/Granule—Stored nutrients suchas fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited indense crystals or particles that can betapped into when needed.
Flagellum—Specialized appendage attachedto the cell by a basal body that holds a long,rotating filament. The movement pushes thecell forward and provides motility.
Pilus—An elongated, hollowappendage used in the transferof DNA to other cells.
Plasmid—Double-stranded DNA circlecontaining extra genes.
Capsule (tan coating)—A coating or layer ofmolecules external to the cell wall. It servesprotective, adhesive, and receptor functions.It may fit tightly or be very loose and diffuse.Also called slime layer and glycocalyx.
Endospore (not shown)—Dormant body formed withinsome bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions.
Intracellular membranes(not shown)
In Some Bacteria (not shown)
Fig. 5.3 Generalized structure of a virus p. 119
Spike
Capsid
Nucleicacid
(a) Naked Virus (b) Enveloped Virus
Spike
Envelope
Capsid
Nucleicacid
p. 291
Fig. 11.3a 3 ways microbes damage a host p. 297
Secreted enzymes destroy tissue.
Epithelial cell
Enzymes
EnzymesBacteria
Celljunction
(a)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Specific secreted protein binds to specific tissue target. Outer membrane component causes fever, malaise, aches, and shock.
Clostridium tetaniexotoxin travels toneurons in spinalcolumn
(b)
Exotoxins Endotoxin
Toxins
Tetanospasmin
Fig. 11.3b 3 ways microbes damage a host p. 297
Inducing Host Defenses
Inflammatory exudateCapsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae keepsit from being phagocytosed; continued bacterialpresence causes continued inflammation,especially fluid release into lungs.
(c)
Capsule
Cell
Alveoli
Pneumococci
BronchusBronchiole
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 11.3c 3 ways microbes damage a host p. 297
p. 299
Fig. 11.5 Steps involved when a microbe causes disease in a host p. 299
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Attaching Firmly
FimbriaeCapsulesSurface proteinsViral spikes
Surviving Host Defenses
Avoiding phagocytosisAvoiding death inside phagocyteAbsence of specific immunity
Causing Damage(disease)
Direct damageToxins and/orenzymes
Indirect damageInducinginappropriate,excessive hostresponse
Portals of exitRespiratory tract,salivary glandsSkin cellsFecal matterUrogenital tractBlood
SkinGI tractRespiratory tractUrogenital tractEndogenous biota
Finding a Portalof Entry
Exiting Host
Table 11.7 Carrier States p. 304
Carrier State Explanation Example
Asymptomatic carriers Infected but show no symptoms of disease
Genital herpes with no lesions
Incubating carriers Spread the infectiousagent during the incubationperiod
Infectious mononucleosis
Convalescent carriers Recuperating patients without symptoms; theycontinue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others
Hepatitis A
Passive carriers
Medical and dental personnel who handle patient materials that are contaminated with patient secretions and blood risk accidentally transferring them to other patients
Various healthcare-associated infections
Chronic carriers Individuals who shelter the infectious agent for along period after recovery because of the latency of the infectious agent
Tuberculosis
p. 307
Fig. 11.7 p. 308
Urinary tract40%
Surgical sites19%
Respiratory15%
Skin8%
Septicemia6%
Other (meningitis,gastroenteritis)
12%
Koch’s Postulates p. 310-311
Reisolate the same agentfrom this subject.
Inoculate a susceptible healthy subjectwith the laboratory isolate and observethe same resultant disease.
Postulate #3 Postulate #4
Table 11.10 Koch’s Postulates
Postulate #1
Find evidence ofa particular microbein every case of a disease.
Isolate that microbe from an infectedsubject and cultivate it in pureculture in the laboratory; perform fullmicroscopic and biologicalcharacterization.
Postulate #2