Ex Report Methanol

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

TITLE:

MINI DESIGN PROJECT

(PRODUCTION OF METHANOL)

PREPARED BY:

AHMAD SHAHRUL AZROI B CHE RANI 2008403464

AFIFAH BT DZULKIFLI 2008403564

BALQIS BT ZAINAL ABIDIN 2008403518

MOHD FAREED B MOHD RASHIDI 2008403446

MOHAMAD ASYRAF B PAHMI 2008403542

MUHAMMAD ARIF B CHE RAHI 2008403562

NOOR HAYATI BT KAMARUDIN 2008403494

NOOR ELYZAWERNI BT SALIM 2008403532

NOR SURAYA BT MOHD KAMILAN 2008403488

DATE OF SUBMISSION:

5TH APRIL 2011

NAME OF LECTURER:

EN. AMMAR BIN MOHD AKHIR

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

PART 1

History and General Information On Methanol 15

1.1 History 15

1.1.1 Methanol 16

1.1.2 Production of Methanol Synthesis 8

1.2 General Description 19

1.3 Usage 20

PART 2

Process in Producing Methanol 25

2.1 Process Selected and Selection Criteria

2.2 Process Description

2.3 Input and Output Structure 26

2.3.1 Overall 29

2.3.2 Conversion Reactor (Crv-100) 33

2.3.3 Conversion Reactor (Crv-102) 36

PART 3

3.0 Market Analysis 42

3.1 List of Equipment Supplier42

PART 4

Site selection49

4.1 Potential Site Location 49

4.2 Transport 49

4.3 Availability of Labor 50

4.4 Utilities and Facilities 50

4.5 Land 51

4.6 Climate 51

PART 5

5.0 Material safety data sheets62

5.1 Methanol 62

5.1.1 Product identification 62

5.1.2 Hazards Identification 62

5.1.3 First Aid Measures 63

5.1.4 Fire fighting measure 63

5.1.5 Accidental Release Measure 64

5.1.6 Storage and Handling 64

5.1.7 Exposure Controls / Personal Protection 64

5.1.8 Physical and Chemical Properties 65

5.1.9Stability and Reactivity Data 65

5.1.10 Toxicological Information 66

5.1.11Ecological Information 66

5.1.12 Disposal Consideration 66

5.2 Methane









5.2.9 Stability and Reactivity Data 65


5.2.11 Ecological Information 66

5.2.12 Disposal Consideration

5.3 Carbon Monoxide












5.3.12 Disposal Consideration 78

5.4 Carbon Dioxide













5.5 Water













5.6 Hydrogen













PART 6

6.0 Environmental analysis 113

6.1 Project activity and data 118

6.1.1 Faith and Transport 119

6.2 Environmental Monitoring 120

6.3 Human and Aquatic Toxicity

PART 7

7.0 Mass Balance

7.1 Mass Balance of Mixer 130

7.2 Mass Balance of Reforming Reactor

7.3 Mass balance of Reactor and Seperator

PART 8

8.0 Energy balance152

PART 9

9.0 Pinch temperature analysis192

PART 10

10.0 Conclusion196

PART 11

11.0 References198

Introduction

The annual production of methanol exceeds 40 million tons and continues to grow by 4% per year. Methanol has traditionally been used as feed for production of a range of chemicals including acetic acid and formaldehyde. In recent years methanol has also been used for other markets such as production of DME (Di-methyl-ether) and olefins by the so-called methanol-to-olefins process (MTO) or as blend stock for motor fuels.

The production of methanol from coal is increasing in locations where natural gas is not available or expensive. However, most methanol are produced from natural gas. Several new plants have been constructed in areas where natural gas is available and cheap such as in the Middle East. There is little doubt that (cheap) natural gas will remain the predominant feed for methanol production for many years to come.

The capacity of methanol plants has increased significantly only during the last decade. In 1996 a world scale methanol plant with a capacity of 2500 MTPD was started up in Tjeldbergodden, Norway [1]. Today several plants are in operation with the double of this capacity e.g. [2].

Plants with capacities of 10,000 MTPD or more are considered and planned for example for the production of methanol for the MTO process [3]. Given the substantial investment in such large scale plants there is considerable incentive to maximize single line capacity to take advantage of economy of scale. This design project will describes the state of the art methanol synthesis technology with focus on very large plants with a capacity of 00000 MTPD or more.

All commercial methanol technologies feature three process sections and a utility section as listed below:

Synthesis gas preparation (reforming)

Methanol synthesis

Methanol purification

Utilities

In the design of a methanol plant the three process sections may be considered independently, and the technology may be selected and optimized separately for each section. The normal criteria for the selection of technology are capital cost and plant efficiency. The synthesis gas preparation and compression typically accounts for about 60% of the investment, and almost all energy is consumed in this process section. Therefore, the selection of reforming technology is of paramount importance, regardless of the site.

Methanol synthesis gas is characterized by the stoichiometric ratio (H2 CO2) / (CO + CO2), often referred to as the module M. A module of 2 defines a stoichiometric synthesis gas for formation of methanol. Other important properties of the synthesis gas are the CO to CO2 ratio and the concentration of inert. A high CO to CO2 ratio will increase the reaction rate and the achievable per pass conversion. In addition, the formation of water will decrease, reducing the catalyst deactivation rate. High concentration of inerts will lower the partial pressure of the active reactants. Inert in the methanol synthesis are typically methane, argon and nitrogen.

A comprehensive survey of methanol production technology is given in [4]. In the following a brief description is given covering technologies available for the three process sections.

PART 1

History and General Information on Methanol

History

Methanol

In their embalming process, the ancient Egyptians used a mixture of substances, including methanol, which they obtained from the pyrolysis of wood. Pure methanol, however, was first isolated in 1661 by Robert Boyle, when he produced it via the distillation of boxwood. It later became known as pyroxylic spirit. In 1834, the French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugene Peligot determined its elemental composition.

They also introduced the word methylene to organic chemistry, forming it from Greek methy = "wine" + hl = wood (patch of trees). Its intended origin was "alcohol made from wood (substance)", but it has Greek language errors: wrong Greek word used for the French word bois = "wood"; wrong Greek word combining order influenced by French usage.[dubious discuss] The term "methyl" was derived in about 1840 by back-formation from methylene, and was then applied to describe "methyl alcohol." This was shortened to "methanol" in 1892 by the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature. The suffix -yl used in organic chemistry to form names of carbon groups, was extracted from the word "methyl."

In 1923 the German chemists Alwin Mittasch and Mathias Pier, working for BASF, developed a means to convert synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen) into methanol. A patent was filed Jan 12 1926 (reference no. 1,569,775). This process used a chromium and manganese oxide catalyst, and required extremely vigorous conditionspressures ranging from 50 to 220 atm, and temperatures up to 450 C. Modern methanol production has been made more efficient through use of catalysts (commonly copper) capable of operating at lower pressures, the modern low pressure methanol (LPM) was developed by ICI in the late 1960s with the technology now owned[citation needed] by Johnson Matthey who is a leading licensor of methanol technology.

The use of methanol as a motor fuel received attention during the oil crises of the 1970s due to its availability, low cost, and environmental benefits. By the mid-1990s, over 20,000 methanol "flexible fuel vehicles" capable of operating on methanol or gasoline were introduced in the U.S. In addition, low levels of methanol were blending in gasoline fuels sold in Europe during much of the 1980s and early-1990s. Automakers stopped building methanol FFVs by the late-1990s, switching their attention to ethanol fueled vehicles. While the Methanol FFV program was a technical success, rising methanol pricing in the mid- to late-1990s during a period of slumping gasoline pump prices diminished the interest in methanol fuels. Additionally, methanol is highly corrosive to rubber and many synthetic polymers used in the automotive industry, whereas ethanol is not.[5]

In 2006 astronomers using the MERLIN array of radio telescopes at Jodrell Bank Observatory discovered a large cloud of methanol in space, 288 billion miles across.[6][7]

The Production of Methanol Synthesis

Supp (1990) and Olah et al. (2006) present good overviews on the characteristics of methanol and its production methods. This section is largely based on these reference books. Another source may be found at wikipedia.

Methanol has a history extending back to about 1661, when Boyle succeeded for the first time in recovering methanol fromcrude wood vinegar. The component was re-discovered in 1822 by Taylor, after which in 1835 Von Liebig succeeded in clarifying the chemical structure of methanol. In the hundred years following this, methanol was recovered to an increasing degree as wood alcohol by distilling wood.

In 1923, Mittasch and his staff succeeded in first producing methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen (synthesis gas or syngas) using a catalyst. Methanol was recovered together with a whole series of other components containing oxygen, and the catalyst only had very short cycle times. Patart then described a methanol synthesis process using hydrogenation active metals, and metal oxides stated to be the catalyst. This led to a first commercial plant. This process required vigorous conditionspressures ranging from 3001000 atm, and temperatures of about 400 C. Modern methanol production has been made more efficient through use of catalysts (commonly containing copper) capable of operating at lower pressures.

At the beginning of the thirties, a series of commercial plants went into operation in the USA, with capacities per plant of 100 to 500 tons/day, using chromic acid activated zinc oxide catalyst. As early as 1935, it was recognized thatcopper-based catalysts provided considerable advantages for methanol synthesis, permitting considerably lower pressures and, above all, lower temperatures. But these catalysts were extremely sensitive to sulphur components.After development of suitable syngas purification systems, mainly to remove sulphur, the first Low-Pressure Methanol process was brought onto the market by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd (ICI), Great Britain. At that time, Lurgi Gesellschaft fr Wrme und Chemoteknik from Germany also developed a low-pressure methanol process, which, contrary to the ICI quench reactor, applied a tubular reactor cooled with boiling water. Most of the methanol plants in the last 20 years operate according to the ICI or Lurgi processes, while numerous high-pressure units have been converted to the low-pressure system in the second half of the last century.

General Description

Methanol is also known asmethyl alcohol,wood alcohol, wood naphthaorwood spirits. It is achemicalwithformulaCH3OH. It is the simplestalcohol, and has a characteristic of light,volatile,colorless,flammable, liquid with a distinctive odor that is very similar to but slightly sweeter thanethanol. Methanol can be used as an antifreeze, solvent fuel and also as a denaturant for ethanol as it is a polar liquid at room temperature. In anaerobic metabolism of many varieties of bacteria and in ubiquitos condition, methanol produced naturally. Therefore, that is why there are small amount of methanol vapour in the atmosphere. In atmosphere, Methanol burns in air formingcarbon dioxideandwater:

2 CH3OH + 3 O2 2 CO2+ 4 H2O

Methanol flame is almost colorless in bright sunlight because of its toxic properties.

Methanol

Usage

The three largest derivatives of methanol are formaldehyde, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and acetic acid. However, methanol is seeing growing demand in fuel application such as dimethyl ether (DME), biodiesel and direct blending into gasoline.

Formaldehyde is used mainly to make amino and phenolic resins which are employed in the manufacture of wood-based products such as panels, flooring and furniture.

The main use for MTBE is an octane booster and oxygenate in gasoline. However, it has been phased out following its contamination of underground water supplies and the removal of the oxygenate mandate and liability protection. MTBE will continue to be vital for fuel quality and cleaner emissions. As countries look to remove sulphur and lead and reduce aromatic content in the gasoline pool, MTBE will make a significant contribution to improve fuel quality.

Acetic acid has a number of outlets of which the two largest are vinyl acetate monomer and purified terephtalic acid. Global demand for acetic acid has been growing at a steady 4%/ year with PTA sector growth at double this rate driven by polyester demand. In the area of petrochemical feedstocks, there has been considerable interest in methanol-to-olefins(MTO) and methanol-to-propylene(MTP) technologies with projects underway in China. The first MTO units in China were started up in August 2010.

Methanol is also used for the basis of many other chemical products:

The largest solvent use for methanol is as a component of windscreen wash antifreeze. It can also be used to extract, wash, dry and crystallise pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals.

Methlamines are used as intermediates in a range of speciality chemicals with applications in water treatment chemicals, shampoos, liquid detergents and animal feeds.

Methyl methacrylate is employed in the production of acrylic polymers.

Dimethyl terephthalate is used to make polysters although PTA is preferred feedstock.

Methanol and sodium chlorate are used to produce chlorine dioxide, a bleaching agent for the pulp and paper industry.

Glycol esthers are solvents used in acrylic coatings and newer high-solids and waterborne coatings.

Methyl mercaptan is used an intermediate in the production of DL-methionine, an amino acid supplement in animal feeds.

Fuel uses to grow:

The use of methanol in fuel applications is expected to have a big impact on future demand. Methanol can be used in biodiesel plants have been built, there has been uncertainty in the biodiesel industry. Methanol is increasingly being used to make DME , which can be employed as an alternative to diesel, a supplement to liquiefied petroleum gas (LPG) and in power generation. The largest DME market in China where it is blended into LPG. The DME industry in China is suffering from capacity.

PART 2

Process in Producing Methanol

Process Selected and Selection Criteria

This section will explain the reason why the selected process has been chosen and the disadvantages of the unselected processes.

Nowadays, there are several ways of producing methanol (CH3OH) in this world. All of the processes have their own advantages and disadvantages. It is important to choose the most efficient process in order to have a good and almost perfect production of methanol. Here are the lists of the processes or step in producing the methanol.

Synthesis Gas

Synthesis Methanol

Catalytic Conversion of Methanol

Methyl Alcohol

For this mini design project, we have decided to choose synthesis gas process for producing the methanol. The synthesis gas is so far the best way in producing methanol because it has more advantages compared to the other processes and it is also being used commercially by many plants worldwide. Most methanols are produced using either a high-pressure process or a low-pressure process. In the high-pressure process (above 275 bars), synthesis gas is made by reforming natural gas and forming carbon dioxide to balance the excess hydrogen by the equation

CO2 + 3H2 CH3OH + H2O

This, in effect, produces more methanols. In the low-pressure (50 to 100 bars) methanol processes, the excess hydrogen is purged from synthesis loop and is not used to produce methanol. In this method, a large reformer must be built in order to produce the equivalent amount of methanol. Commercially available cu-ZnO-Al2O3 catalyst permits production of the desired product with high selectivity. The main advantages of the low-pressure process are lower investment and production cost, improved operational reliability and greater flexibility in the choice of plant size. Stand-alone Auto Thermal Reforming (ATR) at low steam to carbon (S/C) ratio is the preferred technology for large scale plants by maximizing the single line capacity and minimizing the investment. The ATR produces a synthesis gas well suited for production of both fuel grade and high purity methanol.

Here are the disadvantages of the other processes that have not been selected.

Synthesis Methanol

Synthesis methanol will produced three unwanted reaction which need a further consideration and eventually will cause a high capital cost. Under this reaction, CO will reacts with the walls of the reactor and produces iron carbonyl which deposits on the catalyst and accelerates its deactivation which is not good for a plant. This and the other disadvantages of the high pressure operation led to the development of the low pressure process using copper as a component of the catalyst.

Catalytic Conversion of Methanol

For catalytic conversion of methanol, there are too many flaws and disadvantages that lead to the inefficient production. By using this process to produce methanol, it will eventually produce several by-product which is paraffins, olefins and aromatics. The extra separation or procedure needed to set up to in order to deal with undesired by-product. Olefins are intermediates in the conversion of methanol to aromatic hydrocarbons over zeolite. This process is basically focusing on how to increase the olefin production instead of methanol.

Methyl Alcohol

Basically methyl alcohol was produced from synthesis gas and it is also obtained by the oxidation of methane using natural gas as the feedstock. However, by using this process, only 60 percent of methanol produced which the natural gas not fully converted. This means this process are quite similar with synthesis gas but the fact that it is not being practiced by many company in this world is a major disadvantage. This process also not focusing on producing methanol but it is mainly on the production of methyl alcohol. However methanol can be produced by purified with distillation.

Process Descriptions

Autothermal reforming (ATR) features a stand-alone, oxygen-fired reformer. The autothermal reformer design features a burner, a combustion zone, and a catalyst bed in a refractory lined pressure vessel as shown in Figure 3

Figure 3. Autothermal Reformer

The burner provides mixing of the feed and the oxidant. In the combustion zone, the feed and oxygen react by sub-stoichiometric combustion in a turbulent diffusion flame. The catalyst bed brings the steam reforming and shift conversion reactions to equilibrium in the synthesis gas and destroys soot precursors, so that the operation of the ATR is soot-free. The catalyst loading is optimized with respect to activity and particle shape and size to ensure low pressure drop and compact reactor design.

The synthesis gas produced by autothermal reforming is rich in carbon monoxide, resulting in high reactivity of the gas. The synthesis gas has a module of 1.7 to 1.8 and is thus deficient in hydrogen. The module must be adjusted to a value of about 2 before the synthesis gas is suitable for methanol production. The adjustment can be done either by removing carbon dioxide from the synthesis gas or by recovering hydrogen from the synthesis loop purge gas and recycling the recovered hydrogen to the synthesis gas [6]. When the adjustment is done by CO2 removal, a synthesis gas with very high CO/CO2 ratio is produced. This gas resembles the synthesis gas in methanol plants based on coal gasification. Several synthesis units based on gas produced from coal are in operation, this proves the feasibility of methanol synthesis from very aggressive synthesis gas. Adjustment by hydrogen recovery can be done either by a membrane or a PSA unit. Both concepts are well proven in the industry. The synthesis gas produced by this type of module adjustment is less aggressive and may be preferred for production of high purity methanol.

Methanol Synthesis and Purification

In the methanol synthesis conversion of synthesis gas into raw methanol takes place. Raw methanol is a mixture of methanol, a small amount of water, dissolved gases, and traces of by-products.

The methanol synthesis catalyst and process are highly selective. A selectivity of 99.9% is not uncommon. This is remarkable when it is considered that the by-products are thermodynamically more favored than methanol. Typical byproducts include DME, higher alcohols, other oxygenates and minor amounts of acids and aldehydes.

The conversion of hydrogen and carbon oxides to methanol is described by the following reactions:

CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O (-H298K, 50Bar = 40.9 kJ/mol) (1)

CO + 2 H2 CH3OH (-H298K, 50Bar = 90.7 kJ/mol) (2)

CO2 + H2 CO + H2O (-H298K, 50Bar = 49.8 kJ/mol) (3)

The methanol synthesis is exothermic and the maximum conversion is obtained at low temperature and high pressure. Thermodynamics, reaction mechanism, kinetics, and catalyst properties are discussed in [9].

A challenge in the design of a methanol synthesis is to remove the heat of reaction efficiently and economically - i.e. at high temperature - and at the same time to equilibrate the synthesis reaction at low temperature, ensuring high conversion per pass.

Different designs of methanol synthesis reactors have been used:

Quench reactor

Adiabatic reactors in series

Boiling water reactors (BWR)

A quench reactor consists of a number of adiabatic catalyst beds installed in series in one pressure shell. In practice, up to five catalyst beds have been used. The reactor feed is split into several fractions and distributed to the synthesis reactor between the individual catalyst beds. The quench reactor design is today considered obsolete and not suitable for large capacity plants.

A synthesis loop with adiabatic reactors normally comprises a number (2-4) of fixed bed reactors placed in series with cooling between the reactors. The cooling may be by preheat of high pressure boiler feed water, generation of medium pressure steam, and/or by preheat of feed to the first reactor.

The adiabatic reactor system features good economy of scale. Mechanical simplicity contributes to low investment cost. The design can be scaled up to single-line capacities of 10,000 MTPD or more.

The BWR is in principle a shell and tube heat exchanger with catalyst on the tube side. Cooling of the reactor is provided by circulating boiling water on the shell side. By controlling the pressure of the circulating boiling water the reaction temperature is controlled and optimized. The steam produced may be used as process steam, either direct or via a falling film saturator.

The isothermal nature of the BWR gives a high conversion compared to the amount of catalyst installed. However, to ensure a proper reaction rate the reactor will operate at intermediate temperatures - say between 240C and 260C - and consequently the recycle ratio may still be significant.

Complex mechanical design of the BWR results in relatively high investment cost and limits the maximum size of the reactors. Thus, for very large scale plants several boiling water reactors must be installed in parallel.

An adiabatic catalyst bed may be installed before the cooled part of the BWR either in a separate vessel or preferably on top of the upper tube sheet. One effect of the adiabatic catalyst bed is to rapidly increase the inlet temperature to the boiling water part. This ensures optimum use of this relatively expensive unit, as the tubes are now used only for removal of reaction heat, not for preheat of the feed gas. This is illustrated in Figure 5, which compares the operating lines in identical service for BWRs with and without adiabatic top layer.

Figure 5: Temperature and methanol concentration profiles in BWR reactors with and without adiabatic top layer

The installation of the adiabatic top layer in the BWR reduces the total catalyst volume and the cost of the synthesis reactor by about 15-25%. The maximum capacity of one reactor may increase by about 20%.

A boiling water reactor with adiabatic top layer will be installed in a 1000 MTPD methanol plant in China.

The last section of the plant is purification of the raw methanol. The design of this unit depends on the desired end product. Grade AA methanol requires removal of essentially all water and byproducts while the requirements for fuel grade methanol are more relaxed. In all cases the purification can be handled by 1-3 columns, where the first is a stabilizer for removal of dissolved gases.

Input and Output Structure

Overall

Conversion Reactor (CRV-100)


CRV-100

Fliq =0 lb/hr

T=662F

P=435.1 psia

Fwater =7.943x104 lb/hr

T=1562F

P=435.1 psia

XH20 = 1

F1= 7.074x104 lb/hr

T=1562 F

P=435.1 psia

CH4 =1


=0

= 0.0011

= 0

= 0.0002

=0.9987

= 0.0009

= 0.0001

= 0

= 0.8593

=0.1398

CRV-102

F11 =0 lb/hr

T=127.6F

P=14.7 psia

F10= 3.722x106 lb/hr

T=127.6 F

P=14.7 psia

F9= 3.722x106 lb/hr

T=88.41 F

P=14.7 psia

= 0.0008

= 0.0001

= 0.0073

= 0.8613

=0.1305

PART 3

Market Analysis

Supply and Demand

The objective of market analysis is to provide the pleasant appearance of methanol market. It is also important to provide opportunities for the world market which it can be categorize into two categories. The first categories is to attract many investors to invest in the plant that is going to be build and the second one is to provide the a wide range of possible site to market for the products and also to find the potential target client to market their products.

There are few countries that produce methanol in the world. The country that produces larger scale of methanol is The United States of America and China. The demand of methanol especially in Asia countries such China is expected to increase as well as for the demand for the world. From late August 2010, in just two months, the domestic Methanol Market prices rose about 50%. At present, East and South China methanol market prices rose or as high as 50% to 53%.

Methanol is widely consumed by many countries around the world. Hence, there is no surprising to know that many countries imported methanol for domestic used such as Malaysia, Thailand and many more.

Economic data

Raw Material Cost Estimation

The production is to achieve 387260 metric tonnes per annum. The raw materials used are:

Raw material

Cost estimation per year (RM)

Natural gas

207633

Water

6472200

The cost estimation of raw material:

= 207633+6472200 = RM 6679833

Equipment Cost Estimation

Equipment

Quantity

Cost per unit(RM)

Reactor

2

683009

Heat Exchanger

7

35000

Separator

2

233463

Mixer

1

711295

Vessel

3

7497

Compressor

1

293000

Pump

1

8690

The cost estimation of equipment:

= (2x 683009) + (7 x 35000 ) + (2 x 233463) + (1x711295) + (3 x 7497) + (1x 293000) + (1x8690)

= RM 3113420

Operating Labor Cost Estimation

NOL =Number of operating labour operating per shift.

P2=Particulate processing steps.

Nnp=Non-particulate processing steps.

Equipment

Quantity

Nnp

Reactor

2

2

Distillation column

2

2

Heat Exchanger

7

7

Separator

2

2

Compressor

3

3

Condenser

1

1

Total

17

A single operator will work on average of 49 weeks per year (3 weeks work off) with 8 hours per shift and 5 shift per week.

Usually a chemical plant is operate 24 hours so it requires 3 shifts per day.

(49 weeks/year) x (5 shifts/week) = 245 shifts / year.

(330 days/year) x (3 shifts/day) = 990 shifts/year.

(990 shifts/year) x (operator.year/245 shifts) = 4 operators.

Number of operator needed:

(3.19) x 4 =13 operator

For all equipment:

Cost of operating labour per year:

(RM 2/hour.operator) x (8 hours/day) x ( 330 days/ year) x (13 operator)

= RM 68640/ year

Land Cost Estimation

By considering the plant site and extra site for future build up, the estimation of land to buy is 3.5 acres which is approximate 14164 m2.

120 m

100 m

Figure: Plant estimation

Price per meter square of land

Land cost

Utilities Cost Estimation

Estimated service requirement:

Steam: 2000 kg/hr

Cooling water: 1000 kg/hr

Electrical power: 10000 kW/d 0.59DOLLAR MW/h 2.5fen/ kw/h

Steam

Cooling water

Electrical power

Total utilities cost

Estimation of Fixed Capital Cost, Working Capital Cost, and Variables Cost

Description

Cost (RM)

Land

392767.72

Raw Material

6679833

Utilities

256181.20

Labor

68640

Equipment

3113420

Engineering & Supervision

2500000

Construction expenses

2550000

Contractors Fee

1500000

Maintenance

1500000

Installation

5000000

Building

1000000

Total

24560842

Product profit estimation:

(143333 kg/hr) x (24 hr/d) x (335 d/y) / (RM 0.80 /kg) = RM 1440496650

Gross profit:

RM 1440496650 RM 24560842 = RM 1,415,935,808

Net Present Value Data

Discounted Payback Period Data

Cumulative Cash Position Data

Rate of Return On Investment Data

Payback Period Data

List of Equipments Supplier:

Shanghai Ger-Tech Compressor Co., Ltd.

Centrifugal Air Compressor

Quick Details

Place of Origin:Shanghai China (Mainland)

Brand Name:Ger-Tech

Model Number:SM-2075

Type:Centrifugal

Configuration:Stationary

Power Source:DC Power or AC Power

Lubrication Style:Oil-free

Mute:No

Atmospheric Pressure::1.013 bar A

Relative Humidity::80%

Packaging & Delivery

Packaging Detail:

WOODEN CASE; DIMENSION: 2115 mm x 1455 mm x 1831 mm

Delivery Detail

IN STORE OR 6~10 MONTHS

Specifications

New Technologies applied to Micro-TM.

Performance Enhancement, Safe and Easy.

Versatile Controller.

Long lifetime.

Advantages:

Advanced technology assures the best performance in its components.

High-performance turbo air compressor utilizes modern aircraft enginer technology.

It is safe and easy to operate our products.

It has versatile controller, and intellect control system.

New technologies are applied to Micro-TM.

Technical specification:

Air compressor capacity: 800~1600 m3/ hr

Air compressor discharge pressure: 6~10 bar A

Air compressor intake pressure: 0.983 bar A

Air feeding temperature: 35C

Motor power: 175 HP

Dimension: 2100 mm x 1440 mm x 1816 mm

Weight: 2500 kg

Cooling water temperature: 32C

Protection Level: IP 55

Shandong Qingneng Power Co., Ltd.

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

Back Pressure Steam Turbine (B6-4.90/0.981)

Product Details:

Model NO.:

B6-4.90/0.981

Standard:

4380&Times;2805&Times;2615

Trademark:

QNP

Origin:

China(Main Land)

Power(Mw):

6

Rated Speed:

3000r/Min

Steam Rate(Kg/Kw. H):

13

Exhaust Pressure(Mpa):

0.981

Weight(T):

21.2

Press(Mpa):

4.9

Temp:

435

Flow(T/H):

78.15

Export Markets:

North America, South America, Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, Oceania, Mid East, Eastern Asia, Western Europe

Product Description

Single-stage and multistage are all fittings selection.

Power is between 100KW to 100MW, it can meet the needs of various industries and conditions uses.

Operating reliably and it is easy to operate.

Single-stage has a simple structure, therefore it is convenient to install and the adaptability is well.

Adopt DEH or full hydraulic governing system.

Protective system with complete functions.

Yueyang City Zhongda Mechanical & Electrical Co., Ltd.

Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

Product Details:

Place of Origin

Hunan, China (Mainland)

Brand Name

Fulida

Model Number

ZD-A003

Type

Fin Tube

Application

Heater Parts

Certification

ISO9001

Eco-friendly

Yes

Patent product

Yes

Maximum Working Pressure

60pa

Product Description:

The high Thermal Capacity with strong adaptability.

High quality , reasonable price

Unique quality

High effect Heat exchanger, the structure is simple, easy install, maintenance is convenient; Product technology is advanced, quality is stable.

Model

Power

Air flow (m3/h)

Output static pressure(Pa)

Temperature efficiency(%)

Enthalpy efficiency

Rated power (W)

Noise dB(A)*

Chill room

Warm room

ALH-30BX3

220 /50Hz

300

60

70-82

54-59

73-81

130

28

ALH-35BX3

350

75

78-80

53-57

72-79

180

31

ALH-50BX3

500

80

65-76

52-57

71-78

240

33

PART 4

Site Selection

Potential Site Location

Several sites in China have been taken into consideration. These locations are industrial site for various kinds of industries. These sites are located close to the source of raw materials and also close to major forms of transport, which are road, rail, sea ports and airports.

Xu Dong Da Jie 303

Xu Dong Da Jie 303 is located at Wuchang District in Wuhan City. Wuhan Cityis a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city. Wuchangwas one of the three cities that merged into modern-dayWuhan, the capital of theHubeiprovince,China. It stood on the right (south-eastern) bank of theYangtze River, opposite the mouth of theHan River. The historic center of Wuchang lies within the modernWuchang District, which has an area of 82.4 square kilometers and a population of 1,003,400.

Xu Dong Da Jie is located 11.2 km from Wuhan Port and only takes 18 minutes to reach there. Wuhan Port is located centrally between Beijing andGuangzhou(Canton) and betweenShanghaiand Chongging, it is called the thoroughfare of nine provinces. It is an important hub for transportation, with many roads and railways meeting here. Wuhan Tianhe International Airport situated 19.2 km from the port. Furthermore, the chosen location is located 27.5km from Xian Xilan Natural Gas Co.Ltd Hubei Branch which was the main supplier for the methanols plant.

Xu Dong Da Jie is the most potential location for plant site because it is located in the Wuhan City which is an important center for economy, trade, finance, transportation, information technology, and education in Central China. Wuhan has currently attracted about 50Frenchcompanies, representing over one third of French investment in China, and the highest level of French investment in any Chinese city. Therefore it is easier for our plant to develop and enter Frenchs market.

Distance from:

Wuhan port : 11.2km

Xian Xilan Natural Gas Co.Ltd Hubei Branch : 27.5 km

Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University: 3 km

Bank of China 24-hour Self- service Bank : 4.4 km

Transport

The location Xu Dong Da Jie 303 is convenient and efficient because of easy access to the rest of the world due to its closeness to the international shipping lane and its connectivity with other modes of transport. Designation of Wuhan Port as the most important port in the Wuhan City with an area of more than 70,000 sq km will become a convenient logistics hub of the Yangtze River and Central China, a modern base for a variety of industries and an ecologically friendly home for urban dwellers by 2020. The aim in china of making the Wuhan Port the largest port in Asia make it more accessible and vibrant place in the near future.

4.3 Availability of Labor

The current population estimation for Wuchang is 1,003,400 people. It is clear that it will be plenty of labors available in that area. The forecasted benefits are increase in business and employment opportunities.

4.4 Utilities and Facilities

Infrastructural facilities such as road accesses, electricity supply, water supply, gas supply and telecommunications are readily available at Xu Dong Da Jie 303. There also have availability of ancillary services and facilities such as banking, hospital and fresh water supply.

In CNY In MYR

Cooling water: 21yuan/m3 RM 9.72/m3

Electrical power: 2.5fen kW/h RM 0.12 kW/hr

Land

Sufficient suitable land must be available for the proposed plant and for future expansion. The land should be ideally flat, well drained and have suitable load bearing characteristics. A full site evaluation should be made to determine the need for piling or other special foundations. Particular care must be taken when building plants on reclaimed land near the ocean in earthquake zones because of the poor seismic character of such land.

Plants location:

Xu Dong Da Jie 303

Source: Google maps (Satellite view)

Source: Google maps (Map view)

Location from Xian Xilan Natural Gas Co. Ltd Hubei Branch (A) to Site Plant (B)

27.5 km (40 mins)

Location from Site Plant (B) to Wuhan Port (A)

11.2 km (18 mins)

Location from Site Plant(B) to Bank of China 24-hour Self- Service Bank(A)

4.4 km (7.07 mins)

Location from plant site(B) to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (A)

3.0 km (5 mins)

Land Cost Estimation

By considering the plant site and extra site for future build up, the estimation of land to buy is 3.5 acres which is approximate 14164 m2.

120 m

100 m

Figure: Plant estimation

Climate

Adverse climatic conditions at a site will increase cost. Abnormally low temperatures require the provision of additional insulation and special heating for equipment and pipe runs. Stronger structures are needed at locations subject to high wind, snow or earthquakes.

Wuhan's climate ishumid subtropicalwith abundant rainfall and four distinctive seasons. Wuhan is known for its oppressively humid summers, when dew points can often reach 26C (79F) or more. Because of its hot summer weather, Wuhan is commonly known as one of theThree Furnacesof China, along withNanjingandChongqing. Spring and autumn are generally mild, while winter is cool with occasional snow. In the recent thirty years, the average annual rainfall is 1269mm, mainly from June to August; annual temperature is 15.8-17.5, annual frost free period lasts 211 to 272 days and annual sunlight duration is 1810 to 2100 hours. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 18.1C (1F) to 42.0C (108F).

Recently according to the China Earthquake Network Center a strong earthquake with a 7.2 magnitude, struck eastern Burma (20.8 Degrees North and 99.8 Degrees East) at 21:55 on March 24 (Beijing Time), Tremors were felt in many parts of Yunnan Province. Because the epicenter was very close to the borders between Burma and China, people in some areas of Yunnan felt strong tremors.

From March 31st to April 3rd 2011, a strong cold air will sweep across eastern parts of China, Inner Mongolia, north and northeast China, areas north of the Yellow River and Huai River, Jianghan Area and other areas which is nearby Wuhan City, causing a substantial drop in temperature (an average drop of 810 and 1214 in some areas). Moreover, a moderate gale will sweep over eastern Inner Mongolia, northeast China, north China and other places.

PART 5

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

METHANOL

PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

Product Name: Methanol

Formula: CH3OH

Synonyms or Generic ID for Methanol: Carbinol; Methyl alcohol; Methyl hydroxide;

Monohydroxymethane; Wood alcohol; Wood naptha; Wood spirits; Columbian spirits; Methanol

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

1. Appearance: Colorless liquid, Flash Point: 12C, 53.6F.

2. Danger! Poison! May be fatal or cause blindness if swallowed. Vapor harmful.

3. Flammable liquid and vapour: Harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Causes eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation. May cause central nervous system depression. Cannot be made non-poisonous.

4. Target Organs: Eyes, nervous system, optic nerve.

5. Potential Health Effects:

Eye: May cause painful sensitization to light. Methanol is a mild to moderate eye irritant. Inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption of methanol can cause significant disturbance in vision, including blindness.

Skin: Causes moderate skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. Prolonged and or repeated contact may cause defatting of skin and dermatitis. Methanol can be absorbed through the skin, producing systemic effects that include visual disturbances.

Ingestion: May be fatal or cause blindness if swallowed. Aspiration hazard. Cannot be made nonpoisonous. May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May cause systematic toxicity with acidosis. May cause central nervous system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma, and possible death due to failed respiratory failure. May cause cardiopulmonary system effects.

Inhalation: Methanol is toxic and can very readily form extremely high vapour concentrations at room temperature. Inhalation is the most common route of occupational exposure. At first, methanol causes CNS depression with nausea, headache, vomiting, dizziness and incoordination. A time period with no obvious symptoms follows (typically 8-24 hrs). This latent period is followed by metabolic acidosis and severe visual effects which may include reduced reactivity and/or increased sensitivity to light, blurred, doubt and/or snowy vision, and blindness. Depending on the severity of exposure and the promptness of treatment, survivors may recover completely or may have permanent blindness, vision disturbances and/or nervous system effects.

Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Chronic exposure may cause effects similar to those of acute exposure. Methanol is only very slowly eliminated from the body. Because of this slow elimination, methanol should be regarded as a cumulative poison. Though a single exposure may cause no effect, daily exposures may result in the accumulation of a harmful amount. Methanol has produced fetotoxicity in rats and teratogenicity in mice exposed by inhalation to high concentrations that did not produce significant maternal toxicity.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Eyes: In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for a t least 15 minutes. Get medical aid.

Skin: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid immediately. Wash clothing before reuse.

Ingestion: Potential for aspiration if swallowed. Get medical aid immediately. Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If vomiting occurs naturally, have victim lean forward.

Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid.

Notes to Physician: Effects may be delayed.

Antidote: Ethanol may inhibit methanol metabolism.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

FLASH POINT: AUTOIGNITION FLAMMABLE RANGE:

12 deg C ( 53.60 deg F)) 455 deg C ( 851.00 deg F)) 6.0 vol %- 31.00 vol %

General Information: Ethanol may inhibit methanol metabolism. As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During a fire, irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water may be ineffective. Material is lighter than water and a fire may be spread by the use of water. Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Vapors can spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas.

Extinguishing Media: For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Water may be ineffective. For large fires, use water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Do NOT use straight streams of water.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

Spills/Leaks: Use water spray to disperse the gas/vapor. Remove all sources of ignition. Absorb spill using an absorbent, non-combustible material such as earth, sand, or vermiculite. Do not use combustible materials such as sawdust. Use a spark-proof tool. Provide ventilation. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Water spray may reduce vapor but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces

STORAGE AND HANDLING

HANDLING: Wash thoroughly after handling. Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. Ground and bond containers when transferring material. Use spark-proof tools and explosion proof equipment. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Empty containers retain product residue, (liquid and/or vapor), and can be dangerous. Keep container tightly closed. Do not ingest or inhale. Do not pressurize, cut, weld, braze, solder, drill, grind, or expose empty containers to heat, sparks or open flames. Use only with

STORAGE: Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame. Keep away from sources of ignition. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances. Flammables-area. Keep containers tightly

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION

Engineering Controls: Use explosion-proof ventilation equipment. Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility and a safety shower. Use adequate general or local exhaust ventilation to keep airborne concentrations below the permissible exposure limits. OSHA Vacated PELs: Methanol: 200 ppm TWA; 260 mg/m3 TWA

Personal Protective Equipment;

Eyes: Wear chemical splash goggles.

Skin: Wear butyl rubber gloves, apron, and/or clothing

Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.

Respirators: Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation or other symptoms are experienced.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Appearance, odor and state: clear, colorless - APHA: 10 max

Molecular weight: 32.04

Boiling point(1 atm): 64.7 deg C @ 760 mmHg

Specific gravity: 7910 g/cm3 @ 20C

Freezing point/Melting point: 98C)

Vapor pressure(At 200C): 128mm Hg

Gas density: 1.11 (Air=1)

Solubility in water: miscible

STABILITY AND REACTIVITY

Chemical stability: Stable under normal temperatures and pressures

Conditions to avoid: High temperatures, ignition sources, confined spaces.

Incompability (Materials to Avoid): Oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, alkali metals, potassium, sodium, metals as powders (e.g. hafnium, raney nickel), acid anhydrides, acid chlorides, powdered aluminum, powdered magnesium.

Hazardous decomposition products: Carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde.

Hazardous polymerization: Will not occur

TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

LD50/LC50:

Draize test, rabbit, eye: 40 mg Moderate;

Draize test, rabbit, eye: 100 mg/24H Moderate;

Draize test, rabbit, skin: 20 mg/24H Moderate;

Inhalation, rabbit: LC50 = 81000 mg/m3/14H;

Inhalation, rat: LC50 = 64000 ppm/4H;

Oral, mouse: LD50 = 7300 mg/kg;

Oral, rabbit: LD50 = 14200 mg/kg;

Oral, rat: LD50 = 5600 mg/kg;

Skin, rabbit: LD50 = 15800 mg/kg;

Teratogenicity: There is no human information available. Methanol is considered to be a potential developmental hazard based on animal data. In animal experiments, methanol has caused fetotoxic or teratogenic effects without maternal toxicity.

Reproductive Effects: See actual entry in RTECS for complete information.

Mutagenicity: See actual entry in RTECS for complete information.

Neurotoxicity: ACGIH cites neuropathy, vision and CNS under TLV basis.

ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Ecotoxicity: Fish: Fathead Minnow: 29.4 g/L; 96 Hr; LC50 (unspecified)Fish: Goldfish: 250 ppm; 11 Hr; resulted in deathFish: Rainbow trout: 8000 mg/L; 48 Hr; LC50 (unspecified)Fish: Rainbow trout: LC50 = 13-68 mg/L; 96 Hr.; 12 degrees CFish: Fathead Minnow: LC50 = 29400 mg/L; 96 Hr.; 25 degrees C, pH 7.63Fish: Rainbow trout: LC50 = 8000 mg/L; 48 Hr.; UnspecifiedBacteria: Phytobacterium phosphoreum: EC50 = 51,000-320,000 mg/L; 30 minutes; Microtox test No data available.

Environmental: Dangerous to aquatic life in high concentrations. Aquatic toxicity rating: TLm 96>1000 ppm. May be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Methyl alcohol is expected to biodegrade in soil and water very rapidly. This product will show high soil mobility and will be degraded from the ambient atmosphere by the reaction with photochemically produced hyroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 17.8 days. Bioconcentration factor for fish (golden ide) < 10. Based on a log Kow of -0.77, the BCF value for methanol can be estimated to be 0.2.

Physical: No information available.

Other: No information available.

DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS

US EPA guidelines for the classification determination are listed in 40 CFR Parts 261.3. Additionally, waste generators must consult state and local hazardous waste regulations to ensure complete and accurate classification.

RCRA P-Series: None listed.

RCRA U-Series:

CAS# 67-56-1: waste number U154 (Ignitable waste).

METHANE


Product Name: Methane

Formula: CH4

Chemical name: Methane, Saturated Alphatic Hydrocarbon, Alkane

Synonyms: Methyl Hydride, Marsh Gas, Fire Damp


Emergency overview

Methane is a flammable, colorless, odorless, compressed gas packaged in cylinders under high pressure. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when mixed with air at concentrations exceeding 5.0%. High concentrations that can cause rapid suffocation are within the flammable range and should not be entered.

Acute potential health effects:

Route of exposures

Eye contact: No harmful affect.

Ingestion: Not applicable

Inhalation: Methane is nontoxic. It can, however, reduce the amount of oxygen in the air necessary to support life. Exposure to oxygen-deficient atmospheres (less than 19.5 %) may produce dizziness, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and death. At very low oxygen concentrations (less than 12 %) unconsciousness and death may occur without warning. It should be noted that before suffocation could occur, the lower flammable limit for Methane in air will be exceeded; causing both oxygen deficient and an explosive atmosphere.

Skin contact: No harmful affect.

Potential health effects of repeated exposure:

Route of entry: None

Symtomps: None

Target organs: None

Medical conditions aggravated by exposure: None

Carcinigenicity: Methane is not listed as a carcinogen or potential carcinogen by NTP, IARC, or OSHA Subpart Z.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Eye contact: No treatment necessary.

Ingestion: Not applicable

Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air. If not breathing, administer artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Obtain prompt medical attention.

Skin contact: No treatment necessary.

Notes to physician: Treatment of overexposure should be directed at the control of symptoms and the clinical condition.


FLASH POINT: AUTOIGNITION: FLAMMABLE RANGE:

-306 F (-187.8 C) 999 F (537 C) 5.0% - 15%

Extinguishing media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or water.

Special firefighting instructions: Evacuate all personnel from area. If possible, without risk, shut off source of methane, then fight fire according to types of materials burning. Extinguish fire only if gas flow can be stopped. This will avoid possible accumulation and re-ignition of a flammable gas mixture. Keep adjacent cylinders cool by spraying with large amounts of water until the fire burns itself out. Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) may be required.

Unusual fire and hazards explosion: Most cylinders are designed to vent contents when exposed to elevated temperatures. Pressure in a cylinder can build up due to heat and it may rupture if pressure relief devices should fail to function.

Hazardous combustion products: Carbon monoxide


Steps to be taken if material released or spilled: Evacuate immediate area. Eliminate any possible sources of ignition, and provide maximum explosion-proof ventilation. Use a flammable gas meter (explosimeter) calibrated for Methane to monitor concentration. Never enter an area where Methane concentration is greater than 1.0% (which is 20% of the lower flammable limit). An immediate fire and explosion hazard exists when atmospheric Methane concentration exceeds 5.0%. Use appropriate protective equipment (SCBA and fire resistant suit). Shut off source of leak if possible. Isolate any leaking cylinder. If leak is from container, pressure relief device or its valve, contact your supplier. If the leak is in the users system, close the cylinder valve, safely vent the pressure, and purge with an inert gas before attempting repairs.


Storage: Store cylinders in a well-ventilated, secure area, protected from the weather. Cylinders should be stored upright with valve outlet seals and valve protection caps in place. There should be no sources of ignition. All electrical equipment should be explosion-proof in the storage areas. Storage areas must meet National Electrical Codes for class 1 hazardous areas. Flammable storage areas must be separated from oxygen and other oxidizers by a minimum distance of 20 ft. or by a barrier of non-combustible material at least 5 ft. high having a fire resistance rating of at least _ hour. Post No Smoking or Open Flames signs in the storage or use areas. Do not allow storage temperature to exceed 125 F (52 C). Storage should be away from heavily travelled areas and emergency exits. Full and empty cylinders should be segregated. Use a first-in first-out inventory system to prevent full containers from being stored for long periods of time.

Handling: Do not drag, roll, slide or drop cylinder. Use a suitable hand truck designed for cylinder movement. Never attempt to lift a cylinder by its cap. Secure cylinders at all times while in use. Use a pressure reducing regulator to safely discharge gas from cylinder. Use a check valve to prevent reverse flow into cylinder. Never apply flame or localized heat directly to any part of the cylinder. Do not allow any part of the cylinder to exceed 125 F (52C). Use piping and equipment adequately designed to withstand pressures to be encountered. Once cylinder has been connected to properly purged and inerted process, open cylinder valve slowly and carefully. If user experiences any difficulty operating cylinder valve, discontinue use and contact supplier. Never insert an object (e.g., wrench, screwdriver, etc.) into valve cap openings. Doing so may damage valve causing a leak to occur. Use an adjustable strap-wrench to remove over-tight or rusted caps. All piped systems and associated equipment must be grounded. Electrical equipment should be non-sparking or explosion-proof.

Special precautions: Always store and handle compressed gas cylinders in accordance with


1. Engineering controls:

-Ventilation: Provide adequate natural or explosion-proof ventilation to prevent accumulation of gas concentrations above 1.0% Methane (20% of LEL).

-Respiratory inspections: Emergency Use: Do not enter areas where Methane concentration is greater than 1.0% (20% of the LEL). Exposure to concentrations below 1.0% does not require respiratory protection.

-Eye protection: Safety glasses and/or face shield.

-Skin protection: Leather gloves for handling cylinders. Fire resistant suit and gloves in emergency situations.

-Other protective equipment: Safety shoes are recommended when handling cylinders.


Appearence, odor and state: Colorless, odorless, flammable gas.


Boiling point (1 atm): -258.7 F (-161.5 C)

Specific gravity (Air = 1): 0.554

Freezing point/Melting point: -296. 5 F (-182.5 C)

Vapor pressure (At 70 F (21.1 C): Permanent, noncondensable gas.

Gas density (At 70 F (21.1 C) and 1 atm: 0.042 lb/ft3

Solubility in water (vol/vol): 3.3 ml gas / 100 ml


Chemical stability: Stable

Condition to avoid: Cylinders should not be exposed to temperatures in excess of 125 F (52 C).

Incompability (Materials to Avoid): Oxygen, Halogens and Oxidizers

Reactivity:

A) HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS: None

B) HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION: Will not occur


LC50 (Inhalation): Not applicable. Simple asphyxiant.

LD50 (Oral): Not applicable

LD50 (Dermal): Not applicable

Skin corrosivity: Methane is not corrosive to the skin.


Aquatic toxicity: Not determined

Mobility: Not determined

Persistence and Biodegradability: Not determined

Potential to accumulate: Not determined

Remarks: This product does not contain any Class I or Class II ozone depleting chemicals.


Unused product/empty container: Return container and unused product to supplier. Do not attempt to dispose of residual or unused quantities.

Disposal information: Residual product in the system may be burned if a suitable burning unit (flair incinerator) is available on site. This shall be done in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations. Wastes containing this material may be classified by EPA as hazardous waste by characteristic (i.e., Ignitability, Corrosivity, Toxicity, Reactivity). Waste streams must be characterized by the user to meet federal, state, and local requirements.

CARBON MONOXIDE


Product Name: Carbon Monoxide

Formula: CO

Synonyms or Generic ID for Methanol: Carbon oxide (CO); CO; Exhaust Gas; Flue gas; Carbonic oxide; Carbon oxide; Carbone; Carbonio; Kohlenmonoxid; Kohlenoxyd; Koolmonoxyde; NA 9202; Oxyde de carbone; UN 1016; Wegla tlenek; Flue gasnide; Carbon monoxide


Appearance: Colorless gas [may be liquid at low temperature or high pressure]

Emergency overview : WARNING!

FLAMMABLE GAS.

MAY CAUSE FLASH FIRE.

MAY BE FATAL IF INHALED.

MAY CAUSE TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE, BASED ON ANIMAL DATA, CONTENTS UNDER PRESSURE.

Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Do not puncture or incinerate container. Avoid breathing gas. May cause target organ damage, based on animal data. Use only with adequate ventilation. Keep container closed. Contact with rapidly expanding gases can cause frostbite

Target organs : May cause damage to the following organs: blood, lungs, cardiovascular system, central nervous system (CNS).

Route of entry : Inhalation

Potential acute health effects

Eyes: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.

Skin: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.

Inhalation: Toxic by inhalation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a normal route of exposure for gases

Potential chronic health effect:

CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.

MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.

TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified 1 by European Union.

Medical conditions aggravated by overexposure:

Pre-existing disorders involving any target organs mentioned in this MSDS as being at risk may be aggravated by over-exposure to this product.

FIRST AID MEASURES

No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training. If it is suspected that fumes are still present, the rescuer should wear an appropriate mask or self-contained breathing apparatus. It may be dangerous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

Eye contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately

flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical attention immediately

Skin contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of

water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. To avoid the risk of static discharges and gas ignition, soak contaminated clothing thoroughly with water before removing it. Wash clothing before reuse. Clean shoes thoroughly before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.

Frostible: Try to warm up the frozen tissue and seek medical attention.

Inhalation: Move exposed person to fresh air. If not breathing, if breathing is irregular or if respiratory arrest occurs, provide artificial respiration or oxygen by trained personnel. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.

Ingestion: As this product is a gas, refer to the inhalation section.


FLASH POINT: AUTOIGNITION: FLAMMABLE RANGE:

12 deg C ( 53.60 deg F)) 608.89 deg C12.5 vol %- 74.00 vol %

Products of combustion: Decomposition products may include the following materials: carbon dioxide & carbon monoxide.

Fire hazards in presence

of various substances : Extremely flammable in the presence of the following materials or conditions: open flames, sparks and static discharge and oxidizing materials.

Fire- fighting media & instructions : In case of fire, use water spray (fog), foam or dry chemical. A safe distance to cool container and protect surrounding area. If involved in fire, shut off flow immediately if it can be done without risk. Contain gas under pressure. Flammable gas. In a fire or if heated, a pressure increase will occur and the container may burst, with the risk of a subsequent explosion.


Personal precautions: Immediately contact emergency personnel. Keep unnecessary personnel away. Use suitable protective equipment (section 8). Shut off gas supply if this can be done safely. Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Environmental Precautions: Avoid dispersal of spilled material and runoff and contact with soil, waterways, drains and sewers.

Method for cleaning up: Immediately contact emergency personnel. Stop leak if without risk. Use spark-proof tools and explosion proof equipment. Note: see section 1 for emergency contact information and section 13 for waste disposal.


Handling: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use explosion-proof electrical (ventilating, lighting and material handling) equipment. High pressure gas. Do not puncture or incinerate container. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and when empty. Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. To avoid fire, eliminate ignition sources. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag, roll, slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement.

Storage: Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Segregate from oxidizing materials. Cylinders should be stored upright, with valve protection cap in place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinder temperatures should not exceed 52 C (125 F).


Engineering Controls: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any recommended or statutory limits. The engineering controls also need to keep gas, vapour or dust concentrations below any lower explosive limits. Use explosion-proof ventilation equipment.

Personal Protective Equipment;

Eyes: Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists or dusts.

Skin: Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before handling this product.

Respirators: Use a properly fitted, air-purifying or air-fed respirator complying with an approved standard if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Respirator selection must be based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe working limits of the selected respirator

Hands: Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying with an approved standard should be worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary.

In case of large spill: Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be used to avoid inhalation of the product. Full chemical-resistant suit and self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn only by trained and authorized persons.



Boiling point : -191.7C (-313.1F)

Specific volume: 13.8889 ft3/lb

Freezing point/melting point: -198.9C (-326F)

Vapor density : 0.97 (Air=1)

Gas density: 0.072 lb/ft3

Critical tenperature: -140.1C (-220.2F)


Chemical stability: Stable under normal temperatures and pressures

Incompability (Materials to Avoid): Oxidizing agents

Hazardous decomposition products: Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should not be produced.

Hazardous polymerization: Will not occur


IDLH: 1200 ppm

Chronic effects on humans : TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified 1 by European Union. May cause damage to the following organs: blood, lungs, cardiovascular system, central nervous system (CNS).

Other toxic effects on humans: No specific information is available in our database regarding the other toxic effects of this material to humans.

Carcinogenic: no known significant effects or critical hazards

Reproductive Effects: No known significant effect or critical hazard.

Mutagenicity: No known significant effect or critical hazard.


Aquatic ecotoxicity : Not available.

Products of degradation: carbon oxides (CO, CO2)

Environmental fate: Not available

Environmental hazards: No known significant effects or critical hazards

Toxicity to the environment: Not available


Product removed from the cylinder must be disposed of in accordance with appropriate Federal, State, local regulation. Return cylinders with residual product to Airgas, Inc.Do not dispose of locally.

CARBON DIOXIDE


Material name :Carbon dioxide

Chemical formula: CO2)


Appearance, Odor & State: At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless, slightly acidic gas. Carbon Dioxide is shipped as a liquefied gas under its own vapor pressure.

FIRST AID MEASURE

No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training.If fumes are still suspected to be present, the rescuer should wear an appropriate mask or a self-contained breathing apparatus. It may be dangerous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

Eye contact: In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attentions immediately.

Skin contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention.

Frostbite: Try to warm up the frozen tissues and seek medical attention.

Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURE

Flammability of the product

Firefighting media and instructions. If involved in fire, shut off flow immediately if it can be done without risk. Apply water from a safe distance to cool container and protect surrounding area.No specific hazard.

Special protective equipment for fire-fighters

Fire fighters should wear appropriate protective equipment and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a full face piece operated in positive pressure mode.

ACCIDENTIAL RELEASE MEASURE

Personal precautions: Immediately contact emergency personnel. Keep unnecessary personnel away. Use suitable protective equipment (Section 8). Shut off gas supply if this can be done safely. Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Environmental precautions: Avoid dispersal of spilled material and runoff and contact with soil, waterways, drains and sewers.


Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Cylinders should be stored upright, with valve protection cap in place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinder temperatures should not exceed 52 C (125 F).

Handling: Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Keep container closed. Use only with adequate ventilation. Do not puncture or incinerate container. Wash thoroughly after handling. High pressure gas. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and when empty. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag, roll, slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement. Never allow any unprotected part of the body to touch insulated pipes or vessels that contain cryogenic liquids. Prevent entrapment of liquid in closed systems or piping without pressure relief devices. Some materials may become brittle at low temperatures and will easily fracture.


Engineering controls: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended exposure limits.

Personal protection

Eyes: Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists or dusts.

Skin : Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before handling this product.

Respiratory : Use a properly fitted, air-purifying or air-fed respirator complying with an approved standard if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Respirator selection must be based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe working limits of the selected respirator.

Hand: Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves or gauntlets complying with an approved standard should be worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary.


Molecular weight: 44.01 g/mole

Molecular formula: CO2

Boiling/condensation point: -78.55C (-109.4F)

Melting/freezing point: Sublimation temperature: -78.5C (- 109.3F)

Critical temperature: 30.9C (87.6F)

Vapor pressure: 830 psig

Vapor density: 1.53 (Air = 1)

Physical chemical comments: Not available.


The product is stable.

TOXICOLOGY INFORMATION

Toxicity data

IDLH : 40000 ppm

Chronic effects on humans: Causes damage to the following organs: lungs, cardiovascular system, skin, eyes, central nervous system (CNS), eye, lens or cornea.

Other toxic effects on humans: No specific information is available in our database regarding the other toxic effects of this material for humans.

Specific effects

Carcinogenic effects: No known significant effects or critical hazards.

Mutagenic effects: No known significant effects or critical hazards.

Reproduction toxicity: No known significant effects or critical hazards.


Products of degradation: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO 2).

Toxicity of the products of biodegradation : The product itself and its products of degradation are not toxic.

Environmental fate: Not available

Environmental hazards: No known significant effects or critical hazards

Toxicity to the environment: Not available

DISPOSABLE CONSIDERATION

Product removed from the cylinder must be disposed of in accordance with appropriate Federal, State, local regulation.Return cylinders with residual product to Airgas, Inc. Do not dispose of locally.

WATER


Material name : Water

Synonyms :Dehydrogenase Monoxide; H20

5.5.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

InhalationAcute over exposure:Inhalation can result in asphyxiation and is often fatal.Chronic overexposure:Chronic inhalation overexposure not encountered.

Skin Contact

Acute overexposure:Prolonged but constant contact with liquid may cause a mild dermatitis. Chronic overexposure:Mild to severe dermatitis.

Skin Absorption

Acute overexposure:No effects noted. Chronic overexposure:No effects noted.

Eye Contact

Acute overexposure:No effects noted. Chronic overexposure:No effects noted.

IngestionAcute overexposure:Excessive ingestion of liquid form can cause gastric distress and mild diarrhea.

Chronic overexposure:No effects noted.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Eyes:NoneSkin:NoneInhalation:Remove to fresh air; provide artificial respiration; Provide oxygen.Ingestion:None

5.5.4 FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

Small Spill: Mop up, or abnsorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container.

Large Spill: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal.

Conditions contributing to instability:Exposure to direct current electricity.

Incompatibility:Strong acids and bases can cause rapid heating. Reaction with sodium metal can result in explosion.

Hazardous decomposition products:Hydrogen - Explosive gas Oxygen - Supports rapid combustion

Conditions contributing to hazardous polymerization:None


Flammability of the product

Firefighting media and instructions

If involved in fire, shut off flow immediately if it can be done without risk. Apply water from a safe distance to cool container and protect surrounding area.

No specific hazard.

Special protective equipment for fire-fighters

Fire fighters should wear appropriate protective equipment and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a full facepiece operated in positive pressure mode.


Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well- ventilated area. Cylinders should be stored upright, with valve protection cap in place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinder temperatures should not exceed 52C.

Handling: Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Keep container closed. Use only with adequate ventilation. Do not puncture or incinerate container. Wash thoroughly after handling. High pressure gas. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and when empty. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag, roll, slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement. Never allow any unprotected part of the body to touch insulated pipes or vessels that contain cryogenic liquids. Prevent entrapment of liquid in closed systems or piping without pressure relief devices. Some materials may become brittle at low temperatures and will easily fracture.


Eyes: Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists or dusts. When working with cryogenic liquids, wear a full face shield.

Skin: Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before handling this product.

Respiratory: Use a properly fitted, air-purifying or air-fed respirator complying with an approved standard if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Respirator selection must be based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe working limits of the selected respirator.

Hands: Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves or gauntlets complying with an approved standard should be worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Insulated gloves suitable for low temperatures.


Physical state and appearance: Liquid.p. 3

Odor: Odorless.

Taste: Not available.

Molecular Weight: 18.02 g/mole

Color: Colorless.

pH (1% soln/water): 7 [Neutral.]

Boiling Point: 100C (212F)

Melting Point: Not available.

Critical Temperature: Not available.

Specific Gravity: 1 (Water = 1)

Vapor Pressure: 2.3 kPa (@ 20C)

Vapor Density: 0.62 (Air = 1)

Volatility: Not available.

Odor Threshold: Not available.

Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.

Ionicity (in Water): Not available.

Dispersion Properties: Not applicable

Solubility: Not Applicable


Stability: The product is stable.

Instability Temperature: Not available.

Conditions of Instability: Not available.

Incompatibility with various substances: Not available.

Corrosivity: Not available.

Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.

Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.

Polymerization: Will not occur.


Toxicity data

IDLH : 40000 ppm

Chronic effects on humans: Causes damage to the following organs: lungs, cardiovascular system, skin, eyes, central nervous system (CNS), eye, lens or cornea.

Other toxic effects on humans: No specific information is available in our database regarding the other toxic effects of this material for humans.

Specific effects

Carcinogenic effects: No known significant effects or critical hazards.

Mutagenic effects : No known significant effects or critical hazards.

Reproduction toxicity: No known significant effects or critical hazards.


Ecotoxicity: Not available.

BOD5 and COD: Not available.

Products of Biodegradation:

Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.

Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are not toxic.

Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.


Product removed from the cylinder must be disposed of in accordance with appropriate Federal, State, local regulation.Return cylinders with residual product to Airgas, Inc. Do not dispose of locally.

HYDROGEN


Product name: Hydrogen, compressed

Chemical name: Hydrogen formula: H2

Synonyms: none


Hydrogen is a flammable, colorless, odorless, compressed gas packaged in cylinders at high pressure. It poses an immediate fire and explosive hazard when concentrations exceed 4%. It is much lighter than air and burns with an invisible flame. High concentrations that will cause suffocation are within the flammable range and must not be centered.

FIRST AID MEASURE

Inhalation: Persons suffering from lack of oxygen should be removed to fresh air. If victim is not breathing, administer artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Obtain prompt medical attention.

Skin contact: None

Eye contact: None

Ingestion: None

Notes to physician: None


Flammable gas 565.5c (1050f) Lower: 4% Upper: 74%

Extinguishing media: CO2, dry chemical water spray or fog for surrounding area. Do not extinguish until hydrogen source is shut off.

Hazardous combustion products: none

Special fire fighting instructions: evacuate all personnel from danger area. Immediately

Cool container with water spray from maximum distance, taking care not to extinguish f

Ex Report Methanol

Documents

Transcript of Ex Report Methanol