Exam #1 F 2/16 in WCH 1.120WCH 1.120(bring cheat sheet)Review Th 2/15 at 5pm in GRG 102

haploid

diploid

X 23in humans X 23

in humans

X 23in humans

Inheritance = The interaction between genes inherited from Mom and Dad.

Mom = AB Dad = AB

Gametes: A or B A or B

A or B

A or B

AA

AB BB

AB

Chance of each phenotype for each offspring25% AA50% AB25% BB

Mom

Dad

Inheritance of blood types

CB 14.6

PhenotypeGenotype

Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits…

It is rarely this simple.

Human Chromosomes

CB 15.9X/Y chromosomes in humans

CB 15.10

Sex-linked traits: Genes on the X chromosome

No one affected, female carriers

50% of males affected, 50 % female carriers

50% affected, female carriers

A= normal ; a= colorblind

CB 6.9

Mitochondria

an Animal Cell

CB 26.13

Endosymbiotic Theory - proposed origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from free-living bacteria to cellular organelles

Mitochondria have their own DNA.

mitochondria

CB 47.6Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring.

CB 13.5

Mom provides 50.000275% and Dad provides 49.999825% of DNA to offspring.

… because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA

mitochondria

CB 47.6

Traits coded for by mtDNA are inherited only through mother

Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

How are we related, and where did we come from?

When did these migrations take place?

Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals

As DNA is passed on mutations take place

Fig 4

The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one nucleotide change per 20,000 years.ORA difference of one nucleotide between two people indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago.

When did these migrations take place?

Multiregional hypothesis

“Out of Africa” hypothesis

Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1

Relationships of different populations using mtDNA

~150,000ya

Multiregional hypothesis

“Out of Africa” hypothesis

Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

From Science v298 12/20/02 pg 2381

•93-95% of genetic variation within population.

•3-5% of genetic variation occurs between populations.

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

There is no genetic definition of race.

Exam #1 F 2/16 in WCH 1.120WCH 1.120(bring cheat sheet)Review Th 2/15 at 5pm in GRG 102

Tsar’s Family

(bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam)

During the Bolshevik revolution, the Tsar’s family was captured and

executed.

Tsar’s Family

There are many stories about what happened to their youngest daughter

Anastasia

(bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam)

(bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam)

Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasia’s maternal relatives did not match.

(bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam)

For more info check out: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_RussiaOr the book “Seven Daughters of Eve” by Bryan Sykes

(bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam)